Guildford

Guildford
Town
Clockwise from top left: Guildford railway station; Quarry Street; Guildford Cathedralwith residential housing in the foreground; the Guildhall; and the Electric Theatreby the River Wey
Guildford Location within Surrey
Population	77,057 (2011)[1]
OS grid reference	SU9949
•London	27.5 miles (44.3 km)NE
District	Guildford
Shire county	Surrey
Region	South East
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	Guildford
Postcode district	GU1-4
Dialling code	01483
Police	Surrey
Fire	Surrey
Ambulance	South East Coast
UK Parliament	Guildford TBC
List of places UK England Surrey 51°14′11″N0°34′13″W / 51.2365°N 0.5703°W /51.2365; -0.5703

Guildford(/ˈɡɪlfərd/^ⓘ)^[2]is a town in westSurrey, England, around 27 mi (43 km) south-west of central London. As of the 2011 census, the town has a population of about 77,000^[1]and is the seat of the widerBorough of Guildford, which had around 145,673 inhabitants in 2022.^[3]The name "Guildford" is thought to derive from acrossingof theRiver Wey, atributaryof theRiver Thamesthat flows through the town centre.

The earliest evidence of human activity in the area is from theMesolithicand Guildford is mentioned in thewillofAlfred the Greatfromc. 880. The exact location of the mainAnglo-Saxonsettlement is unclear and the current site of the modern town centre may not have been occupied until the early 11th century. Following theNorman Conquest, amotte-and-bailey castlewas constructed; which was developed into a royal residence byHenry III. During thelate Middle Ages, Guildford prospered as a result of thewooltrade, and the town was granted a charter of incorporation byHenry VIIin 1488.

TheRiver Wey Navigationbetween Guildford and the Thames was opened in 1653, facilitating the transport of produce, building materials and manufactured items to new markets in London. The arrival of the railways in the 1840s attracted further investment and the town began to grow with the construction of its first new suburb at Charlotteville in the 1860s. The town became the centre of anew Anglican diocesein 1927 and the foundation stone ofthe cathedralwas laid in 1936. Guildford became a university town in September 1966, when theUniversity of Surreywas established by Royal Charter.

Guildford is surrounded on three sides by theSurrey Hills National Landscape, which severely limits its potential for expansion to the east, west and south. Recent development has been focused to the north of the town in the direction ofWoking. Guildford now officially forms the southwestern tip of theGreater London Built-up Area, as defined by theOffice for National Statistics.

The oldest surviving record of Guildford is from ac. 1000copy of thec. 880– c. 885willofAlfred the Great, in which the settlement appears asGyldeforda. The name is written asGildefordinDomesday Bookand later asGyldeford(c. 1130),Guldeford(c. 1186– c. 1198) andGuildeford(1226).^[4]The first part of the name is thought to derive from theOld Englishgylde, meaning gold,^[5]possibly referring to the colour of the sand to the south of the town, or to a local concentration of yellow flowers such as thecommonormarsh marigold.^{[4][note 1]}The second part of the name (‑ford) refers to acrossingof theRiver Wey.^[4]

The earliest evidence of human activity in the Guildford area is fromSt Catherine's Hill, whereMesolithicflint tools have been found.^[10]There may also have beenBronze AgeandIron Agesettlements on the hill.^[7]The areas now occupied byChrist's Collegeand Manor Farm were farmed in the Bronze Age, Iron Age andRoman period.^[11][12]Traces of a 2nd-centuryvillawere discovered atBroadstreet Commonduring an excavation in 1998.^[13]

There is thought to have been anAnglo-Saxonsettlement in the Guildford area by the early 6th century, although its precise location is unclear. Excavations in the 1930s revealed a Saxon cemetery at Guildown at the east end of the Hog's Back. Burials took place at the site up to the mid-11th century, but the oldest skeletons were buried in the late 6th century.^{[14][note 2]}

The first written record of Guildford is from the will ofAlfred the Great, dated to around 880, in which the settlement was left to his nephew,Aethelwold.^[16]Although it does not appear in theBurghal Hidage, compiledc. 914,^{[17][note 3]}by the end of the 10th century the town was sufficiently important to be the location of aRoyal Mint. Coins were struck at Guildford from 978 until at least 1099.^{[17][note 4]}

Around 220 of the skeletons excavated at Guildown are thought to be the remains of soldiers massacred during the arrest ofAlfred Aethelingin 1035 or 1036. Contemporary accounts are somewhat contradictory, but the modern consensus is that Aetheling, apretender to the throneand the brother ofEdward the Confessor, was travelling through Guildford with a large bodyguard when the incident occurred.^{[14][20][note 5]}Aetheling was arrested byGodwin, Earl of Wessexand his men were killed. Many of the skeletons showed evidence of a violent death and the skulls of two were between their legs, suggesting that they had been executed by decapitation.^[14][20][22]Aetheling was taken toEly, where he was blinded, and he is thought to have died there in February 1036.^[21]

The oldest extant building in Guildford isSt Mary's Church, the tower of which was builtc. 1040.^[23][24]Its location, on Quarry Street, may indicate that, at the time of its construction, the High Street had either not been laid out or was not the principal road.^[25]There is no significant archaeological evidence of human activity in the modern town centre before the 11th century^[26][27]and it is possible that, for the majority of the Saxon period,Stoke next Guildford, to the north, was the primary area of settlement.^{[28][note 6]}

InDomesday Bookof 1086, Guildford appears asGildefordand is divided into seven parts, all of which were the property ofWilliam I. Two of the areas were held byreevesand four were held bylesser tenants, one of whom wasRanulf Flambard. The land directly controlled by the king included 175 homagers (heads of household), who lived in 75hagae.^{[30][31][note 7]}Flambard's holding included threehagaethat accommodated six homagers and, in total, the town provided an annual income of £30 for the king.^[30]William I is also listed as holding Stoke-by-Guildford, which had a population of 24 villagers, ten smallholders and five slaves. The manor had sufficient land for 22 plough teams, 16 acres of meadow, woodland for 40 swine and two mills.^[33]

Guildford remained a property of the Crown throughout the Middle Ages and several kings, includingHenry IIandJohnare known to have visited regularly.^[34]Henry IIIgranted the town its first borough charter in January 1257, which permitted it to send two representatives to parliament. In August of the same year, he designated Guildford as the location of the Surrey County Court andAssizes.^[35]In 1366,Edward IIIissued afee farm grant, enabling the town to become partially self-governing in exchange for a yearly rent of £10.^[36]Henry VIIwas responsible for granting Guildford its coat of arms in 1485 and, three years later, he awarded the charter of incorporation, which placed the administration of the borough in the hands of a mayor and burgesses, appointed from the merchants' guild.^[37]

The modern system of local government began to emerge in the 1830s. Under theMunicipal Corporations Act 1835, a democratically elected council replaced the mayor and burgesses, and the borough expanded beyond the medieval town boundaries.^[38]A year later, the Guildford Poor Law Union was formed, with responsibility for a total area of 12 sq mi (31 km²) stretching fromGodalmingtoWoking.^[39]As a result of theLocal Government Act 1888, several responsibilities were transferred from the borough to the newly formedSurrey County Council. The borough boundaries were extended again in both 1904 and 1933.^{[38][40][note 8]}The final enlargement took place in March 1974, when the present local authority was created from the merger of the borough with the Guildford Rural District.^[41]

Guildford Castle is to the south of the modern town centre. Although it is not explicitly mentioned in Domesday Book, it is possible that it was included in one of the areas of land held by Ranulf Flambard.^[25]The date of its original construction is uncertain, but the consensus among historians is that it was built as amotte-and-bailey castlesoon after theNorman Conquest.^{[42][43][note 9]}A polygonal stoneshell keepwas built in chalk and flint rubblestone around the top of the motte in the early 12th Century, the remains of which are still visible.^[44][45]

The squarekeep, known as the Great Tower, was constructed in the mid-12th century fromBargate stone.^[46][47][48]Originally built with only two floors, it was a "solar keep" and functioned primarily as a private residence, rather than as an administrative centre. At an unknown later date, a third storey was built directly on top of the crenelations, to bring the structure to its present height.^[47]Part of the keep was in use as a prison by the end of the 12th century and new, royal apartments were constructed in the 13th century in the southwestern corner. Henry III commissioned the rebuilding of the castle following a fire in the mid-13th century, converting it into one of the most luxurious palaces in England.^[46]In 1245, he bought land to extend the castle grounds and Castle Arch was constructed on his orders in 1256.^[49]

The castle ceased to be a royal residence in theTudor periodand it was leased from the Crown by Francis Carter in the reign ofJames I.^[50]A Parliamentary survey in 1650 noted that the keep was still habitable,^[51]although the associated outbuildings are thought to have been ruinous by this time.^[52]In 1885, the borough purchased the castle grounds and opened them to the public three years later.^[53]

The Guildford Black Friary was a community ofDominicans, founded byEleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III, around 1275.^{[54][note 10][note 11]}It occupied a site of around 10 acres (4.0 ha) beside the River Wey, to the north of the Town Ditch (now North Street). Excavations in the 1970s revealed that the original buildings were arranged around three sides of a central cloister, with a church to the south,chapter houseto the east and kitchen to the north.^{[54][note 12]}The community was never large; in 1336 there were only 20 friars and by the time of itsdissolutionin 1537, there were only seven.^[55]In the late Tudor period, the building was occasionally used as a royal residence until 1606, when it was demolished and the materials used for construction projects elsewhere in the town.^[58]

In 1630, John Annandale purchased the friary grounds and built a house there. The property passed through a series of private owners until 1794, when it was bought by the War Office. It was used as a barracks until the end of the Napoleonic Wars and then demolished in 1818. The grounds are indicated on an 1841 map of Guildford as the "Barrack Field" and shortly afterwards the area was divided into plots and sold for housebuilding.^[58]In 1858, the Chennel family set up a steam-powered flour mill on the site of the friary church and cloisters, which was subsequently purchased and converted to a brewery by Thomas Taunton in the 1870s.^[59][60]In 1956, the brewery merged with theMeux BreweryofNine Elmsto form Friary Meux.^[60]The combined company was taken over byAllied Breweriesin 1963^[61]Brewing ceased in December 1968 and the site was sold to the developer,MEPC plc. The brewery was demolished in 1974^[62]and, after archaeological investigations had been concluded, construction of the Friary Centre began in 1978.^{[54][63][note 13]}

The east–west route along theNorth Downshas been in use since ancient times. In the late 19th century it was dubbed thePilgrims Way, but there is no convincing evidence of its use by pilgrims. The route consists of multiple parallel tracks andhollow waysrunning along the top of and beneath the North Downs escarpment and is typical of otherridgewayroutes in the UK and Europe.^[65][66]Similarly, the path alongside the River Wey, running broadly north–south, is also likely to have been used since antiquity. By the Tudor period, this route had become an important military supply line, linking London andChathamtoPortsmouth.^[67]Aturnpike roadthrough Guildford, between London and Portsmouth, was created in 1749^[68]and nine years later the roads across the Hog's Back and towards Leatherhead were also turnpiked. The present Farnham Road was builtc. 1800.^[69]The most recent major change to the local road network was the opening of theA3Guildford Bypass in 1934.^[70]

The River Wey has been used for navigation since ancient times and during the Medieval period, there is thought to have been a wharf at Millmead.^[26][71]TheRiver Wey Navigationwas authorised byAct of Parliamentin 1651. Twelvelocks(including two flood locks), and 9 mi (14 km) of newcutswere constructed between theRiver Thamesand Guildford, and the waterway opened in 1653.^[72][73]The navigation had a positive impact on the economy of west Surrey. By the end of the 17th century,timberwas being transported via the river from the county boundary withWest Sussex^[74]and in 1724,Daniel Defoewrote that corn from Farnham was being sent by barge to London.^[75]The Act also allowed passengers to be transported via the Wey and the maximum one-way fare was capped at 1s, which was raised in 1671 to 1s 4d.^[74]

The Godalming Navigation was authorised in 1760 and was completed four years later.^[76]Four locks were built as part of the works and the Town Bridge was altered to allow barges to pass beneath it.^[77]The period of theAmerican War of Independence(1775–1783) was particularly profitable for the two waterways, and a total of 17,000 tonnes of cargo was transported in 1776.^{[76][note 14]}Traffic on the Wey and Godalming Navigations declined following the opening of the railway lines in the late 1840s.^[75]TheNational Trustacquired the two waterways in the 1960s and have owned them ever since.^[79]

The first railway to be constructed in Surrey was theLondon to Southampton line, which opened in stages from May 1838.^[80][81]Woking railway station,^{[note 15]}was built on the south side of the tracks for the convenience of those travelling by stagecoach from Guildford and quickly became therailheadfor the western half of the county.^[82]Guildford railway stationopened in 1845 as the terminus of a branch from Woking. Four years later, the line was extended toGodalmingand theReading, Guildford and Reigate Railwayopened at the same time.^[83]The final railway line, theline from Surbiton via Effingham Junctionwas opened in February 1888, with a new station to the northeast of the town centre, which was later namedLondon Road (Guildford).^{[84][note 16]}

It is unclear when the first market took place at Guildford, but by 1276 one was being held in the High Street every Saturday.^[86]In the 1530s, there were three markets each week, for corn (the most profitable), for cattle, and for general produce and household items. In 1561, a market house was built "beneath the Gild Hall", but by 1626 it was no longer suitable to store the "graine accustimablie sold there" and the corn market was moved to the Tun Inn on the south side of the High Street.^[87]A purpose-builtCorn Exchangewas erected there in 1818.^[88]In 1865, the market was relocated to North Street^[89]and in 1895, it moved to Woodbridge Road.^[90]

Guildford's early prosperity was founded on thewooltrade. The North Downs provided goodgrazingland for sheep, there were local deposits ofFuller's earthin Surrey and the Wey provided a source of both water and power forfulling mills. The town specialised in the manufacture ofkersey, a coarse cloth,dyedand sold as "Guildford Blue".^[91]The Italian merchant,Francesco di Marco Datini, is known to have purchased cloth from Guildford in the late 14th century and by the end of the 16th century, there were at least six dye works in the town.^[86]The trade began to decline at the end of the Tudor period, possibly as a result of fraudulent activity on the part of the wool merchants, who were accused of stretching the cloth. Attempts to revive the struggling industry in the early 17th century were unsuccessful^[91]and the last remaining fulling mill was converted to grind corn in 1714.^[92]

After the death of their father in 1882, brothers Charles Arthur and Leonard Gates took over the running of his shop, which held the local distribution franchise forGilbey'swines and spirits, and also sold beer. However, in 1885, the brothers were persuaded to join thetemperance movement, and they poured their entire stock into the gutters of the High Street. Left with no livelihood, they converted their now empty shop into a dairy. Using amilk separator, they bought milk from local farmers, and after extracting the cream and whey, sold the skim back to the farmers for pig feed. In 1888 three more of the Gates brothers and their sons joined the business, which led to the formal registration of the company under the name of theWest Surrey Central Dairy Company, which after the development of itsdried milkbaby formula in 1906 becameCow & Gate.^[93]

In 1900, theDennis Brotherscompany constructed what was probably the first purpose-built car factory in the country, on Bridge Street. This is now known as theRodboro Buildings, after a later occupant. The company soon outgrew the site, and between 1905 and 1913 production was gradually moved to a new factory near Woodbridge Hill.^[94][95]

At the start of the Second World War, 2500 children wereevacuatedfrom southwest London to the Guildford area^[96]and in June the following year, evacuees arrived from Brighton.^{[97][note 17]}The borough council built 18 communalair raid shelters, including the shelter at Foxenden Quarry, capable of accommodating 1000 people.^[98][99]In late 1940, sixBritish Restaurantswere opened in the town^[100]and, in May the following year, the firstnursery schoolfor children aged between two and five was opened, enabling their mothers to participate in war work.^[101]Over the course of the war, seven people were killed in the town as a result of enemy bombing, three of whom died when aV-1 flying bomblanded in Aldersey Road in August 1944.^{[102][note 18]}

At the start of the war,Stoughton Barracksbecame a training centre for army recruits andGeorge VIvisited twice in late 1939.^[104]The defence of the town was the responsibility of the 4th Battalion of Surrey Home Guard^[105]and defensive installations includeddragon's teethclose to London Road station, numerous pillboxes and ananti-tank ditchthat was dug across Stoke Park.^{[106][note 19]}Local factories were rededicated to the war effort: The Dennis works producedChurchill tanks, water pumps, bombs and aircraft parts,^[107][108]RFD in Stoke Road produced life rafts andflotation aidsfor theRoyal Navy^[109]and Warner Engineering producedtank tracksand brass bomb noses.^[110]

TheDiocese of Guildfordwas created in 1927 out of the northern part of theDiocese of Winchester.^[111][112]Holy Trinity Church, the largest church in the town, became the cathedral. However, by May of the following year, it was obvious that it was too small to hold the status permanently and the Diocesan Conference resolved to build a new cathedral in the town. In November 1927,The Earl of Onslowoffered 6 acres (2.4 ha) of land at the summit of Stag Hill as the site.^{[111][note 20]}

The design of the cathedral, byEdward Maufe, was chosen following an open competition. The building is constructed of bricks made from the clay excavated for the foundations andcrypt.^[115]The foundation stone was laid in 1936,^[116][117]but by the outbreak of the Second World War, only thechoirhad been completed.^{[118][note 21]}The crypt was finished following the end of the war and was dedicated in 1947.^[116]Building work on the rest of the structure was also resumed and the consecration service took place on 17 May 1961.^[119]Construction work finally ceased in 1965.^{[117][note 22]}

The campaign to found a university in Guildford began as an initiative of the localRotary Clubin 1962, to explore an approach to the University Grants Commission. At around the same time, the governors of the Battersea College of Advanced Technology were looking for a new campus, as their institution had outgrown its own south London site.^[120]A year later, theRobbins Reportrecommended that allcolleges of advanced technologyshould be given the status of universities.^[121]In May 1963,Edward Boyle, theSecretary of State for Education, announced that the Battersea College would relocate to Guildford as the University of Surrey.^[120]The northern part of Stag Hill was chosen as the campus and the construction of the first buildings began in January 1966. The Royal Charter was granted in September of the same year and the first students were officially admitted in the autumn of 1968.^[122]

On the evening of 5 October 1974, theProvisional Irish Republican Armydetonated twogelignitebombs at twopubsin the town. The venues are thought to have been chosen as they were popular with off-duty military personnel fromAldershot Garrison. The first bomb exploded at the Horse and Groom in North Street at 8:50 pm, killing two members of theScots Guards, two members of theWomen's Royal Army Corpsand onecivilian. The second exploded around 35 minutes later at the Seven Stars in Swan Lane, injuring six members of staff and one customer.^[123][124]

In early December 1974,Surrey Policearrested three men and a woman, later collectively known as theGuildford Four. A few days later, seven further individuals were arrested who became known as theMaguire Seven. The Guildford Four wereconvictedfor carrying out the bombings in October 1975 and receivedlife sentences. All four maintained their innocence and, after a campaign of almost fifteen years, their convictions were quashed in October 1989.^{[125][126][127]}

In the 21st century Guildford still has a High Street paved withgranitesetts,^[128]and is one of the most expensive places to buy property in the UK outside London.^[129]The town has a general street market held on Fridays and Saturdays. Afarmers' marketis usually held on the first Tuesday of each month. There is a Tourist Information Office,^[130]guided walks^[131]and various hotels including the historic Angel Hotel which long served as a coaching stop on the main London toPortsmouthstagecoachroute.^[132]

Charlottevilleis one of the first planned suburbs in Britain.^[133]The estate was funded by a local doctor, Thomas Sells, and named after his wife, Charlotte.^[134]It was developed by the Guildford architect Henry Peak in 1862 and is loosely bound between Shalford Road and Sydenham Road, encompassing the beauty spot of Pewley Down. The area's roads were named after English doctors, includingAddisonRoad,CheseldenRoad,HarveyRoad andJennerRoad.^[135]Public footpaths lead from the town through Charlotteville to the downs and towardsSt Martha's HillandAlbury. It houses a great many cottages and a few large, mostly privately owned properties. The official designation of the heart of Charlotteville as aconservation areameans that Peak's work may survive^{[citation needed]}. The development introduced institutions such as the Cork Club, theCharlotteville Cycling Club, founded in 1903 with the then mayor as its first president,^[136]and the Charlotteville Jubilee Trust charity, formed at the time of theGolden Jubilee. Two schools were established in the village - one infant and one junior school. merging to form the Holy Trinity Pewley Down School in the late 2000s. The last of the shops closed in 2006.

Stoke next Guildford, the central northern area of the town, containsStoke Parkand the historic manor of Stoke at its centre, now the site ofGuildford College. To the north of the park is theGuildford Spectrumleisure and sports centre. To the south of this mostly residential neighbourhood isLondon Roadrailway station, On Stoke Road there is alistedhotel,The Stoke.^[137]

BurphamandMerroware former villages that are now a major suburbs of Guildford.

Bellfieldsis a suburb in the north of Guildford lying adjacent to Slyfield Industrial Estate and Stoughton. The area includes private estates as well as current and former social housing estates.Christ's College, Guildford's senior school andPond Meadowspecial needs school are in Bellfields. The neighbourhood includes St Peter's Shared Church^[138]and the Guildford Family Centre.^[139]

Slyfieldis a small mixed land-use area north of Guildford that is largely indeterminate from Bellfields, however to its east is Guildford's largest industrial and commercial park, Slyfield Industrial Estate. There was a cattle market held in the south of the industrial area until 2000 which moved toMaidstone, Kent.^[140]Slyfield has a community hall and a school, Weyfield Primary. To the north of Slyfield is Stoke Hill, on top of which is a park, Stringer's Common, across which is theJacobs Wellneighbourhood which is part of Worplesdon civil parish.

Stoughtonis a mainlyresidentialsuburbnorth of Guildford town centre. It is the location of the formerStoughton Barracks, which was redeveloped for housing in the 1990s and renamed Cardwell's Keep. In Stoughton isThe Wooden Bridgepub where both theRolling StonesandEric Claptonperformedconcertsat the early stages of their respective careers.^[141]Another pub of historic note wasThe Royal Hotelin Worplesdon Road, which hosted an earlyU2concert and was owned by the former wrestlerMick McManus. This is now a Chinese restaurant.^[142]Stoughton has one junior school,Northmead Junior Schooland one infant school, Stoughton Infant School.

Jacob's Wellis another former village that is now a major suburb of Guildford.

Guildford ParkandDennisvilleare small residential neighbourhoods immediately south of and at the foot of Stag Hill. Dennisville was founded in 1934 to provide accommodation for workers atDennis BrothersWoodbridge Hill factory.^[143]Both neighbourhoods are close toGuildford railway stationto the southeast and become, without division, Onslow Village to the south. As theUniversityoccupies the top and north of Stag Hill, it is a popular location for student lodgings.

Onslow Villageis a sloped suburb on the western outskirts of Guildford. It, with one outlying road continuation, forms a wedge between theA3 roadandA31 roadssouth of the junction of the A3 and Egerton Road, Guildford'sCathedral Turnand directly belowHenley Fort, the 1880s builtLondon Defence Positionand aScheduled Monument.^[144]The area consists of a number of residential streets many of which are characterised by beech hedges. Parts of Onslow Village have been designated as conservation areas,^[145]enforcing a number of planning restrictions that are intended to protect the character and identity of the locality. Local amenities include the 5th Guildford Scout Group,^[146]a community news website,^[147]a Tennis Club^[148]and Onslow Arboretum.^[149]It also has its own football team, Onslow FC, established in 1986.

There is a smallvillagecentre, with a parade of shops and a village hall. Onslow has one infant school, Onslow Infant School, as well as Queen Eleanor's School, a primary school. The localAnglicanchurch is All Saints.

The Village also has aResidents' association, the Onslow Village Residents' Association (OVRA) which was set up in 1956 and whose object is to "safeguard the amenities of Onslow village and to promote the welfare, interests and well-being of the residents".^[150]

The Onslow Village Society was formed with the aim to tackle the acute shortage of decent working-class housing following theFirst World War. Onslow Village Ltd acquired 646 acres (261 hectares) or just over a square mile of land from the Earl of Onslow in 1920 for approximately one-quarter of its market value at the time. The aim was to create a garden city to be modelled on the ideas ofEbenezer Howard'sGarden City Movement. It was their intention to build a self-contained community with smallholdings, public buildings, open spaces, recreation grounds, woodland and a railway station, as well as developing sites for churches, hotels and factories. On Saturday 1 May 1920, ten weeks after the formation of the Society, the foundations of the first two houses were laid and by March 1922 ninety-one houses had been built. Due to a lack of funding the scheme never reached full completion, with about 600 houses actually being built. Original drawings however showed that there were further plans to develop the farmland at Manor Farm, north of the A3. By the mid-1970s, one-third of the properties were still owned by Onslow Village Ltd. Then, in 1984, the company was wound up and many shareholders and tenants had the chance to buy their homes at affordable prices.^[151]

Onslow Village never got its railway station, however, it did eventually get its woodland: the Onslow arboretum, developed by Guildford Borough Council as a specialist collection of eighty tree species from around the world. The Onslow arboretum is located right next to the recreation area which has its own park, a large field, several tennis courts, toilets and a scout hut.^[151]

Park Barnconsists of a former and presentsocial housingestate in Guildford. It is bordered to the south by therailway line, the east by Westborough, the north by Rydes Hill and the west by Broadstreet Common.^[152]The estate is home toKing's College, a school for 11 – 16-year-olds. There are also a number of primary schools in the area of Park Barn, includingGuildford Grove Primary School, which has a specialist sign-supported rescue base on the site that supports pupils with profoundhearing impairments, known as The Lighthouse.^[153]The Football team, Park Barn FC, plays in League 4 of the Guildford and Woking Alliance League.^[154]Guildford City Boxing Club moved from Bellfields to Cabell Road in Park Barn in 2014.^[155]

Adjacent to the Park Barn Estate, theWestborough Estatewas built in the 1920s due to the growing population at the start of the 20th century.^[156]Westborough is home to aUnited Reformed churchand to a community primary school on Southway. There is a small parade of shops where Southway meets Aldershot Road. Westborough is also a ward of theBorough of Guildford. Its population at the 2011 Census was 9,307.^[157]

The town is in the parliamentary constituency ofGuildford. As of 2024, it is representedat WestminsterbyLiberal DemocratZöe Franklin.

Councillors are elected toSurrey County Councilevery four years. The town is covered by five divisions, each of which elects one councillor. The five divisions are: "Guildford East", "Guildford North", "Guildford South-East", "Guildford South-West" and "Guildford West".^[158][159]Although Guildford has historically been regarded as the county town of Surrey,^[160]the council itself has its administrative headquarters inReigate.^[161]

Elections to the borough counciltake place every four years and a total of 48 councillors serve at any one time.^[162]The council is led by an executive committee, consisting of the Leader, a Deputy Leader and six portfolio holders.^[163]Each year, one of the councillors serves as "Mayor of Guildford" for a period of twelve months. The role of mayor is primarily ceremonial and the post has little political power.^[164]Since April 1982, the council has been based at the Grade II-listed Millmead House, which was built in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.^[165][166]

Guildford has beentwinnedwithFreiburg im Breisgau, Germany since 1979.^[167][168]A link between Guildford andMukono, Uganda, was established in 2003^[169]and the borough council signed a formal partnership agreement withDongying, China, in 2017.^[170]

In the2011 census, the population of Guildford was 79,185. 87.3% of the inhabitants werewhite, 7.1% were ofAsiandescent and 2.2% weremixed race.^[171]

2011 Census Households ^[171]

Area	Population	Households	Owned outright	Owned with a loan	Social rented	Private rented
Guildford	79,185	31,328	29.5%	33.6%	14.4%	19.6%
South East Region	8,634,750	3,555,463	35.1%	32.5%	13.7%	16.3%

2011 Census Homes ^[171]

Area	Detached	Semi-detached	Terraced	Flats and apartments
Guildford	25.9%	33.3%	14.2%	26.7%
South East Region	28.0%	27.6%	22.4%	21.2%

The 2011Financial Timesannual list of Top 500 Global Companies listed five major businesses with a significant presence in the town;Philips,Ericsson,Colgate-Palmolive,AllianzandSanofi.^[172]

Media Molecule,Lionhead Studios,Hello Games,Criterion Games,Ghost GamesandBullfrog Productionshave helped the town become a centre for video game production.^[173]The electronic components business,discoverIE Group, with some 4,400 employees, is based at Surrey Research Park.^[174]

Military vehicle builders Automotive Technik have a factory in the town. TheSurrey Research Parkcontains a number of world leading companies^[175]including satellite manufacturersSurrey Satellite TechnologyandBOC.

Until the start of the 18th century, residents of Guildford obtained their water fromwellsor from the Wey. In 1701, William Yarnold received a grant from the borough corporation to erect a waterwheel and pumps to raise river water to a reservoir at the foot of Pewley Down.^[176]A network of pipes, formed from the hollow trunks of elm trees, was installed to distribute water through the town.^[92]A new well was sunk in the town in 1865, but contamination by sewage resulted in an outbreak oftyphoid fever. By 1898, the mains water infrastructure in the town was well-developed and included both gas- and coal-powered pumps.^[176]In 1952, the Guildford Corporation sold the town's water supply infrastructure to the Guildford, Godalming and District Water Board.^[177]

The town sewerage system, including the wastewater treatment works at Bellfields, was constructed between 1889 and 1895.^[178]The current sewage works date from the 1960s, but will be relocated to a site 1.5 km (0.93 mi) to the north, as part of the Slyfield Area Regeneration Project. The move will release land for up to 1500 new homes. The new works are expected to open in 2026.^{[179][180][181]}

The first gasworks in Guildford was opened in 1824 and street lighting was installed in May of that year.^[182]The construction of a larger facility was authorised by parliament in 1857.^[183]The gasworks closed in the late 1960s and the area was cleared for the construction of the Bedford Road Sports Centre and the associated car park. Since 2000, part of the site has been occupied by the Odeon Cinema complex.^[184]

The first electricity-generating station was opened in 1896 in Onslow Street with aninstalled capacityof 60kW. It was rebuilt and extended in 1913^[185]and was replaced in May 1928 bya new plant in Woodbridge Road.^{[186][note 23]}Under theElectricity (Supply) Act 1926, Guildford was connected to theNational Grid, initially to a 33 kVsupply ring, which linked the town to Woking, Godalming, Farnham, Hindhead and Aldershot.^[188]Theelectricity industrywasnationalisedin 1948 and ownership of the Woodbridge Road station passed to theBritish Electricity Authorityand then to theCentral Electricity Generating Board(CEGB). In 1966 the power station had a generating capacity of 11.25megawatts(MW) and delivered 9,090MWhof electricity.^[187]The CEGB closed the station in 1968 and it was subsequently demolished.^[185]

There have been small-scale renewable electricity installations in Guildford since the start of the 20th century. In around 1907, the inventor, E. Lancaster Burne, erected one of the firstwind turbineson Pewley Hill to generate electricity for his house.^[189][190]A hydroelectric project to harness power from the River Wey opened in the former Toll House, part of theTown Millon Millmead, in 2006. The building, first constructed in 1897, originally housed turbines to pump river water to a reservoir on Pewley Hill.^[177][191]Over its first ten years of operation, the installation generated over 1.5 GWh of electricity, which was supplied direct to the national grid.^[192]

The first police force in Guildford was established by the Guildford Watch Committee in 1836, which appointed nine constables, led by a part-time superintendent.^{[89][193][note 24]}In 1851, it briefly merged with the Surrey Constabulary, responsible for much of the rest of the county, but the two were separated again three years later. By 1866, the Guilford force had sixteen officers, one of whom had a salary paid by theLSWR.^[194]Five additional officers were employed in 1932, when the borough was enlarged.^[195]

Between 1840 and 1864, severe outbursts of semi-organised lawlessness, commonly known as the "Guy Riots", occurred in Guildford. The violence was focused on celebrations for theFifth of November, but was amplified by local political issues.^{[196][197][note 25]}The rioters would rampage through the town after nightfall, damaging property and assaulting local residents.^{[196][198][199]}Following severe lawlessness in March and September 1863,^[200]200 soldiers were dispatched to the town in anticipation of further violence that November.^[201]The army was able to disperse the rioters and four ringleaders were arrested. They were sentenced to hard labour the following April and there was no repeat of the violence in subsequent years.^[202]

In 1941, the Guildford police force was amalgamated again with the Surrey Constabulary as a wartime efficiency measure and the merger became permanent in 1947.^[195]The following year, the combined force moved its headquarters to Mount Browne in Sandy Lane.^[195]As of 2022, the local police force isSurrey Policeand Guildford Police Station is on Walnut Tree Close,^[203]on the site of the former market.^[90]

Guildford Fire Brigade was founded in 1863 as a volunteer force.^[178][204]Initially the horse-drawn fire engine was housed in a shed in North Street,^[204]but a brick building (now the public toilets) was built in the same road in 1872^[205]The Guildford Brigade merged with others in Surrey in 1947, when the service became the responsibility of the county council.^[178]In 2022, thefire authorityfor Guildford is Surrey County Council and the town fire station is at Ladymead.^[206]

The ambulance service in Guildford was provided bySt John Ambulanceuntil 1966, when the county council set up its own service.^[207]In 2022, local ambulance services are run by theSouth East Coast Ambulance Serviceand the ambulance station is on London Road.^[208]

The first medical facility in the town, the Guildford Dispensary, opened in Quarry Street in January 1860.^[209]Supported by private donations, it provided free medical care to the poor, including a home visiting service and an out-patients clinic.^[209][210]During its first year of operation over a thousand patients were treated, highlighting the urgent need for a public hospital in the area.^[210]The dispensary closed in 1866, when the Royal Surrey County Hospital opened on Farnham Road.^[209]

The land forFarnham Road Hospitalwas donated by Lord Onslow^[209]and was built as a memorial toPrince Albert, who had died in 1861. It opened in 1866 with the name Royal Surrey County Hospital with two wards and 60 beds.^[210][211]In 1948, it became part of the NHS.^[209]It acquired its current name in 1980.^[212]In 2022, Farnham Road Hospital is a specialistmental health hospital.^[213]

The Guildford Infirmary was built in the grounds of the workhouse in 1896 and was initially run by the Guildford Guardians of the Poor. It was renamed the Warren Road Hospital in 1930, when it was taken over by Surrey County Council.^{[214][note 26]}Shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War, an annexe was built to treat both military and civilian casualties and the hospital became part of theEmergency Hospital Service. In 1945, it becameSt Luke's Hospitaland three years later it was incorporated into theNHS.^{[215][note 27]}It ceased to be a general hospital in January 1980, when much of its operations were transferred to the Royal Surrey County Hospital.^[214]St Luke's continued to house a nurses' training facility and to offer outpatients services until 1991. The site finally closed in 1999 and had been redeveloped by 2003.^[215]

The currentRoyal Surrey County Hospital, at Park Barn, opened in stages from January 1980,^[216]inheriting its name from its predecessor, which continues to operate as the Farnham Road Hospital.^{[212][note 28]}The St Luke's Wing opened in February 1997, following the closure of St Luke's Hospital.^[212]The Royal Surrey County Hospital is the nearest hospital to Guildford town centre with anAccident and Emergency Department.^[218]

Guildford is linked by a number of bus routes to surrounding towns and villages in west Surrey. The network is centred on theFriary bus station. Services are operated predominantly byStagecoach South, but also by Carlone Buses, Compass Bus,Falcon Coaches,Safeguard CoachesandWhite Bus Services.^[219]There are fourpark & ridecar parks surrounding Guildford, which are served by buses to the town centre.^[220]ARailAircoach service runs from the railway station toHeathrow Airport.^[221]Route 030, operated byNational Express, links the town toLondonandPortsmouth.^[222]

Guildford railway stationis located to the north-west of the town centre. It is managed bySouth Western Railway, which operates most services; their routes run toLondon WaterlooviaClapham Junction, toPortsmouth HarbourviaGodalmingandHaslemere, and toAltonviaFarnham.Great Western Railwayoperates services toGatwick AirportviaRedhilland toReadingviaWokingham.^[223]

South Western Railway runs all services fromLondon Road station, which is located to the north-east of the town centre. Trains run to London Waterloo, viaEpsomorOxshott.^[224]

The River Wey is navigable fromWeybridgetoGodalmingand thenavigation authorityis theNational Trust.^[225]

National Cycle NetworkRoute 22, which will connect London to Portsmouth, and Route 223, which connectsChertseytoShoreham-by-Sea, pass through Guildford.^[226]Abike-sharing schemelaunched on the University of Surrey campus in August 2018.^[227]

TheNorth Downs Way, which runs betweenFarnhamandDover, passes through the outskirts of Guildford, around 0.6 mi (0.97 km) to the south of the town centre.^[228]TheE2 European long distance pathruns along thetowpathof the River Wey through Guildford.^[229]The Fox Way is a 39 mi (63 km) footpath that circles the town.^[230]

As in the rest of Surrey, Guildford's state schools operate a two/three age group system. Primary schools in the town include Holy Trinity (which merged with Pewley Down in 1995), Burpham, St Thomas of Canterbury (Catholic), Sandfield Primary School, Boxgrove Primary School and Guildford Grove Primary School. Amongst thejunior schoolsare Bushy Hill, Northmead Junior and Queen Eleanor's C of E. Secondary schools includeGeorge Abbot,Guildford County School,St Peter's,King's CollegeandChrist's College.

TheRoyal Grammar Schoolwas established in 1509. The old school building, which was constructed over the turn of theTudorandElizabethanperiods and houses achained library, lies towards the top of High Street.^[231]In 1552, the school received the patronage ofEdward VI.^[232]The surviving parts of the castle were restored in Victorian times and again in 2004; the rest of the grounds became a public garden.^[233][234]Nearby is the Royal Grammar preparatory school which is the choir school forGuildford Cathedral.

Other independent schools in the town includeGuildford High School(founded 1876),Tormead School(founded 1905),^[235]Priors Field School and Rydes Hill Preparatory School.

The campus of theUniversity of Surreyis in Guildford.Battersea College of Technology(previously the Battersea Polytechnic Institute) moved to the town in 1966, gaining aRoyal Charterin order to award its own degrees and changing its name to its current title.

The town is home to the inaugural campus of theUniversity of Law^[236]and to theGuildford School of Acting. Other institutions in Guildford includeGuildford College of Further and Higher Education(which also occupies the site of the formerGuildford School of Art),Academy of Contemporary Musicand the Italia Conti Arts Centre.

TheChurch of Englandchurches in the town belong to the Guildford Deanery, part of theDiocese of Guildford.^[237]All six of the churches arelisted, including two that are Grade I listed.^{[note 29]}

St Mary's Church, on Quarry Street, is the oldest place of worship in the town. The tower is thought to have been built before the Norman Conquest and thetranseptswere constructed inc. 1100. Many structural features have survived from the medieval period, although much of today's church dates from a restoration in 1882.^{[23][note 30]}The oldest part ofHoly Trinity Church, at the east end of the High Street, is the Weston Chapel, which dates fromc. 1540. The original building is thought to have been constructed in the early medieval period, but it was rebuilt between 1749 and 1763. The windows in the nave were altered byHenry Woodyerin 1869 and the transepts were added byArthur Blomfieldin 1888.^[239]The originalSt Nicolas Church, at the western end of the Town Bridge, is also thought to have been constructed in the early medieval period. The Loseley Chapel dates from the 15th century, but the rest of the building was rebuilt in the 1870 by theGothic Revival architect,Samuel Sanders Teulon.^[240]

The oldest parts of the Church of St John the Evangelist at Stoke-next-Guildford were built in the early 14th century. The tower was added in the 15th century and the north chapel in the 16th, when the north aisle was widened. The church includes stained glass designed byDante Gabriel Rossettiand a monument byJohn Flaxman.^[241]Christ Church, in Waterden Road, was designed byEwan Christianin 1868 in the 13th-century English Gothic style.^[242]The Church of St Saviour, in Woodbridge Road, was consecrated in 1899 and was built in the 14th-century Gothic style.^[243]

There are three Roman Catholic churches in Guildford, St Joseph's near the town centre, St Mary's in Rydes Hill, and St Pius X in Merrow.^[244]The Catholic Parish of Guildford also includes the Church of St Edmund the Confessor atSutton Place.^[245]There are two United Reformed Churches,^[246][247]two Baptist Churches^[248]a New Life Baptist Church, aChristadelphianmeeting hall, two Methodist Churches,^[249]the Salvation Army, Bethel Chapel,BrethrenAssembly,^[250]Church in a Club Stoughton, Elim Penecostal Church, Chinese Christian Fellowship,^[250]and five Independent Churches^[251]

The firstQuakermeetings in Guildford are thought to have taken place in 1668 and a burial ground was purchased five years later in North Street. The current meeting house, in Ward Street, was built in 1804-8 and retains its original, panelled meeting room.^{[252][note 31]}

In 1995, a chamber was discovered in the High Street, which is considered to be the remains of the 12th-centuryGuildford Synagogue.^[253][254]While this remains a matter of contention, it is likely to be the oldest surviving former synagogue in Western Europe.^[254]The modern-day synagogue, in York Road, was opened in December 1978.^[255]

Guildford House Gallery, in the High Street, is run by Guildford Borough Council. Its art collection includes works of Guildford and the surrounding area, and works by Guildford artists, most notablyJohn Russell.

In SirThomas Malory's 1470 version of theArthurianromances,Le Morte d'Arthur, Guildford is identified withAstolatof Arthurian renown.^{[257][258][note 32]}Continuing the Arthurian connection, there is a localpublic house, the Astolat.^[259]Guildford has been associated with the 1863 novelAlice's Adventures in Wonderlandbecause of its importance in the life of its author,Lewis Carroll.^[260]There are several reminders of this connection throughout the town. Guildford Museum has a collection of items belonging to Carroll, seeabove. In addition to this, sculptor Jean Argent created two full-size bronze sculptures of Alice passing through the Looking-Glass and Alice and the White Rabbit, which can be found in theCastle Groundsand by theRiver Weyat Millmead respectively. InThe Hitchhiker's Guide to the GalaxybyDouglas Adams, the characterFord Prefect, actually an alien fromBetelgeuse, claims to be an out-of-work actor from Guildford.^[261]Crime at Guildford(1935), a novel byFreeman Wills Crofts, is set in the town.^[262]

Guildford has been captured on film inCarry On Sergeant,^[263]which was filmed at the former Queens Barracks, andThe Omen, a scene from which was filmed atGuildford Cathedral.

The town's principal commercial theatre is theYvonne Arnaud Theatre, which often shows productions after they have spent time in London'sWest End. TheElectric Theatreopened in 1997 to host performances by musicians and amateur drama groups.^[264]It also hosts regular film, family and music festivals as well as comedy, and has a Riverside Cafe Bar and Terrace.

Guildford Shakespeare Company performs in the town, using the bandstand in the castle grounds as the stage in the summer and several churches close to the High Street through the winter.

Guildford has anOdeoncinema multiplex, which in June 2007 was the first cinema in the world to showdigital 4Kfilms to the public.^[265]Guildford Civic Hallwas the town's main arts and entertainment venue until it closed in January 2004.^[266]The Civic Hall was replaced by a new venue,G Live, which opened on the same site in September 2011.^[267][268]In 2009 the Mill Studio in Guildford featured the English premiere of the one-woman musical,Estelle Bright, starring actress/singerSarah Tullamore.^[269]

The Guildford Philharmonic Orchestra, founded as the Guildford Municipal Orchestra, received full council funding from 1945 until it was withdrawn in 2012.^{[270][271][272]}The orchestra was disbanded in March 2013, with Guildford Borough Council providing a classical music grant to other organisations instead.^[273]Singer-songwriterRobyn Hitchcockhas sung about the town in "No, I Don't Remember Guildford", a song from his 1999 albumJewels for Sophia.

Stoke Park, Guildford's largest park,^[274]was the venue for the now-defunctGuilFestmusic festival during the summer but still hosts the Surrey County Show – agricultural and general – on the last bank holiday Monday in May. Prior to 2007, the Ambient Picnic was held in Shalford Park, by theRiver Wey.^[275][276]

Guildford has a model railway club, the Astolat Model Railway Circle, which meets at the National Trust's Dapdune Wharf. They host an annual model railway exhibition at the Sports Park in January.^[277]

Radio stationsKane 103.7 FM,Greatest Hits Radio Surrey & East Hampshire,GU2 Radio, andBBC Radio Surreyare based in Guildford.

The Surrey Advertiser is the local newspaper, a Reach plc publication, which also publishes the online Surrey Live.^[278]The offices are in the formerStoke Mill.^[279]There is also an independent "online newspaper" The Guildford Dragon NEWS which was founded in 2012.^[280]

TheSpectrum Leisure Centreopened in 1993 and replaced the Bedford Road Sports Centre, which closed at the same time.^[184]Located on the northern side of Stoke Park, it offers four swimming pools, including a 25-metre lane pool and a leisure pool with eightwater slides. The facility also houses an Olympic-sizedice rinkand aten-pin bowlingalley.^[281]

Guildford Lido, also in Stoke Park, is anOlympic-size, 50-metre outdoor, heated swimming pool. It opened in 1933, and was built as part of a scheme to provide jobs for local workers during theGreat Depression.^[282]It was rebuilt in 1989 and relined in 2002.^[283]

TheSurrey Sports Park, owned by the University of Surrey, opened in 2010 and on the Manor Park campus to the west of the town. It has a 50-metre swimming pool, a 12 m (39 ft) climbing wall, as well as squash courts and artificial sports pitches.^[284][285]

TheGuildford Flamesice hockey team is based at the Spectrum Leisure Centre and played its first competitive games in the 1992–93 season.^[286]Between 2005 and 2016, the team won the English Premier League four times and, in the 2018–19 season, werePatton Conferencechampions.^[287]

TheSurrey Scorchersis a professionalbasketballclub, formed in 2015, following the takeover of the SurreyBritish Basketball League, by the Surrey Sports Park.^[288]Also based at the Surrey Sports Park are theSurrey StormNetball team. Founded in 2001 as the London Hurricanes, the club moved to Guildford and adopted their current name in 2009.^[289][290]

Cricketis thought to have evolved from bat and ball games, played by children in southeast England during the Middle Ages. The first written record of the sport is from a witness statement by the Guildford resident and former Royal Grammar School pupil,John Derrick. In 1597 (old style, 1598 modern style), Derrick testified in a court case over the disputed enclosure of wasteland that, as a child, "hee and his fellowes did runne and play there at Creckett and other plaies".^{[291][292][note 33]}

Guildford Cricket Club was founded in 1866. They play their home matches at theWoodbridge Roadground.Surrey County Cricket Clubalso play one or two matches a season there. Former players include theEnglandcricketersMartin Bicknell,Rikki Clarke,Ashley Giles,Phil SaltandOllie Pope.^[293]

The current incarnation ofGuildford City Football Clubwas founded in 1996, when the former Burpham F.C. relocated to the Spectrum Leisure Centre and changed its name to A.F.C. Guildford. Nine years later, it was renamed to Guildford United, but soon afterwards became Guildford City F.C.^[294]

Guildford International Volleyball Club has won the fourth division of theNational Volleyball League.^[295]

Guildford Hockey Club is based at Broadwater School inGodalming, and the men's 1st XI compete in theEngland Hockey League.^[296]Surrey Spartans Hockey Club is based in Guildford at the University of Surrey Sports Park.^[297]

Charlotteville Cycling Club, founded in 1903, is based in Guildford. The club promotes the Guildford Town Centre Cycle Races that take place on the cobbled High Street each July.^[298]

Guildford City Boxing Club, (formerly Guildford City ABC), headed by coach, John Edwards^[299]is based in Cabell Road in Park Barn. Founded in the 1920s and originally called the Onslow Lions, the boxing club is considered one of the oldest in Surrey.^[300]Guildford Crows Aussie Rules FCwas founded in 2009 and competes in the AFLGB Southern Division. The club trains at Stoke Park and plays home matches at Effingham and Leatherhead Rugby Club.

Guildford Rowing Clubis based in the town and has won atHenley Women's Regatta.^[301]

The Hospital of the Holy Trinity, more commonly known asAbbot's Hospital, was founded in 1622 byGeorge Abbot, theArchbishop of Canterburyand a former pupil of the Royal Grammar School.^{[302][note 34]}It was not intended as a place for healing the sick, but instead provided accommodation for single people (initially 12 male and eight female), who had either been born in Guildford or who had lived there at least 20 years.^[302][303]The hospital also included a "manufacture" or workshop for the production of cloth, which was subsidised by the foundation'sendowments.^{[302][note 35]}Initiallylinenwas woven, but from 1638 wool was produced instead. In 1656, the trustees successfully applied to theCourt of Chanceryto close the workshop and the funds were redirected to grants for the poor.^[305]

The hospital is constructed of dark red brick and is built around a central, rectangular courtyard. The four-storey gatehouse, on the High Street, faces Holy Trinity Church. Many of the rooms have panelling dating from the early 17th century and the chapel, in the northwest corner, retains its original wooden seating.^[306]The building was extended and refurbished in the 1980s, to improve the standard of the living accommodation.^[303]

Dapdune Wharfhas been the main boatyard for the River Wey Navigation since the waterway was completed in 1653.^[307]Over the summer months, theNational Trustruns a variety of trips on the Wey Navigation, starting from here,^[308]where there is a visitor centre.^[309]

The Guildford Institute was founded in March 1834 as the Guildford Mechanics' Institute to promote "useful knowledge among the working classes". Its current premises, on North Street, were opened in 1892 and its activities were funded by a membership subscription.^{[310][note 36]}Following the Second World War, the Institute entered a period of decline, but its fortunes revived in the 1970s with a new management team^[312]and, from 1982, a 26-year partnership with the University of Surrey.^{[313][note 37]}A redevelopment project was launched in 2012^[314]and was completed the following year.^[315]In 2022, the institute offers a wide range of courses, a lending library and archive, a vegan restaurant and aims to provide an educational, cultural and social hub for the local community.^[316][317]

The Guildford Museum was founded by the Surrey Archaeological Society, which relocated to Castle Arch House fromSouthwarkin 1898.^[318]The building, thought to have been constructedc. 1630, incorporates part of the 13th-century castle gateway.^[319]Although the public had been allowed limited access to the Society's collections since its relocation to Guildford, the museum was not formally opened until 1907.^[318]

A new gallery, constructed in theArts and Crafts style, was opened in 1911 to house objects donated by the horticulturalist,Gertrude Jekyll.^[320]In 1927–28, the adjacent early 19th century townhouse, 48 Quarry Street was acquired and was converted to house the Muniment Room. The borough council took over the running of the museum in 1933.^[318]In 2021, the collection numbers around 75,000 items and includes archaeological finds, textiles and clothing, and artefacts illustrating the social and industrial history of the town.^[320]

The guild in Guildford was formed in the late 14th century shortly after 1366, when Edward III issued the fee farm grant, enabling the town to become self-governing in exchange for a yearly rent of £10.^[36]The first mention of a guildhall is from later in Edward's reign, when repairs were carried out at some point before the king's death in 1377.^[321]The current building is thought to have been constructedc. 1550and was extended northwards in 1589. The council chamber and the exterior façade, facing the High Street, were created in 1683, funded by public subscription.^[322]The clock case dates from the same year, but the mechanism inside may be up to a century older.^{[323][note 38]}The original bell, which now stands in the entrance hall, was replaced in 1931 and may have previously been installed inSt Martha's Church.^[323]

The building now known as The Spike, was constructed in 1906 as the Guildford Union Workhouse Casuals Ward. It was used to house any vagrants found on the streets of the town, who were to be detained for two nights and compelled to undertake hard labour.^{[324][note 39]}Four of the original thirteen stone breaking cells survive.^[325]Following therepeal of the Poor Laws in 1929, the building continued to be used as a hostel for the homeless. In the mid-1960s, it became the archive and document store for St Luke's Hospital, which had been built on the rest of the former workhouse site. Since 2008, the building has functioned as joint community and heritage centre.^[326]

The Undercroft, beneath 72–74 High Street, is one of six cellars in the town centre that survive from the late-Medieval period.^[327]It is open twice a week.^[328]

Stoke Park is a large park on the edge of the town centre, with sports facilities and play areas. It was donated to the town in 1925 by Lord Onslow.^[329]

Allen House, to the north of the Upper High Street, was built in the 17th century and took its name from Anthony Allen, who owned the property in the early 18th century.^[330][331]The house and its grounds were given to the Royal Grammar School in 1914^[332]and the site was used to train local volunteer soldiers during the First World War.^[333]The building was used as a teaching annex by the school until 1964, when it was demolished to make way for a new classroom complex.^[330][334]The rest of the site was purchased by the borough council and is known today as the Allen House Grounds. Following a refurbishment in 2009,^[331]the site includes a formal garden, inspired by the poemJabberwocky, byLewis Carroll,^[335]a multi-sports court and aputting green.^[331]

Pewley Down, located on a hill southeast of the town centre, is aLocal Nature Reserveowned and managed by the borough council. The 9.5-hectare (23-acre) area of chalk grassland provides a habitat for six species of orchid, and 26 species of butterfly were recorded there in 2010.^[336]

• George Abbot(1562–1633)Archbishop of Canterbury– was born in Guildford and lived in the town until 1580, when he became a student atBalliol College,Oxford University. He founded Abbot's Hospital in 1619.^{[337][note 41]}
• John Russell(1745–1806)portrait artist– was born in Guildford and lived in the town until 1760.^[340]
• Thomas Moore(1821–1887)botanist– was born in Stoke-next-Guildford and lived in the town until 1839^[341]
• Lewis Carroll(1832–1898) author (notably ofAlice's Adventures in Wonderland), mathematician and photographer – died in Guildford at the home of his sisters.^[342]He had bought the house for them in 1868 and spent Christmas there annually.^[343]
• Edward Carpenter(1844–1934) poet and philosopher – moved to Guildford after theFirst World Warand lived in the town until his death.^[344]
• Roger Fry(1866–1934) artist andart critic– lived in Chantry View Road from 1909 to 1919^[345][346]
• Mildred Cable(1878–1952)Protestantmissionary– was born in Sydenham Road, Guildford and was educated at Guildford High School^[347]
• Leonard Colebrook(1883–1967)bacteriologist– was born in Guildford and was educated at the Royal Grammar School until 1896^[348]
• Alan Turing(1912–1954)mathematicianandcomputer scientist– his parents bought a house in Ennismore Avenue and between 1927 and 1931, he stayed there during the school holidays.^[349][350]
• Stuart Wilson(b. 1946) actor – was born in Guildford^[351]
• Mike Rutherford(b. 1950) musician – was born in Guildford^[352]
• Kazuo Ishiguro(b. 1954) novelist – lived in Guildford as a child, having moved to the town at the age of six.^[353]

• List of public art in Surrey

• Guildford Borough Council
• Guildford Society