Red brick university

Ared brick university(orredbrick university) was originally one of the nine civic universities founded in the major industrial cities of England in the 19th century.^[2][3]

However, with the 1960s proliferation ofplate glass universitiesand the reclassification of polytechnics in theFurther and Higher Education Act 1992aspost-1992 universities, all British universities founded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in major cities are now sometimes referred to as "red brick".^[4]

Six of the original redbrick institutions, or their predecessor institutes, gained university status beforeWorld War Iand were initially established as civic science or engineering colleges.^{[5][6][7][8][9][10]}Eight of the nine original institutions are members of theRussell Group.^[11]

The termred brickorredbrickwas coined byEdgar Allison Peers, a professor of Spanish at theUniversity of Liverpool, to describe the civic universities, while using the pseudonym "Bruce Truscot" in his 1943 bookRedbrick University.^[12]Although Peers usedred brickin the title of the original book, he usedredbrickadjectivally in the text and in the title of the 1945 sequel. He is said to have later regretted his use ofred brickin the title.^[13]The term red brick for this category of universities is used as a contrast to the older more established universities that were all stone masonry constructions. The use of bricks was seen as a cheaper and less traditional alternative and therefore not as highly regarded, reflected in the general view of these new universities compared to the established ones.

Peers's reference was inspired by the fact that theVictoria Buildingat the University of Liverpool (designed byAlfred Waterhouseand completed in 1892 as the main building for University College, Liverpool) is built from a distinctive red pressed brick, withterracottadecorative dressings.^[14]On this basis theUniversity of Liverpoolclaims to be the original "red brick" institution, although the titular, fictionalRedbrick Universitywas a cipher for all the civic universities of the day.^[15][16][17]

While the University of Liverpool was an inspiration for the "red brick" university alluded to in Peers' book, receiving university status in 1903, theUniversity of Birminghamwas the first of the civic universities to gain independent university status in 1900 and the university has stated that the popularity of the term "red brick" owes much to its own Chancellor's Court, constructed fromAccrington red brick.^[18][19]The University of Birmingham grew from theMason Science College(opened two years before University College Liverpool in 1880), an elaborate red brick and terracotta building in central Birmingham which was demolished in 1962.^[20]

These universities were distinguished by being non-collegiateinstitutions that admitted men without reference to religion or background and concentrated on imparting to their students "real-world" skills, often linked to engineering and medicine.^[21]In this sense they owed their structural heritage to theHumboldt University of Berlin, which emphasised practical knowledge over the academic sort.^[22]This distinguished the red brick universities from the ancient English universities ofOxfordandCambridgeand from the newer (although still pre-Victorian)University of Durham, collegiate institutions which concentrated on divinity and the liberal arts, and imposed religious tests (e.g. assent to theThirty-Nine Articles) on staff and students. Scotland'sancient universities(St Andrews,Glasgow,AberdeenandEdinburgh) were founded on a different basis between 1400 and 1600.^[23]

The first wave of large civicred brickuniversities all gained official university status before the First World War: all of these institutions have origins dating back to older medical or engineering colleges, and were located in the industrial centres of the lateVictorianandEdwardianeras that required strong scientific and technical workforces.^[23]These universities developed out of various 19th-century private research and education institutes in industrial cities known asuniversity colleges, and presented their students for external examinations of theUniversity of Londonor were part of the federalVictoria University. The 1824 Manchester Mechanics' Institute formed the basis of the Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), and thus led towards the currentUniversity of Manchesterformed in 2004.^[9]The University of Birmingham has origins dating back to the 1825Birmingham Medical School.^[5]The University of Leeds also owes its foundations to a medical school: the 1831Leeds School of Medicine. The University of Bristol began with the 1876University College, Bristol,^[6]the University of Liverpool with a University College in 1881,^[8]and the University of Sheffield with a medical school in 1828, Firth College in 1879 and a technical school in 1884, which merged to form a university college in 1897.^[10][24]Of the redbricks that gained independent university status later, Newcastle owed its beginnings to a medical school established in 1834 and affiliated toDurham Universityfrom 1852, and a college of science established, in partnership with Durham, in 1871.^[25]Reading was established as an extension college by theUniversity of Oxfordin 1892, incorporating pre-existing schools of art and science,^[26]while Nottingham was established as a civic college in 1881 and students were awarded degrees by the University of London until it received its Royal Charter in 1948.^[27]

Combined English Universitieswas auniversity constituencyin theUK Parliamentcreated by theRepresentation of the People Act 1918for graduates ofDurham Universityand the six pre-World War One red bricks (Birmingham, Bristol, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, and Sheffield). Graduates ofOxford,Cambridge, andLondonhad already been enfranchised and graduates of theUniversity of Waleswere enfranchised at the same time.Reading Universitywas added to the Combined English Universities constituency in 1928 (prior to this its graduates, taking London degrees, would have joined the London constituency). The constituency was abolished in 1950.^[28]

Name	University charter awarded	Predecessor institutions	Image	Notes
Victoria University	1880 (defunct 1903)	Owens College, Manchester (1851)[29] Royal School of Medicine and Surgery, Manchester (1824)[29] Leeds School of Medicine(1831)[30] Yorkshire College of Science (1874)[30] University College Liverpool (1881)		The Victoria University was a federal university based in Manchester with colleges in Manchester, Leeds and Liverpool. It was defunct by 1903 as the colleges sought independent university status, leading to the formation of theVictoria University of Manchesterfrom the merger of the Victoria University with Owens College, Manchester, in 1903. This new institution later merged withUMISTto form theUniversity of Manchesterin 2004.
University of Birmingham	1900	Birmingham Medical School(1825) Mason Science College(1875) Mason University College (1898)		The first independent civic university to be awarded full university status by Royal Charter.
University of Liverpool	1903	University College, Liverpool (1881)		Part of the Victoria University from 1884. Gained independent university status in 1903.
University of Manchester	1903 (as Victoria University of Manchester) 2004 (as University of Manchester)	Victoria University of Manchester (1903) (Royal School of Medicine and Surgery, Manchester (1824); Owens College, Manchester (1851); Victoria University (1880)); UMIST(1956) (Mechanics' Institute, Manchester(1824); Manchester Technical School (1883))[31]		The federal Victoria University existed between 1880 and 1903. The Victoria University of Manchester was granted a royal charter as its successor institution in 1903 and merged with Owens College, which had previously merged with the Royal School of Medicine and Surgery in 1872. The Manchester Mechanics' Institute, formed in 1824, became the Manchester Technical School in 1884 and then UMIST in 1956; it merged with the Victoria University of Manchester in 2004 to form the current University of Manchester.
University of Leeds	1904	Leeds School of Medicine(1831) Yorkshire College of Science (1874)		Yorkshire College of Science became Yorkshire College then merged with the School of Medicine in 1884. Part of the Victoria University from 1886 to 1903.[30]
University of Sheffield	1905	Sheffield Medical School(1828); Firth College (1879); Sheffield Technical School (1884); University College of Sheffield (1897)
University of Bristol	1909	University College Bristol (1876)
University of Reading	1926	University College Reading (1892)
University of Nottingham	1948	University College Nottingham (1881)
Newcastle University	1963	Newcastle upon Tyne College of Medicine (later Durham University College of Medicine) (1834); Durham College of Science (later Armstrong College) (1871); Merged to form King's College (1937)		Truscot states inRed Brickthat "[Durham's] Newcastle college, perhaps, can properly find a place in this survey"[1]

Various other civic institutions with origins dating from the 19th and early to mid-20th centuries have also been described as "red brick". According to historian William Whyte of the University of Oxford, Truscott's original definition includes theUniversity of Dundee(originally an independent university college, before becoming a constituent college of the University of St Andrews),Newcastle University(previously a college of the University of Durham, and noted by Truscot as "perhaps" being included), and the Welsh university colleges (not named, but could includeAberystwyth(1872),Cardiff(1883),Bangor(1885) andSwansea(1920)). Notably, Whyte does not include Reading or Nottingham, which Truscot lists in his second edition.^[1][32]

Many other institutions share similar characteristics to the original civic universities, namely those in thesecond wave of civic universitiesbefore the advent of theplate glass universitiesin 1961. These universities were similar to the red bricks in that they evolved from localuniversity collegesand (with the exception of Keele) awarded external degrees of theUniversity of Londonbefore being granted full university status; they differ in that they became universities later, after the Second World War (with the exception of Reading) rather than before the First World War. TheRobbins ReportlistsUniversity of Reading,University of Southampton,University of Hull,University of Exeter,University of LeicesterandKeele Universityas being "younger civic universities".^[33]Of these, theUniversity of Reading, founded in the late 19th century as an extension college of theUniversity of Oxfordand the only university to receive its charter between the two world wars, describes itself as a "red brick" university.^[34][35]

Queen's University Belfastgained university status in 1908 during the same period as the English red brick universities, having previously been established in 1845 as a college of theQueen's University of Ireland(laterRoyal University of Ireland). As a result, it meets the dictionary definition of a red brick university,^[4]and is sometimes named as such.^[36]

Department for Educationresearch in 2016 split universities into four categories:ancient(pre-1800), red brick (1800–1960),plate glass(1960-1992), andpost-1992.^[37]

• Ancient universities
• Ancient universities of Scotland
• Armorial of UK universities
• Campus university
• List of universities in the UK
• Maple League of Universities(Canada)
• Post-1992 university
• Plate glass university
• Sandstone universities(Australia)

• Whyte, William.Redbrick: A Social and Architectural History of Britain's Civic Universities(2015).