Greifswald

Greifswald
Town
Clockwise from top: town hall and St Nicholas' Church, Pomeranian State Museum, drawbridge over the Ryck, view of the city with St Mary's, St Nicholas'and St James', new harbour and Holzteichquartier ( woodpond borough), ruins of Eldena (Hilda) Abbey
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Greifswald within Vorpommern-Greifswald district
Greifswald Show map of Germany Greifswald Show map of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Coordinates:54°5′N13°23′E / 54.083°N 13.383°E /54.083; 13.383
Country	Germany
State	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
District	Vorpommern-Greifswald
Subdivisions	8 boroughs
Government
•Lord mayor(2022–29)	Stefan Fassbinder[1]
Area
• Total	50.50 km2(19.50 sq mi)
Elevation	5 m (16 ft)
Population (2022-12-31) [2]
• Total	59,691
• Density	1,200/km2(3,100/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+01:00(CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+02:00(CEST)
Postal codes	17489-17493
Dialling codes	03834
Vehicle registration	HGW
Website	www.greifswald.de

Greifswald(German pronunciation:[ˈɡʁaɪfsvalt]^ⓘ), officially theUniversity and Hanseatic City of Greifswald(German:Universitäts- und Hansestadt Greifswald,Low German:Griepswoold,Kashubian:Grifiô) is the fourth-largest city in the German state ofMecklenburg-Western PomeraniaafterRostock,SchwerinandNeubrandenburg. In 2021 it surpassedStralsundfor the first time, and became the largest city in thePomeranianpart of the state. It sits on the RiverRyck, at its mouth into the Danish Wiek, a sub-bay of theBay of Greifswald, which is itself a sub-bay of theBay of Pomeraniaof theBaltic Sea.

It is the seat of the district ofWestern Pomerania-Greifswald, and is located roughly in the middle between the two largest Pomeranian islands ofRugia(Rügen) andUsedom. The closest larger cities areStralsund, Rostock,Szczecinand Schwerin. It lies west of the RiverZarow, the historical cultural and linguistic boundary between West (west of the river) and Central Pomerania (east of the river). The city derives its name from the dukes of Pomerania, theHouse of Griffin, and thus ultimately from the PomeranianGriffin, and its name hence translates as "Griffin's Forest".

TheUniversity of Greifswald, which was founded in 1456, is the second-oldest university in theBaltic Regionafter theUniversity of Rostock. The city is well-known for the ruins ofEldena Abbey(formerlyHilda Abbey), a frequent subject of the paintings ofCaspar David Friedrich, who was born in the city when it was part ofSwedish Pomerania. Greifswald is the seat of thePomeranian State Museum(Pommersches Landesmuseum). The recently built Ryck Barrier (Rycksperrwerk) protects the city from exceptionally high tides and storm surges moving up from the Baltic.

The city's population was listed at 59,332 in 2021, including many of the 12,500 students and 5,000 employees of theUniversity of Greifswald. Greifswald draws international attention due to the university, its surroundingBioCon Valley, theNord Stream 1gas pipeline which ends at nearbyLubmin, and theWendelstein 7-Xnuclear fusion projects.

Greifswald is located in the northeast ofGermany, approximately equidistant from Germany's two largest islands,RügenandUsedom. The city is situated at the south end of theBay of Greifswald, the historic centre being about five kilometres (three miles) up the riverRyckthat crosses the city. The area around Greifswald is mainly flat, and hardly reaches more than 20 mabove sea level. Two islands,KoosandRiems, are also part of Greifswald. Three of Germany's fourteen national parks can be reached by car in one hour or less from Greifswald.

Greifswald is also roughly equidistant from Germany's two largest cities,Berlin(240 km or 150 mi) andHamburg(260 km or 160 mi). The nearest larger cities areStralsundandRostock.

The coastal part of Greifswald at the mouth of the Ryck, named Greifswald-Wieck, evolved from a fishing village. Today it provides a small beach, a marina and the main port for Greifswald.

Greifswald features anoceanic climatewith somehumid continentalinfluence. Summers are pleasantly warm, although chilly at night. Due to its coastal location, heatwaves in Greifswald tend to be less extreme than other nearby locations inland. Winters are mild to cold, with occasional cold fronts coming in fromScandinaviaorSiberia. Precipitation is spread throughout the year and comparatively low by German standards, while sunshine hours are above the German average.

Greifswald was founded in 1199 whenCistercian monksfounded theEldena Abbey.^[5]In 1250,Wartislaw III, Duke of Pomerania, granted town privileges to Greifswald according to theLübeck law.^[5]

In medieval times, the site of Greifswald was an unsettled woodland which marked the border between theDanishPrincipality of Rügenand thePomeranianCounty of Gützkow, which at that time was also under Danish control. In 1199, the Rugian PrinceJaromar Iallowed DanishCistercianmonks to buildHilda Abbey, now Eldena Abbey, at the mouth of the RiverRyck. Among the lands granted the monks was a naturalsalt evaporation ponda short way up the river, a site also crossed by an important south–northvia regiatrade route. This site was namedGryp(he)swold(e), which is theLow Germanprecursor of the city's modern name – which means "Griffin's Forest." Legend says the monks were shown the best site for settlement by a mighty griffin living in a tree that supposedly grew on what became Greifswald's oldest street, theSchuhagen. The town's construction followed a scheme of rectangular streets, with church and market sites reserved in central positions. It was settled primarily by Germans in the course of theOstsiedlung, but settlers from other nations andWendsfrom nearby were attracted, too.

Thesalttrade helped Eldena Abbey to become an influential religious center, and Greifswald became a widely known market. When the Danes had to surrender theirPomeranianlands south of the Ryck, after losing theBattle of Bornhövedin 1227, the town succeeded to thePomeranian dukes. In 1241, the Rugian princeWizlaw Iand the Pomeranian dukeWartislaw IIIboth granted Greifswald market rights. In 1250, the latter granted the town a charter underLübeck law, after he had been permitted to acquire the town site as a fief from Eldena Abbey in 1248.

When Jazco of Salzwedel from Gützkow founded aFranciscanfriary within the walls of Greifswald, the Cistercians at Eldena lost much of their influence on the city's further development. Just beyond Greifswald's western limits, a town-like suburb (Neustadt) arose, separated from Greifswald by a ditch. In 1264, Neustadt was incorporated and the ditch was filled in.

Eldena Abbey and the major buildings of Greifswald were erected in the North GermanBrick Gothic(Backsteingotik) style, found along the entire southern coast of the Baltic.

Due to a steady population increase, Greifswald became at the end of the 13th century one of the earliest members of theHanseatic League, which further increased its trade and wealth. After 1296, Greifswald's citizens no longer needed to serve in the Pomeranian army, and Pomeranian dukes did not reside in the city.

In 1456, Greifswald's mayor Heinrich Rubenow laid the foundations of one of theoldest universitiesin the world, theUniversity of Greifswald, which was one of the first in Germany, and was, successively, the single oldest inSwedenandPrussia.

In the course ofReformation, Eldena Abbey ceased to function as a monastery. Its possessions fell to the Pomeranian dukes; the bricks of its Gothic buildings were used by the locals for other construction. Eldena lost its separate status and was later absorbed into the town of Greifswald. The religious houses within the town walls, the priories of the Blackfriars (Dominicans) in the northwest and the Greyfriars (Franciscans) in the southeast, were secularized. The buildings of the Dominicans (the "black monastery") were turned over to the university; the site is still used as part of the medical campus. The Franciscan friary ("the "grey monastery") and its succeeding buildings are now thePomeranian State Museum.

During theThirty Years' War, Greifswald was occupied by (Catholic) Imperial forces from 1627 to 1631,^[6]and thereafter, under theTreaty of Stettin (1630), by (Protestant) Swedish forces.^[7]

During theThirty Years' War, Swedish forces entered theDuchy of Pomeraniain 1630.^[6]Greifswald was besieged by Swedish troops on 12 June 1631^[6]and surrendered on 16 June.^[6]Gustavus Adolphus of Swedenhad returned fromBrandenburgto supervise the siege, and upon his arrival received the university's homage for the liberation from Catholic forces.^[6]After the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), Greifswald and the region surrounding it became part of theKingdom of Sweden.Swedish Pomerania, as it was then called, remained part of the Swedish kingdom until 1815,^[8]when it became part of theKingdom of Prussiaas theProvince of Pomerania. In 1871, it devolved to Germany.

The Thirty Years' War had caused starvation throughout Germany, and by 1630 Greifswald's population had shrunk by two-thirds. Many buildings were left vacant and fell into decay. Soon, other wars followed: theSwedish-Polish Warand theSwedish-Brandenburg Warboth involved the nominally Swedish town of Greifswald. In 1659 and 1678, Brandenburgian troops bombarded the town. The first bombardment hit mainly the northeast part of town, wrecking 16 houses. The second bombardment leveled 30 houses and damaged hundreds more all over the city. Cannonballs of this second bombardment can still be seen in the walls of St Mary's Church.

During theGreat Northern War(1700–1721, Greifswald was compelled to house soldiers. Whilebesieging neighboring Stralsund,Russian tsarPeter the Greatallied withGeorge I of Great Britainin theTreaty of Greifswald. Large fires in 1713 and 1736 destroyed houses and other buildings, including City Hall. The Swedish government had issued decrees in 1669 and 1689 absolving anyone of taxes who built or rebuilt a house. These decrees remained essentially in force, under Prussian administration, until 1824.^[9]

In 1763,Greifswald Botanic Gardenwas founded.

During the 19th century, Greifswald attracted many Polish students.^[10]AfterBreslau(nowWrocław, Poland) and Berlin, Greifswald hosted the third-largest group of Polish students in Germany.^[11]

About 1900, the town – for the first time since the Middle Ages – expanded significantly beyond the old town walls. Also, a major railway connected Greifswald toStralsundand Berlin; a local railway line further connected Greifswald toWolgast.

The city survived World War II without much destruction, even though it housed a large German Army (Wehrmacht) garrison. During the war, in May 1940, the Stalag II-Cprisoner-of-war campwas relocated to Greifswald fromDobiegniew, and it housedFrench, Belgian, Serbian and Soviet POWs with many sent toforced labordetachments in the region.^[12]In the spring of 1945, the camp was evacuated to the west.^[12]In April 1945, German Army Colonel (Oberst) Rudolf Petershagen defied orders and surrendered the city to theRed Armywithout a fight.

From 1949 to 1990, Greifswald was part of theGerman Democratic Republic(DDR). During this time, most historical buildings in the medieval parts of the city were neglected and a number of old buildings were pulled down. The population increased significantly, because of the construction of a nominal 1760 MWSoviet-madenuclear power plantinLubmin, which was closed in the early 1990s. New suburbs were erected in the monolithic industrial socialist style (seePlattenbau). They still house most of the city's population.^{[citation needed]}These new suburbs were placed east and southeast of central Greifswald, shifting the former town center to the northwestern edge of the modern town.

Reconstruction of the old town began in the late 1980s. Nearly all of it has been restored. Before that almost all of the old northern town adjacent to the port was demolished and subsequently rebuilt. The historic marketplace is considered one of the most beautiful in northern Germany. The town attracts many tourists, due in part to its proximity to theBaltic Sea.

Greifswald's greatest population was reached in 1988, with about 68,000 inhabitants, but it decreased afterward to 55,000, where it has now stabilized. Reasons for this included migration to western German cities as well assuburbanisation. However, the number of students quadrupled from 3,000 in 1990 to more than 11,000 in 2007 and the university employs 5,000 people; nearly one in three people in Greifswald are linked in some way to higher education.

Despite its relatively small population, Greifswald retains a supra-regional relevance linked to its intellectual role as a university town and to the taking of the central functions of the former PrussianProvince of Pomeraniaafter World War II, such as the seat of the bishop of thePomeranian Lutheran Church, the state archives (Landesarchiv) and the Pomeranian Museum (Pommersches Landesmuseum). Three courts of the state ofMecklenburg-Vorpommernare also based at Greifswald:

• the Supreme Administrative Court (Oberverwaltungsgericht);
• the Supreme Constitutional Court (Landesverfassungsgericht); and
• theFiscal Court Mecklenburg-Vorpommern[de](Finanzgericht)

District (modern)	District (historical)	Amalgamation	Size (ha)	Population
„Innenstadt“ (downtown)	Innenstadt		87.0	3.883
	Steinbeckervorstadt		349.6	163
	Fleischervorstadt		52.7	2.911
	Nördliche Mühlenvorstadt		173.8	4.097
	Südliche Mühlenvorstadt, Obstbausiedlung		108.1	4.650
	Fettenvorstadt, Stadtrandsiedlung		657.3	2.853
	Industriegebiet		634.7	583
„Schönwalde I und Südstadt“	Schönwalde I, Südstadt		132.1	12.583
„Schönwalde II“	Schönwalde II		88.0	9.994
	Groß Schönwalde	1974	580.8	749
„Ostseeviertel“	Ostseeviertel		219.7	8.577
„Wieck“	Ladebow	1939	544.4	499
	Wieck	1939	44.2	395
„Eldena“	Eldena	1939	675.5	1.994
„Friedrichshagen“	Friedrichshagen	1960	436.5	196
„Riems“	Riems, InselKoos		233.6	814
(Size and population data as of 2002)

Greifswald andStralsundare the largest cities in theVorpommernpart ofMecklenburg-Vorpommern. Of great importance to the city's economy is the localuniversitywith its 12,000 students and nearly 5,000 employees in addition to many people employed at independent research facilities such as theFriedrich Loeffler Instituteand spin-off firms.

Greifswald is also the seat of the diocese of the Pomeranian Evangelical Church as well as the seat of thestate's chief constitutional court, and chief financial court.

Tourismplays a vital role as Greifswald is situated between the islands ofRügenandUsedomon the popular GermanBaltic coast, which brings in many tourists.

One of Europe's largest producers ofphotovoltaic modules, Berlin-basedSolon SE, has a production site in Greifswald. The world's third-largest producer ofyachtsworldwide,HanseYachts, is based in Greifswald. In the energy sector, an offshore natural gas pipeline from Russia to Germany,Nord Stream 1, stops in Lubmin (near Greifswald).Riemser Arzneimittelis a pharmaceutical company based on the island of Riems, which is part of the city of Greifswald.SiemensCommunications F & E produces goods here as well.

In a 2008 study,^[13]Greifswald was declaredGermany's most dynamic city. According to another 2008 study, Greifswald is the "youngest city" in Germany having the highest percentage of heads of household under 30 years of age.^[14]

Politics in Greifswald, as in most ofWestern Pomerania, is traditionally dominated by the centre-rightCDU. The city council is elected for five year terms. Since the last election on 25 May 2014, the 43 city council seats are allocated as follows:

• CDU– 11 seats
• Die Linke– 8 seats
• SPD– 6 seats
• Greens– 5 seats
• FDP– 2 seats
• AfD- 2 seats
• Pirates- 2 seats
• local citizens' movements – 7 seats

Greifswald istwinnedwith:^[15]

Greifswald has friendly relations with:^[16]

Founded in 1456, theUniversity of Greifswaldis one of theoldest universitiesin bothGermanyandEurope. Currently, about 12,300 students study at five faculties:theology,law/economics,medicine,humanities and social sciences, andmathematics/natural sciences.

The university co-operates with many research facilities, such as:

• theMax-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik(plasma physics) has its second site (afterGarching) in Greifswald and is experimenting with astellarator,Wendelstein 7-X.
• Alfried KruppInstitute of Advanced Study
• Friedrich Loeffler Instituteon the Isle ofRiems(National Research Institute for Animal Health)
• Institut für Niedertemperatur-Plasmaphysik(Institute of Low Temperature Plasma Physics)
• Technologiezentrum(Centre forTechnology)
• Biotechnikum(Centre forBioscience)

• Alexander-von-Humboldt-Gymnasium
• Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Gymnasium (founded in 1561 asschola senatoriaand one of the oldest schools still existing in Germany)
• Johann-Gottfried-Herder-Gymnasium (fused with the Jahn-Gymnasium in 2006)
• Ostseegymnasium

Greifswald has a number of museums and exhibitions, most notably thePomeranian State Museum(German:Pommersches Landesmuseum):history of Pomeraniaand arts, including works byCaspar David Friedrich, a native of Greifswald. The University of Greifswald also has a large number of collections, some of which are on display for the public.

Events and attractions hosted in Greifswald include:

• Theater Vorpommern: theatre, orchestra and opera
• Stadthalle Greifswald: medium-sized convention centre
• Festspiele Mecklenburg-Vorpommern: Greifswald is one of several sites of the state's classical music festival
• Nordischer Klangis the largest festival of Nordic culture outside of theNordic countriesthemselves
• Bachfestival
• Eldena Jazz Evenings
• Gaffelriggsummer fair
• Museumshafen: historic ships in the "museum port"
• regular literary events in theKoeppenhaus
• St. Spirituscultural centre
• Greifswald International Students Festival(GrIStuF e. V.)
• Radio 98eins (open radio)
• Greifswald Night of Music (Greifswalder Musiknacht)
• Greifswald long-ship festival (Greifswalder Drachenbootfest)

Art houseis shown regularly at the film club "Casablanca",^[17]which has existed since 1992. It puts its focus on the heritage of 35mm films. The Koeppenhaus shows art house cinema as part of its special programmes. The cinema initiative "KinoAufSegeln"^[18]screening art house open air on the site of the Greifswalder Museumswerft, Greifswald's shipyard museum. It exists since 2015. All three are active members of theVerband für Filmkommunikation(Association for Film Communication) of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, the umbrella organisation of art house cinemas and film clubs.

Among Greifswald'sbrick gothicchurches is theDom St. Nikolai(St. Nicholas collegiate church) in the city center, which, with its 100 meters (330 ft) tall tower, is the symbol of the city. The exact date of its founding is unknown, but the original church dates from the late 13th century. The tower was built, and an organ installed in the church, in the late 14th century. In the mid-17th century, when Greifswald was part ofSwedish Pomerania, severe storm damage was repaired with support from the Swedish Crown. Neglect during the earlyDDRperiod necessitated extensive refurbishment, completed in 1989, the last full year of the DDR.

TheSt.-Marien-Kirche(St. Mary's Church), built adjacent to the Old Town marketplace in the mid-13th century, contains ground-level brick walls four and one-half meters (14 ft) thick. Medieval murals depicting scenes from the Passion of Christ were restored in 1977–84. The church organ, known as theMarienorgel(St. Mary's Organ), was installed by theStralsundorgan builder Friedrich Mehmel in 1866, replacing an earlier instrument. It features 37 registers.

On the west side of the Old Town stands theSt.-Jacobi-Kirche(St. James's Church), dating from the early 13th century. In 1400 it was rebuilt to contain a nave and two transepts, requiring the addition of four buttresses. The original half-timbered tower, heavily damaged in a 1955 fire, was rebuilt in brick.

Stolpersteine, part of the EuropeanStolperstein(literally "stumbling stone") memorial project, are scattered around Greifswald. The brass plaques, engraved with the names of Jewish residents who were murdered in the Holocaust, are embedded in the sidewalk in front of houses where they once lived. Some of theStolpersteinein Greifswald mark the nationwide November 9, 1938,Kristallnachtpogroms in which members of the NaziSAandSSmurdered many German Jews, vandalized Jewish property and burned down synagogues – including the Greifswald Synagogue, dating from 1787. In 2012 all the 13 Stolpersteine were stolen, presumably by pro-Nazi extremists. The following year (2013) they were replaced.^[19][20]

A memorial plaque was installed on the site of the synagogue in 2008 in a ceremony attended by German ChancellorAngela Merkel.

• Alfried KruppWissenschaftskolleg Greifswald (Alfried Krupp Institute for Advanced Study)^[21][22]
• Ferdinand SauerbruchStreet^[23][24]

According to a 2009 study, 44% of all people in Greifswald use their bicycle for daily transport within the city, which, at the time, was the highest rate in Germany.^[25]There are also public local and regional bus operators. Local buses are run bySWG (Stadtwerke Greifswald).

Greifswald is situated at an equal distance of about 250 km (160 mi) to Germany's twolargestcities,BerlinandHamburg, which can be reached via theAutobahn 20by car in about two hours. There are also train connections to and from Hamburg (viaStralsundandRostock), and Berlin. The popular summer tourist destinationsUsedomandRügencan be reached both by car and train.

Greifswald railway stationconnects Greifswald withStralsund,Züssow,Usedom,Angermünde,Eberswalde,BerlinandSzczecin(throughPasewalk). The station is also served byICEandEuroCityservices to cities in Germany and theCzech Republic.

Greifswald has a port on theBaltic Seaas well as several marinas. The historic city centre is about 3 kilometres (2 miles) off the shore, and can be reached by yachts and small boats on the riverRyck. TheBay of Greifswaldis a popular place for sailing and surfing, with Germany's two largest islands, Rügen and Usedom, just off the coast.

• Bartholomäus Sastrow(1520–1603), mayor of Stralsund and autobiographer
• Sibylla Schwarz(1621–1638), poet
• CountCarl Gustav Rehnskiöld(1651–1722), Swedish field marshal
• Christian Thomsen Carl(1676–1713), a Danish naval officer, saved the town council's archives
• Joh. Chr. Andreas Mayer(1747–1801), physician
• Christian Wilhelm Ahlwardt(1760–1830), philologist
• Caspar David Friedrich(1774–1840), Romantic painter.^[26]
• Karl Schildener(1777–1843), lawyer and local historian
• Ludwig Julius Caspar Mende(1779–1832), gynecologist, obstetrician and coroner
• Friedrich Christian Rosenthal(1780–1829), anatomist
• Adolph Wilhelm Otto(1786–1845), anatomist

• Heinrich Eddelien(1802–1852), a Danish history painter
• Johann Karl Rodbertus(1805–1875), economist and socialist.^[27]
• Edmund Hoefer(1819–1882), novelist and literary critic.^[28]
• Wilhelm Ahlwardt(1828–1909), orientalist
• Rudolf Schirmer(1831–1896), ophthalmologist
• Heinrich Heydemann(1842–1889), classical philologist and archaeologist
• Elisabeth of Wied(1843–1916) firstqueen of Romaniaas the wife ofKing Carol I.^[29]
• Hans Hartwig von Beseler(1850–1921), WWIColonel general
• Max Lenz(1850–1932), historian
• Heinrich Bandlow(1855–1933), author, writing in Standard as well as in Low German
• Otto Schirmer(1864–1918), ophthalmologist
• Georg Engel(1866–1931), writer, dramatist and literary critic
• Percival Pollard(1869–1911), literary critic, novelist and short story writer
• Ludwig Tessnow(1872–1904), child serial killer
• Gertrud Berger(1876–1949), landscape painter who lived here
• Konrad Haenisch(1876–1925), journalist, editor and politician
• Friedrich Baethgen(1890–1972), historian, specialized in medieval studies
• Heinrich Zimmer(1890–1943), Indologist and historian of South Asian art
• Hans Fallada(1893–1947), author
• Kurt Wolff(1895–1917), WWI flying ace

• Wolfgang Koeppen(1906–1996), author
• Magnus von Braun(1919–2003), chemical engineer, aviator and rocket scientist
• Gerhard Gentzen(1909–1945), mathematician and logician
• Ray GuilleryFRS (1929–2017), physiologist and neuroanatomist
• Josef Sommer(born 1934), actor
• Doris Gercke(born 1937), writer of crime thrillers
• Hans Lüssow(born 1942), naval officer, Vice Admiral of the German navy, inspector of the navy
• Lutz Feldt(born 1945), naval officer, Vice Admiral of the German navy, inspector of the navy
• Joachim Dreifke(born 1952), rower, medallist in the1976and1980 Summer Olympics
• Cornelia Linse(born 1959), rower and medallist in the1980 Summer Olympics
• Caren Metschuck(born 1963), swimmer, gold medalist at the1980 Summer Olympics
• Martin Jankowski(born 1965), author
• Susanne Wiest(born 1967), activist for theunconditional basic income
• Jarkko Martikainen(born 1970), a Finnish singer, songwriter and member of the rock bandYUP
• Alexander Kowalski(born 1978),techno musicartist
• Robin Szolkowy, (born 1979), pair figure skater and twice Olympic bronze medalist
• Judith Schalansky(born 1980), writer, book designer and publisher
• Sebastian Sylvester(born 1980), former middleweight boxing champion
• Luise Amtsberg(born 1984), politician, member of the Bundestag for Alliance 90/The Greens.
• Verena Schott(born 1989),Paralympic swimmerand Paralympic medal winner.
• Toni Kroos(born 1990), former footballer forReal MadridandGermany national football team
• Felix Kroos(born 1991), former footballer and brother of Toni Kroos

• Principality of Rügen
• Duchy of Pomerania
• Hither Pomerania
• Swedish Pomerania
• Greif(ship)

• "Greifswald".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XI (9th ed.). 1880. pp. 183–184.
• "Greifswald".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 577.
• Official website(in German)
• University of Greifswald (official website)(in German)
• Pomeranian State Museum, Greifswald (official website)(in German)
• Theater Vorpommern(in German)
• Greifswald, damals und heute(in German)(private photo series on the urban agenda in the last 20 years)