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York

Coordinates:53°58′N1°05′W / 53.96°N 1.08°W /53.96; -1.08
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York
City
Clockwise from the top left: Micklegate Bar; York Minsterfrom the city walls; Lendal Bridge; an aerial view of the city; and the castle
York is located in North Yorkshire
York
York
Location within North Yorkshire
Area 33.7 km2(13.0 sq mi)
Population 141,685 (2021 census)[1]
Density 4,204/km2(10,890/sq mi)
Unitary authority
Ceremonial county
Region
Country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Areas of the city
Post town YORK
Postcode district YO1, YO10, YO19, YO23-24, YO26, YO30-32, YO41
Dialling code 01904
Police North Yorkshire
Fire North Yorkshire
Ambulance Yorkshire
Website york.gov.uk
List of places
UK
England
Yorkshire
53°58′N1°05′W / 53.96°N 1.08°W /53.96; -1.08

Yorkis acathedral cityinNorth Yorkshire,England, withRoman origins, sited at the confluence of the riversOuseandFoss. It is the county town ofYorkshire. The city has many historic buildings and other structures, such as aminster,castle, andcity walls. It is the largest settlement and the administrative centre of the widerCity of Yorkdistrict.

The city was founded under the name ofEboracumin 71 AD. It then became the capital of the Roman province ofBritannia Inferior, and later of the kingdoms ofDeira,Northumbria, andScandinavian York. In theMiddle Ages, it became thenorthern England ecclesiastical province's centre, and grew as a wool-trading centre.[2]In the 19th century, it became a major railway network hub and confectionery manufacturing centre. In theSecond World War, part of theBaedeker Blitzbombed the city. Although York was less targeted during the war than other, more industrialised northern cities, several historic buildings were gutted and restoration took place up until the 1960s.[3]

Historic governance of the city was as acounty corporate, not included in thecounty's riding system. The city has since been covered by amunicipal borough,county borough, and since 1996 anon-metropolitan district(the City of York), which also includes surrounding villages and rural areas, and the town ofHaxby. The current district'slocal councilis responsible for providing all local services and facilities throughout this area. York's built-up area had a population of 141,685 at the2021 UK census,[1]and the wider city (the local government district) had a population of 202,800, a 2.4% increase compared to the 2011 census.[4]

Toponymy

[edit]

The city's name is derived fromBrittonicEburākon"place of yew trees", fromeburos"yew tree" (compareWelshefwr,Bretonevor, "alder, buckthorn";Old Irishibar,Irishiobhar,iubhar,iúr,Scottish Gaeliciubhar) +*-āko(n), a suffix ofappurtenancemeaning "belonging to", or "place of" (compare Welsh-og).[5]However,Eburos(Eβουρος,Eburus,Eburius) was also aCelticpersonal name, soEburākoncould also mean "the property of Eburos".[6][5]Indeed, the 12th‑century chroniclerGeoffrey of Monmouth, in his fictional account of the prehistoric kings of Britain,Historia Regum Britanniae, suggests the name derives from that of a pre-Roman city founded by the legendary kingEbraucus.[7]

The name wasLatinisedby theRomansasEboracumorEburacum, and is calledEabhraigin Scottish Gaelic andEabhracin Irish, derived from the Latin name. The LatinEboracumbecameAnglianEoforwicin the 7th century: a compound ofEofor-, from the old name, and-wic, meaning "village", probably by conflation of the elementEbor-with aGermanicroot*eburaz('boar'); by the 7th century, theOld Englishfor 'boar' had becomeeofor. When theDanisharmy conquered the city in 866, the name was rendered inOld NorseasJórvík.[8]

TheOld FrenchandNormanname of the city following theNorman Conquestwas recorded asEverwic(modern NormanÉvèroui) in works such as Wace'sRoman de Rouand asEuruicin theDomesday Book.[9][10]Jórvík, meanwhile, gradually reduced toYorkin the centuries after the Conquest, moving from theMiddle EnglishYerkin the 14th century throughYourkein the 16th century toYarkein the 17th century. The formYorkwas first recorded in the 13th century.[2][11]

Many company and place names, such as the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Roman name.[12]TheArchbishop of Yorksigns his surname asEbor(abbreviatingEboracensis).[13]

History

[edit]

Early history

[edit]
Roman wall and the west corner tower of Eboracum. The top half is medieval.

Archaeological evidence suggests thatMesolithicpeople settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000 BC, although it is not known whether their settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of theRoman conquest of Britain, the area was occupied by atribeknown to the Romans as theBrigantes. The Brigantian tribal area initially became a Roman client state, but later its leaders became more hostile and the RomanNinth Legionwas sent north of theHumberinto Brigantian territory.[14]

The city was founded in 71 AD, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a wooden militaryfortresson flat ground above theRiver Ouseclose to itsconfluencewith theRiver Foss. The fortress, whose walls were rebuilt in stone by the VI legion based there subsequent to the IX legion, covered an area of 50 acres (20 ha) and was inhabited by 6,000legionarysoldiers. The site of theprincipia(HQ) of the fortress lies under the foundations ofYork Minster, and excavations in the undercroft have revealed part of the Roman structure and columns.[8][15]

Roman Emperor Constantine the Great proclaimed Emperor at York in 306 AD.

The EmperorsHadrian,Septimius Severus, andConstantius Iall held court in York during their various campaigns. During his stay 207–211 AD, the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of Britannia Inferior, and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a 'colonia' or city. Constantius I died in 306 AD during his stay in York, and his sonConstantine the Greatwas proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress.[15][16]In 314 AD a bishop from York attended theCouncil at Arlesto represent Christians from theprovince.[17]

While the Romancoloniaandfortresswere on high ground, by 400 AD the town was victim to occasional flooding from the Rivers Ouse and Foss, and the population reduced.[18]York declined in thepost-Romanera, and was taken and settled by theAnglesin the 5th century.[19]

Reclamation of parts of the town was initiated in the 7th century underKing EdwinofNorthumbria, and York became his chief city.[20]The first woodenminster churchwas built in York for the baptism of Edwin in 627, according to the Venerable Bede.[21]Edwin ordered the small wooden church be rebuilt in stone; however, he was killed in 633, and the task of completing the stone minster fell to his successorOswald.[8][22]In the following century,Alcuin of Yorkcame to the cathedral school of York. He had a long career as a teacher and scholar, first at the school at York now known asSt Peter's School, founded in 627 AD, and later asCharlemagne's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational affairs.[23]

In 866, Northumbria was in the midst of internecine struggles when theVikingsraided and captured York. As a thriving Anglo-Saxon metropolis and prosperous economic hub, York was a clear target for the Vikings. Led byIvar the BonelessandHalfdan, Scandinavian forces attacked the town on All Saints' Day. Launching the assault on a holy day proved an effective tactical move – most of York's leaders were in the cathedral, leaving the town vulnerable to attack and unprepared for battle.

After it was conquered, the city was renamed from the Saxon Eoforwic toJorvik. It became the capital of Viking territory in Britain, and at its peak boasted more than 10,000 inhabitants. This was a population second only to London within Great Britain. Jorvik proved an important economic and trade centre for the Vikings. Norse coinage was created at the Jorvik mint, while archaeologists have found evidence of a variety of craft workshops around the town's centralCoppergatearea. These demonstrate that textile production, metalwork, carving, glasswork and jewellery-making were all practised in Jorvik. Materials from as far afield as thePersian Gulfhave also been discovered, suggesting that the town was part of an international trading network.[24]Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The last ruler of an independent Jórvík,Eric Bloodaxe, was driven from the city in 954 AD by KingEadredin his successful attempt to complete the unification of England.[25]

After the conquest

[edit]
A panorama of 15th-century York by E. Ridsdale Tate; York Castle is on the right hand side of the river, opposite the abandoned motte of Baile Hill.

In 1068, two years after theNorman conquest of England, the people of York rebelled. Initially they succeeded, but upon the arrival ofWilliam the Conquerorthe rebellion was put down. William at once built a wooden fortress on a motte. In 1069, after another rebellion, the king built another timbered castle across the River Ouse. These were destroyed in 1069 and rebuilt by William about the time of his ravaging Northumbria in what is called the "Harrying of the North" where he destroyed everything from York to Durham. The remains of the rebuilt castles, now in stone, are visible on either side of the River Ouse.[26][27]

The first stone minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising, and the Normans built a minster on a new site. Around the year 1080,Archbishop Thomasstarted building the cathedral that in time became the current Minster.[22]

Clifford's Tower, part of York Castle

In the 12th century, York started to prosper. In 1190,York Castlewas the site of an infamousmassacre of its Jewish inhabitants, in which at least 150 were murdered, although some authorities put the figure as high as 500.[28][29]

The city, through its location on the River Ouse and its proximity to theGreat North Road, became a major trading centre.King Johngranted the city's firstcharterin 1212,[30]confirming trading rights in England and Europe.[22][31]During the later Middle Ages, York merchants imported wine from France, cloth, wax, canvas, and oats from theLow Countries, timber and furs from theBalticand exported grain toGasconyand grain and wool to the Low Countries.[32]

York became a major cloth manufacturing and trading centre.Edward Ifurther stimulated the city's economy by using the city as a base for his war in Scotland. The city was the location of significant unrest during the so-calledPeasants' Revoltin 1381. The city acquired an increasing degree of autonomy from central government including the privileges granted by a charter ofRichard IIin 1396.

16th to 18th centuries

[edit]
St Mary's Abbeywas founded in 1155 and destroyed during the Dissolution, c.  1539.

The city underwent a period of economic decline duringTudortimes. UnderKing Henry VIII, theDissolution of the Monasteriessaw the end of York's manymonastic houses, including several orders offriars, the hospitals of St Nicholas and of St Leonard, the largest such institution in the north of England. This led to thePilgrimage of Grace, an uprising of northern Catholics in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire opposed to religious reform. Henry VIII restored his authority by establishing theCouncil of the Northin York in the dissolved St Mary's Abbey. The city became a trading and service centre during this period.[33][34]King Henry VIII spent a lot of time travelling around the country on official Royal Tours also known as ‘progresses’[35]In the year 1541, Henry VIII and Catherine Howard visited the city of York on their royal tour. The Royal Party would have been met outside the walls by civic dignitaries before formally entering the city.[36]The civic dignitary would have been the Lord Mayor of york, who at the time of their arrival on 15 September 1541[37]was Robert Hall.[38]He owned the residential property at 74 Low Petergate. Following a special service held in their honour at York minster. Henry VIII and Catherine rode from the minster down to Petergate, one of the five gateways, and over to the closed Benedictine abbey of St. Mary[39]which had been converted into a palace for the King to stay in while he visited York on his Royal Tour.[40]

Anne of Denmarkcame to York with her childrenPrince HenryandPrincess Elizabethon 11 June 1603. The Mayor gave her a tour and offered herspiced wine, but she preferred beer.[41]Guy Fawkes, who was born and educated in York, was a member of a group ofRoman Catholicrestorationists that planned theGunpowder Plot.[42]Its aim was to displaceProtestantrule by blowing up theHouses of Parliamentwhile KingJames I, the entire Protestant, and even most of the Catholicaristocracyandnobilitywere inside.

A map of York, 1611

In 1644, during theCivil War, theParliamentariansbesieged York, and many medieval houses outside the city walls were lost. Thebarbicanat Walmgate Bar was undermined and explosives laid, but the plot was discovered. On the arrival ofPrince Rupert, with an army of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some 6 miles (10 km) from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and soundly defeating it at theBattle of Marston Moor. Of Rupert's 15,000 troops, 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed and the city surrendered toSir Thomas Fairfax[33]on 15 July.

Following therestoration of the monarchyin 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was dominated by the gentry and merchants, although the clergy were still important. Competition fromLeedsandHull, together with silting of the River Ouse, resulted in York losing its pre-eminent position as a trading centre, but its role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was rising. York's many eleganttownhouses, such as theLord Mayor's Mansion HouseandFairfax Housedate from this period, as do theAssembly Rooms, theTheatre Royal, and theracecourse.[34][43]

Modern history

[edit]
The Great Hall at the National Railway Museum

The railway promoterGeorge Hudsonwas responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur ended in disgrace and bankruptcy, his promotion of York over Leeds, and of his own railway company (theYork and North Midland Railway), helped establish York as a major railway centre by the late 19th century.[44]

The introduction of the railways established engineering in the city.[45][46]At the turn of the 20th century, the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of theNorth Eastern Railway, which employed more than 5,500 people. The railway was instrumental in the expansion ofRowntree's Cocoa Works. It was founded in 1862 by Henry Isaac Rowntree, who was joined in 1869 by his brother the philanthropistJoseph.[47]Another chocolate manufacturer,Terry's of York, was a major employer.[34][48]By 1900, the railways and confectionery had become the city's two major industries.[46]

Low Petergate with the minster in the background

York was a centre ofearly photography, as described by Hugh Murray in his 1986 bookPhotographs and Photographers of York: The Early Years, 1844–79. Photographers who had studios in York includedWilliam Hayes,William Pumphrey, andAugustus Mahalskiwho operated onDavygateandLow Petergatein the 19th century, having come to England as a refugee after serving as aPolish lancerin the Austro-Hungarian war.[49][50]

In 1942, the city was bombed during theSecond World War(part of theBaedeker Blitz) by the GermanLuftwaffeand 92 people were killed and hundreds injured.[51]Buildings damaged in the raid included theRailway Station,Rowntree'sFactory, Poppleton Road Primary School, St Martin-le-Grand Church, theBar Conventand theGuildhallwhich was left in total disrepair until 1960.

Bench with Kit Katadvertising in York (where the bar was created by the confectionery company Rowntree's) to mark National Chocolate Week in 2018

With the emergence of tourism, the historic core of York became one of the city's major assets, and in 1968 it was designated aconservation area.[52]The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of theNational Railway Museumin York in 1975,[53]theJorvik Viking Centrein 1984[54]and theYork Dungeonin 1986.[55]The opening of theUniversity of Yorkin 1963 added to the prosperity of the city.[56]In March 2012,York's Chocolate Storyopened.[57]

York was voted European Tourism City of the Year by European Cities Marketing in June 2007, beating 130 other European cities to gain first place, surpassingGothenburgin Sweden (second) andValenciain Spain (third).[58]York was also voted safest place to visit in the 2010Condé Nast TravellerReaders' Choice Awards.[59]In 2018,The Sunday Timesdeemed York to be its overall 'Best Place to Live' in Britain, highlighting the city's "perfect mix of heritage and hi-tech" and as a "mini-metropolis with cool cafes, destination restaurants, innovative companies – plus the fastest internet in Britain".[60][61]The result was confirmed in aYouGovsurvey, reported in August 2018, with 92% of respondents saying that they liked the city, more than any of 56 other British cities.[62]

Governance

[edit]

Local

[edit]
York Guildhallis the seat of local government.

The City of York is governed by theCity of York Council. It is aunitary authoritythat operates on aleader and cabinetstyle of governance, having the powers of a non-metropolitan county and district council combined. It provides a full range of local government services including Council Tax billing, libraries, social services, processing planning applications, waste collection and disposal, and it is a local education authority. The city council consists of 47 councillors[63][64]representing 21wards, with one, two or three per ward serving four-year terms. Its headquarters are at theGuildhalland West Offices in the city centre.

York is divided into 21 administrative wards:Acomb,Bishopthorpe,Clifton,Copmanthorpe,DringhousesandWoodthorpe,Fishergate,FulfordandHeslington, Guildhall,HaxbyandWigginton,Heworth,Heworth Without,Holgate, Hull Road,HuntingtonandNew Earswick,Micklegate,OsbaldwickandDerwent,RawcliffeandClifton Without,Rural West York,Strensall,Westfield, andWheldrake.[65]

The members of the cabinet, led by theCouncil Leader, makes decisions on their portfolio areas individually.[66][67]Following theLocal Government Act 2000, the Council Leader commands theconfidenceof the city council; the leader of the largest political group and head of the City of York Council. The Leader of the council and the cabinet (consisting of all the executive councillors) are collectivelyaccountablefor their policies and actions to the city council. The current Council Leader,Liberal Democrats' Cllr Keith Aspden, was appointed on 22 May 2019, following the2019 City of York Council election.

The Mansion Houseis home to the Lord Mayor of York.

York's first citizen and civic head is theLord Mayor, who is thechairmanof the City of York Council. The appointment is made by the city council each year in May, at the same time appointing the Sheriff, the city's other civic head. The offices of Lord Mayor and Sheriff are purely ceremonial. The Lord Mayor carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to chairing full council meetings.[64]The incumbent Lord Mayor since 26 May 2022 is Councillor David Carr, and the Sheriff is Suzie Mercer.[68]

York Youth Council consists of several young people who negotiate with the councillors to get better facilities for York's young people, and who also elect York'sMember of Youth Parliament.[69][70]

The results of the2023 City of York Council electionsaw theConservative Partywith three councillors, the Liberal Democrats with 19 councillors, theLabour Partyhad 24 councillors and one Independent.[71]The council went fromno overall controlin the 2019 election, to being run by the Labour Party holding a majority.

Party Seats City of York Council (2023 election)
Conservative 3
Independent 1
Labour 24
Liberal Democrats 19

York is the traditionalcounty townofYorkshire, and therefore did not form part of any of itsthree historic ridings, or divisions. Its Mayor has had the status of Lord Mayor since 1370,[72]one of 23 in England.[73]Only five of these have the title "The Right Honourable", the others being the Lord Mayors ofLondon,Bristol,CardiffandBelfast.[citation needed]York is an ancientborough, and was reformed by theMunicipal Corporations Act 1835to form amunicipal borough. It gained the status of acounty boroughin 1889, under theLocal Government Act 1888, and existed so until 1974, when, under theLocal Government Act 1972, it became anon-metropolitan districtin the county of North Yorkshire, whilst retaining its Lord Mayor and its Sheriff.[74][75]As a result of1990s UK local government reform, York regained unitary status and saw a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts ofSelbyandHarrogatedistricts, and about half the population of theRyedaledistrict.[76]The new boundary was imposed after central government rejected the former city council's own proposal.

Parliament

[edit]
Rachael Maskell( L), Member of Parliament(MP)
for York Central since 2015
Luke Charters( L), MP
for York Outer since 2024

From 1997 to 2010, the central part of the district was covered by theCity of Yorkconstituency, while the remainder was split between the constituencies ofRyedale,Selby, andVale of York.[77]These constituencies were represented byHugh Bayley,John Greenway,John Grogan, andAnne McIntoshrespectively.

Following their review in 2003 of parliamentary representation inNorth Yorkshire, theBoundary Commission for Englandrecommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York, in time for thegeneral election in 2010. These areYork Central, which covers the inner urban area, and is entirely surrounded by theYork Outerconstituency.[78]

Ceremonial

[edit]

York is within theceremonial countyofNorth Yorkshireand, until 1974, was within the jurisdiction of theLord Lieutenant of the County of York, West Riding and the County of The City of York. The city does retain the right to appoint its own Sheriff. The holder of theRoyaldukedom of Yorkhas no responsibilities either ceremonially or administratively as regards to the city.

Geography

[edit]

Location

[edit]
Place Distance Direction Relation
London 280 km[79] South-east Capital
Lincoln 90 km[80] South-east Next nearest historiccounty town
Middlesbrough 70 km[81] North Largest place in the county
Ripon 35 km[82] North-west Next nearest city
Leeds 35 km[83] South-west Next nearest city

York lies in theVale of York, a flat area of fertile arable land bordered by thePennines, theNorth York Moorsand theYorkshire Wolds. The city was built at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss on a terminalmoraineleft by thelast ice age.[84]

Tour boats on the Ouse
The River Foss

During Roman times, the land surrounding the Ouse and Foss was marshy, making the site easy to defend. The city is prone to flooding from the River Ouse, and has an extensive network of flood defences with walls along the river, and a liftable barrier across the Foss where it joins the Ouse at the "Blue Bridge". In October and November 2000, York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years; more than 300 homes were flooded.[85]In December 2015, the flooding was more extensive and caused major disruption.[86]The extreme impact led to a personal visit by Prime MinisterDavid Cameron.[87]Much land in and around the city is on flood plains too flood-prone for development other than agriculture. Theingsare flood meadows along the Ouse, while thestraysare open common grassland in various locations around the city.

Climate

[edit]

York has atemperate climate(Cfb) with four distinct seasons. As with the rest of the Vale of York, the city's climate is drier and warmer than the rest of theYorkshire and the Humberregion. Owing to its lowland location, York is prone to frosts, fog, and cold winds during winter, spring, and very early summer.[88]Snow can fall in winter from December onwards to as late as April but quickly melts. As with much of the British Isles, the weather is changeable. York experiences most sunshine from May to July, an average of six hours per day.[89]With its inland location, summers are often warmer than the Yorkshire coast with temperatures of 27 °C or more. Extremes recorded at the University of York campus between 1998 and 2010 include a highest temperature of 34.5 °C (94.1 °F)[when?]and a lowest temperature of −16.3 °C (2.7 °F) on 6 December 2010. The most rainfall in one day was 88.4 millimetres (3.5 in).[90]

Climate data forRAF Linton-on-Ouse, 15 km north-west of York
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16
(61)
18
(64)
22
(72)
28
(82)
30
(86)
32
(90)
40.2
(104.4)
34
(93)
32
(90)
29
(84)
20
(68)
17
(63)
40.2
(104.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.0
(44.6)
7.5
(45.5)
10.0
(50.0)
13.0
(55.4)
16.6
(61.9)
19.5
(67.1)
22.0
(71.6)
22.0
(71.6)
18.4
(65.1)
13.9
(57.0)
9.7
(49.5)
7.0
(44.6)
14.0
(57.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.0
(35.6)
1.0
(33.8)
2.4
(36.3)
4.0
(39.2)
6.7
(44.1)
9.7
(49.5)
11.8
(53.2)
11.6
(52.9)
9.5
(49.1)
7.0
(44.6)
4.0
(39.2)
2.0
(35.6)
6.0
(42.8)
Record low °C (°F) −16
(3)
−10
(14)
−13
(9)
−3
(27)
1
(34)
2
(36)
5
(41)
5
(41)
−1
(30)
−4
(25)
−8
(18)
−16
(3)
−16
(3)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 52.7
(2.07)
39.9
(1.57)
44.9
(1.77)
50.1
(1.97)
43.8
(1.72)
58.0
(2.28)
53.2
(2.09)
62.4
(2.46)
46.9
(1.85)
57.7
(2.27)
57.8
(2.28)
55.8
(2.20)
626.0
(24.65)
Average precipitation days 11.1 9.1 9.5 9.3 9.1 9.3 8.9 10.0 8.6 10.4 11.3 10.7 117.2
Mean monthlysunshine hours 40 60 100 141 190 220 230 205 156 105 65 47 1,550
Source 1: Met Office[91]
Source 2:BBC Weather[92]

Green belt

[edit]

York's urbanised areas are surrounded by a green belt that restricts development in the rural areas and parts of surrounding villages,[93]to preserve the setting and historic character of the city.[94]The green belt surrounds nearly all of the city and its outer villages, extending out into North Yorkshire.

Demography

[edit]
Population pyramid of York (local authority) in 2021
Terraced housing in Southbank
Apartment blocks in Holgate

The Yorkurban area(built-up area) had a population of 153,717 at the time of the2011 UK census,[95]compared with 137,505 in 2001.[96]The population of theCity of York(Local Authority) was 198,051 and its ethnic composition was 94.3% White, 1.2% Mixed, 3.4% Asian and 0.6% Black. York's elderly population (those 65 and over) was 16.9%, however only 13.2% were listed as retired.[97]

Also at the time of the2001 UK census, the City of York had a total population of 181,094 of whom 93,957 were female and 87,137 were male. Of the 76,920 households in York, 36.0% were married couples living together, 31.3% were one-person households, 8.7% wereco-habitingcouples and 8.0% were lone parents. The figures for lone parent households were below the national average of 9.5%, and the percentage of married couples was also close to the national average of 36.5%; the proportion of one person households was slightly higher than the national average of 30.1%.[98]

In 2001, the population density was 4,368/km2(11,310/sq mi).[96]Of those aged 16–74 in York, 24.6% had no academic qualifications, a little lower than 28.9% in all of England. Of York's residents, 5.1% were born outside the United Kingdom, significantly lower than the national average of 9.2%.White Britishform 95% of the population; the largest single minority group was recorded as Asian, at 1.9% of the population.

The number of theft-from-a-vehicle offences and theft of a vehicle per 1,000 of the population was 8.8 and 2.7, compared to the English national average of 6.9 and 2.7 respectively.[99]The number of sexual offences was 0.9, in line with the national average.[99]The national average of violence against another person was 16.2 compared to the York average of 17.5.[99]The figures for crime statistics were all recorded during the 2006–07 financial year.

The city's estimated population in 2019 was 210,620.[100]

Population change

[edit]
Population growthin York since 1801
Year 1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941[a] 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001[b] 2011
Population 24,080 27,486 30,913 36,340 40,337 49,899 58,632 67,364 76,097 81,802 90,665 100,487 106,278 112,402 123,227 135,093 144,585 154,749 158,170 172,847 181,131 198,051
Source:Vision of Britain[101]

Ethnicity

[edit]
Ethnic Group Year
1991[102] 2001[103] 2011[104] 2021[105]
Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 165,118 99% 177,191 97.8% 186,731 94.2% 188,167 92.8%
White:British 172,237 95.1% 178,613 90.1% 176,963 87.3%
White:Irish 1,217 1,103 1,317 0.6%
White:Gypsy or Irish Traveller 269 368 0.2%
White: Roma 222 0.1%
White:Other 3,737 6,746 9,297 4.6%
Asian or Asian British: Total 952 0.6% 2,027 1.1% 6,740 3.4% 7,634 3.8%
Asian or Asian British:Indian 237 542 1,531 1,853 0.9%
Asian or Asian British:Pakistani 68 201 417 545 0.3%
Asian or Asian British:Bangladeshi 133 364 370 413 0.2%
Asian or Asian British:Chinese 318 642 2,449 2,889 1.4%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian 196 278 1,973 1,934 1.0%
Black or Black British: Total 304 0.2% 341 0.2% 1,194 0.6% 1,325 0.7%
Black or Black British:African 113 164 903 978 0.5%
Black or Black British:Caribbean 104 143 205 208 0.1%
Black or Black British:Other Black 87 34 86 139 0.1%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total 1,144 0.6% 2,410 1.2% 3,741 1.8%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean 248 529 631 0.3%
Mixed: White and Black African 114 305 494 0.2%
Mixed: White and Asian 456 873 1,579 0.8%
Mixed: Other Mixed 326 703 1,037 0.5%
Other: Total 439 0.2% 973 1,954 1%
Other: Arab 498 623 0.3%
Other: Any other ethnic group 439 0.2% 391 475 1,331 0.7%
Total 166,813 100% 181,094 100% 198,051 100% 202,821 100%

Religion

[edit]

Percentages in York following non-Christian religion were below England's national average. Classified as having "No Religion" is higher than the national average. Christianity has the largest religious following in York, 59.5% residents reported as Christian in the 2011 census.

Nave of York Minster
Stained glass at York Minster
St William's College facade

York has multiple churches, most present churches in York are from the medieval period.St William's Collegebehind the Minster, andBedern Hall, offGoodramgate, are former dwelling places of thecanonsof the York Minster.[106]

There are 33 activeAnglicanchurches in York, which is home to theArchbishop of YorkandYork Minster, theMother Churchand administrative centre of thenorthern provinceof the Church of England and theDiocese of York.[107]York is in theRoman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough, has eight Roman Catholic churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders.[108]

Leaders of different Christian denominations work together across the city, forming a network of churches known as One Voice York.[109]Other Christian denominations active in York include theReligious Society of Friendswho have threemeeting houses,[110]Methodists(the York Circuit of The Methodist Church York and Hull District),[111]andUnitarians. St Columba'sUnited Reformed Churchin Priory Street, originally built for thePresbyterians, dates from 1879.[112]York's only Mosque is located in theLayerthorpearea, and the city also has aUK Islamic Missioncentre.[113]VariousBuddhisttraditions are represented in the city and around York.[114]There is also an active Jewish community.[115]

Religion 2001[116] 2011[117] 2021[118]
Number % Number % Number %
No religion 30,003 16.6 59,646 30.1 93,577 46.1
Holds religious beliefs 137,377 75.9 123,009 62.1 95,314 47.0
Christian 134,771 74.4 117,856 59.5 89,019 43.9
Buddhist 388 0.2 1,016 0.5 1,045 0.5
Hindu 347 0.2 983 0.5 1,043 0.5
Jewish 191 0.1 202 0.1 273 0.1
Muslim 1,047 0.6 2,072 1.0 2,488 1.2
Sikh 95 0.1 133 0.1 179 0.1
Other religion 538 0.3 747 0.4 1,266 0.6
Religion not stated 13,714 7.6 15,396 7.8 13,930 6.9
Total population 181,094 100.0 198,051 100.0 202,821 100.0

Economy

[edit]

Overview

[edit]
Yorkshire Museum

A July 2020 report by Council stated that York is worth "£5.2 billion to the UK economy ... with 9,000 businesses and 110,000 people employed across the city".[119]According toMake It York, the city benefits from features that include a well-educated workforce, "excellent transport links to both national and international markets, pronounced strengths in a range of high value sectors, a pioneering digital infrastructure, outstanding business support networks ...".[120]

York's economy is based on theservice industry, which in 2000 was responsible for 88.7% of employment in the city.[121]

Statistics based on 2019 data indicated that tourism was worth over £765 million to the city, supported 24,000 jobs and attracted 8.4 million visitors each year.[122]

York Designer Outlet

The Employment Rate in 2018 was 78.8%. The private sector accounted for 77,000 jobs in 2019 while 34,500 jobs were in the public sector.[100]

The service industries include public sector employment, health, education, finance, information technology (IT) and tourism that accounted for 10.7% of employment as of 2016. Tourism has become an important element of the economy, with the city offering a wealth of historic attractions, of whichYork Minsteris the most prominent, and a variety of cultural activities. As a holiday destination York was the 6th most visited English city by UK residents (2014–16)[123]and the 13th most visited by overseas visitors (2016).[124]A 2014 report, based on 2012 data,[125]stated that the city receives 6.9 million visitors annually; they contribute £564 million to the economy and support over 19,000 jobs.[126]In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveller survey of readers, York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in the UK for visitors.[127]In a 2020 Condé Nast Traveller report, York rated as the sixth best among ten "urban destinations [in the UK] that scored the highest marks when it comes to ... nightlife, restaurants, and friendliness".[128]

Spark:York, opened in 2018 as part of the Piccadilly regeneration scheme, offers a range of street food, drinks and live music.

Unemployment in York was low at 4.2% in 2008 compared to the United Kingdom national average of 5.3%.[121]The biggest employer in York is the City of York Council, with over 7,500 employees. Employers with more than 2,000 staff includeAviva(formerly Norwich Union Life),Network Rail,Northern Trains, York Hospitals NHS Trust and theUniversity of York. Other major employers includeBT Group,CPP Group,Nestlé,NFU Mutualand a number of railway companies.[129][130]

A 2007 report stated that the economic position at that time very different from the 1950s, when its prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways. This position continued until the early 1980s when 30% of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75% of manufacturing jobs were in four companies.[131]Most industry around the railway has gone, including theYork Carriage Works, which at its height in the 1880s employed 5,500 people, but closed in the mid-1990s.[131][132]York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé York (formerly Nestlé Rowntrees) and home to theKitKatand eponymousYorkiebarchocolate brands.Terry'schocolate factory, makers of theChocolate Orange, was located in the city; but it closed on 30 September 2005, when production was moved by its owners,Kraft Foods, to Poland. The historic factory building is situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse.

The Aviva Building

On 20 September 2006, Nestlé announced that it would cut 645 jobs at the Rowntree's chocolate factory in York.[133]This came after a number of other job losses in the city atAviva,British Sugar, andTerry's chocolate factory.[134]Despite this, the employment situation in York remained fairly buoyant until the effects of thelate 2000s recessionbegan to be felt.[135]

Since the closure of the carriage works, the site has been developed into offices. York's economy has been developing in the areas of science, technology and thecreative industries. The city became a founding National Science City with the creation of ascience parknear theUniversity of York.[136]Between 1998 and 2008, York gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector.[137][138]

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic

[edit]

TheCOVID-19 pandemicwas confirmed to havereached Englandafter cases were discovered in York on 31 January 2020.[139][140]The pandemic caused an economic slowdown because of restrictions imposed on businesses and on travel in the UK; by January 2021, many cities were in their third lockdown and the country's unemployment rate had reached its highest level in over four years.[141][142]The retail, hospitality, and tourism sectors were especially hard hit in York.[143]In August 2020, the campaign "Make It York" and the city council embarked on a six-month tourism marketing plan "to reenergise the city while building resident and visitor confidence".[122]

A report in June 2020 stated that unemployment had risen 114% over the previous year because of restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic.[144]In addition to high unemployment during lockdown periods, one analysis by the York and North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership predicted in August 2020 that "as many as 13,835 jobs in York will be lost in the scenario considered most likely, taking the city's unemployment rate to 14.5%". Some critics claimed that part of the problem was caused by "over-reliance on the booming tourism industry at the expense of a long-term economic plan".[143]Other analyses suggested that "York is well-placed for the high street to recover and evolve from the pandemic if new businesses focus on creating an attraction or experience rather than traditional retail". The North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership also "predicted a significant rise instaycationtrips to York in 2021".[145]

Public services

[edit]
York Hospital is the city's primary medical facility.

Under the requirements of theMunicipal Corporations Act 1835, York City Council appointed awatch committeewhich established a police force and appointed a chief constable.[146]On 1 June 1968 the York City, East Riding of Yorkshire, and North Riding of Yorkshire police forces were amalgamated to form theYork and North East Yorkshire Police. Since 1974,Home Officepolicing in York has been provided by theNorth Yorkshire Police. The force's central headquarters for policing York and nearbySelbyare in Fulford.[147]Statutory emergency fire and rescue serviceis provided by theNorth Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service, based inNorthallerton.[148]

The city's first hospital,York County Hospital, opened in 1740 in Monkgate[149]funded by public subscription. It closed in 1976 when it was replaced byYork Hospital, which opened the same year and gainedFoundation statusin April 2007. It has 524 adult inpatient beds and 127 special purpose beds providing general healthcare and some specialist inpatient, daycase, and outpatient services.[150]It is also known as York District Hospital and YDH.[150]

York Magistrates Court

TheYorkshire Ambulance ServiceNHS Trust was formed on 1 July 2006 bringing together South Yorkshire Ambulance Service, West Yorkshire Metropolitan Ambulance Service and the North and East Yorkshire parts of Tees, East and North Yorkshire Ambulance Service to provide patient transport.[151]Other forms of health care are provided for locally by clinics and surgeries.

Since 1998,waste managementhas been co-ordinated via the York and North Yorkshire Waste Partnership.[152]York'sdistribution network operatorfor electricity isCE Electric UK;[153]there are nopower stationsin the city.Yorkshire Water, which has a local water extraction plant on theRiver Derwentat Elvington, manages York'sdrinkingandwaste water.[154]

York Crown Court

The city has amagistrates' court,[155]and venues for theCrown Court[156]and theCounty Court.[157]York Crown Courtwas designed by the architectJohn Carr, and built next to the then prison (including execution area).[158]

Between 1773 and 1777, the Grand Jury House was replaced by John Carr's elegant Court House for theAssizesof the whole county.The Female Prison was built opposite and mirrors the court building positioned around a circular lawn which became known as the "Eye of the Ridings", or the "Eye of York".

1776 saw the last recorded instance of a wife hanged and burnt for poisoning her husband.Horse theftwas acapital offence. The culprits of lesser crimes were brought to court by the city constables and would face a fine. The corporation employed a "common informer" whose task was to bring criminals to justice.[159]

The former prison is now theCastle Museumbut still contains the cells.

Transport

[edit]

Water

[edit]

York's location on the River Ouse, and in the centre of the Vale of York, means that it has always had a significant position in the nation's transport system.[32]The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the Ouse and the Foss. The Ouse was originally atidal river, accessible to seagoing ships of the time. Today, both of these rivers remain navigable, although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence. AlockatNaburnon the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal.[160]

Until the end of the 20th century, the Ouse was used bybargesto carry freight between York and theport ofHull. The last significant such traffic was the supply ofnewsprintto the local newspaper's Foss-side print works, which continued until 1997. Today, navigation is almost exclusively leisure-oriented.

Panorama of the River Ouselooking south from Lendal Bridge

Roads

[edit]
Stonegate is pedestrianised during the day.

Like most cities founded by the Romans, York is well served by long-distance trunk roads. The city lies at the intersection of theA19 roadfromDoncastertoTyneside, theA59 roadfromLiverpoolto York, theA64 roadfromLeedstoScarboroughand theA1079 roadfrom York toHull. The A64 road provides the principal link to the motorway network, linking York to both theA1(M)and theM1 motorwaysat a distance of about 10 miles (15 km) from the city. The trans-PennineM62 motorwayis less than 20 miles (30 km) away providing links toManchesterand Liverpool. The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road, at a distance of some 3 miles (5 km) from the centre of the city, which allows through traffic to by-pass the city. The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from medieval times and is not suitable for modern traffic. As a consequence, many of the routes inside the city walls are designated ascar-freeduring business hours or restrict traffic entirely. To alleviate this situation, six bus-basedpark and ridesites operate in York. The sites are located towards the edge of the urban area, with easy access from the ring road and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus.[161]

First York Mercedes-Benz Citaroarticulated bus on Rougier Street

Public transport within the city is largely bus-based.First Yorkoperates the majority of the city's local bus services, as well as theYork park and rideservices. York was the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup's experimental and controversialFTR bus concept, which sought to confer the advantages of a modern tramway system at a lower cost.[162]The service was withdrawn following an election manifesto pledge by the Labour Group at the 2011 local government election.[163]Transdev Yorkalso operates a large number of local bus services. Open-top tourist and sightseeing buses are operated by Transdev York, on behalf ofCity Sightseeingand York Pullman on behalf ofGolden Tours.

Rural services, linking local towns and villages with York, are provided by a number of companies withTransdev York & Country,East YorkshireandReliance Motor Servicesoperating most of them.[164]Longer-distance bus services are provided by a number of operators, includingArriva Yorkshireservices to Selby,East Yorkshireservices to Hull, Beverley, Market Weighton and Pocklington, andTransdev York & Countryservices to Boroughbridge,Knaresborough, Harrogate,Castle Howardand Malton.Yorkshire CoastlinerlinksLeeds& York with Scarborough, Malton, Pickering andWhitby.[165]

Railway

[edit]
York railway station, viewed from Queen Street

York has been a major railway centre since the first line arrived in 1839, at the beginning of the railway age. For many years, the city hosted the headquarters and works of theNorth Eastern Railway.[48]

York railway station interior
Point A Via Point B Via
London North Eastern Railway
London King's Cross(under two hours from York, around 25 direct trains each weekday) Peterborough&Doncaster Edinburgh Waverley Durham&Newcastle
Sunderland
Middlesbrough Thornaby
CrossCountry
Plymouth Bristol Temple Meads,Birmingham New Street,Derby,Sheffield&Wakefield Westgate Glasgow Central& or Edinburgh Waverley Darlington, Durham & Newcastle
Newcastle Durham & Darlington Southampton Central& orReading Birmingham International, Birmingham New Street &Oxford[166]
TransPennine Express
Newcastle Darlington Liverpool Lime Street Leeds,Dewsbury,Huddersfield&Manchester Victoria
Redcar Central Middlesbrough Manchester Airport Huddersfield,Manchester Oxford Road&Manchester Piccadilly
York Terminus Scarborough Malton&Seamer
Northern
York (the provider's headquarters) Terminus Leeds Harrogate
Hull Paragon& orSheffield Rotherham Central
Blackpool North Bradford Interchange,Halifax,Hebden Bridge,Burnley Manchester Road,Blackburn&Preston[166]
Grand Central
London King's Cross Peterborough Sunderland Eaglescliffe&Hartlepool

Air

[edit]

The closest international airports areLeeds Bradfordat 30 miles (48 km),Teesside47 miles (76 km),Doncaster Sheffield49 miles (79 km),Humberside54 miles (87 km). Further afield areManchester84 miles (135 km) andNewcastle95 miles (153 km).

Manchester Airport – with connections to Europe, North America, Africa and Asia – has direct rail links byTransPennine Expresswith itsnamesake station.[166]By road its accessible by theA64to theM60via theA1(M) motorway,M1andM62.

Yorkshire Air Museum

Teesside Airport has one connection viaDarlingtonandEaglescliffewith a limited service with a bus fromits stationto the airport. By road, it is accessible by theA19north to theA67. Newcastle Airport has one connection viaNewcastlewith the metro toNewcastle Airport, it is accessible by theA1(M)north to theA1then theA696.

Leeds Bradford and Humberside have no direct station with buses from the nearest stations. Leeds Bradford serves most major European and North African airports.[167]Humberside is accessible by theA1079to theA15via theA63; Leeds Bradford by theA59to theA658via theA661.[168]

York has an airfield at the formerRAF Elvington, 7 miles (11 km) south-east of the city centre, which is the home of theYorkshire Air Museumand used forprivate aviation. In 2003, plans were drafted to expand the site for business aviation or a full commercial service.[169]FormerRAF Church Fentonis also near the city and private, it is now calledLeeds East.

Education

[edit]

Institutions

[edit]
York Castle Museum, an 18th century building
York Art Gallery

York Castle, a complex of buildings ranging from the medieval Clifford's Tower to the 20th-century entrance to theYork Castle Museum(formerly a prison) has had a chequered history. As well as the Castle Museum, the city contains numerous other museums and historic buildings such as theYorkshire Museumand itsMuseum Gardens,Jorvik Viking Centre,York Art Gallery,Merchant Adventurers' Hall, the reconstructed medieval houseBarley Hall(owned by theYork Archaeological Trust), the 18th-centuryFairfax House, theMansion House(the historic home of the Lord Mayor) and the so-calledTreasurer's House(owned by theNational Trust).[170]TheNational Railway Museumis situated just beyond the station, and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world. Included in this collection are the world's fastest steam locomotiveLNER Class A4 4468Mallardand the world-famousLNER Class A3 4472Flying Scotsman, which has been overhauled in the Museum.[171]Although noted for its Medieval history, visitors can also gain an understanding of the Cold War through visiting theYork Cold War Bunker, former headquarters of No 20 Group of the Royal Observer Corps.[172]

York Library

The city's first subscription library opened in 1794.[173]The first freepublic library, theYork Library, was built onClifford Streetin 1893, to markQueen Victoria's jubilee. A new building was erected onMuseum Streetin 1927, and this is still the library today; it was extended in 1934 and 1938.[174]

Higher and further

[edit]
University of York, view across the lake to Central Hall

TheUniversity of York's main campus is on the southern edge of the city atHeslington. The Department of Archaeology and the graduate Centres for Eighteenth Century Studies and Medieval Studies are located in the historic King's Manor in the city centre.[175]

It was York's only institution with university status until 2006, when the more centrally locatedYork St John University, formerly an autonomous college of theUniversity of Leeds, attained full university status. The city formerly hosted a branch of theUniversity of Lawbefore it moved to Leeds. The University of York also has a medical school,Hull York Medical School.[176]

The city has two major further education institutions.York Collegeis an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College. Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses, and range fromschool leaversandsixth formersto people training to make career moves.[177]Askham Bryan Collegeoffers further education courses, foundation and honours degrees, specialising in more vocational subjects such as horticulture, agriculture, animal management and evengolf coursemanagement.[178]

Secondary and primary

[edit]
St Peter's School, the city's oldest school founded in the 7th century AD

There are 70local councilschools with over 24,000 pupils in the City of York Council area.[179]The City of York Council manages most primary and secondary schools within the city.

Primary schools cover education from ages 5–11, with some offering early years education from age 3. From 11 to 16 education is provided by 10 secondary schools, four of which offer additional education up to the age of 18.[180]In 2007, Oaklands Sports College and Lowfield Comprehensive School merged to become one school known asYork High School.[181]

There is one "outstanding"[182]Roman Catholic secondary school in the city,All Saints School, which was founded in 1665, the school is split-site meaning that the education of lower years (years 7–9) happens on the Lower Site attached to the oldest running convent in the country,Bar Convent. And the upper years including sixth form are taught on the Upper Site which is on Mill Mount, the former site ofMill Mount County Grammar School for Girls. The Sixth form is the largest sixth form in the city. As a school it plays an essential role in York's Catholic community being the only secondary institution dedicated to the denomination. It was the first Catholic school in the country to admit girls for education in the 1660s.

York also has several private schools.St Peter's Schoolwas founded in 627. The scholarAlcuin, who went on to serveCharlemagne, taught there.[183]It was also the school attended byGuy Fawkes.[184]

Two schools haveQuakerorigins:Bootham Schoolisco-educational[185]andThe Mount Schoolis all-girls.[186]Another all-girls school isQueen Margaret's School, which was established under theWoodard Foundation.

Culture

[edit]

The city is part of the UNESCOCreative Cities Networkas a city ofMedia Arts. An unsuccessful 2010 bid by York city council and a number of heritage organisations to make aUNESCOWorld Heritage Siteindirectly led to the city making a successful bid for its title.[187][188][189]

Theatre

[edit]
York Theatre Royal

TheTheatre Royal, which was established in 1744, produces an annualpantomimewhich attracts loyal audiences from around the country. The theatre's veteran star,Berwick Kaler, often played thedame, before he retired from acting in the pantomime in 2019,[190]and officially parted ways with the theatre after the so-called "Panto Wars".[191]The Theatre Royal continues to produce an annual pantomime without Kaler, who came out of retirement in 2021 to star in a new panto at TheGrand Opera House.[192]Both the Grand Opera House and Joseph Rowntree Theatre also offer a variety of productions.[193][194]The city is home to theRiding Lights Theatre Company, which as well as operating a busy national touring department, also operates a busy youth theatre and educational departments. York is also home to a number of amateur dramatic groups.[195]The Department of Theatre, Film and Television and Student Societies of the University of York put on public drama performances.[196]

Interior of York's Grand Opera House

TheYork Mystery Playsare performed in public at intervals, using texts based on the original medieval plays of this type that were performed by the guilds – often with specific connections to the subject matter of each play. (For instance the Shipwrights' Play is theBuilding of Noah's Arkand the fish-sellers and mariners theLanding of Noah's Ark).[197]The York Cycle of Mystery Plays or Pageants is the most complete in England. Originally performed from wagons at various locations around the city from the 14th century until 1570, they were revived in 1951 during theFestival of Britain, when York was one of the cities with a regional festival.[198]They became part of the York City Festival every three years and later four years. They were mostly produced in a temporary open-air theatre within the ruins of St Mary's Abbey, using some professional but mostly amateur actors. Lead actors have includedChristopher TimothyandRobson Green(in the role of Christ) and DameJudi Denchas a school girl, in 1951, 1954 and 1957. (She remains a Patron of the plays). The cycle was presented in the Theatre Royal in 1992 and 1996, within York Minster in 2000 and in 2002, 2006 and 2010 by Guild groups from wagons in the squares, in theDean's Park, or at the Eye of York.[199]They go around the streets, recreating the original productions. In 2012, the York Mystery Plays were performed between 2 and 27 August atSt Mary's Abbeyin theYork Museum Gardens.[200]

Music

[edit]

TheAcademy of St Olave's, achamber orchestrawhich gives concerts inSt Olave's Church, Marygate, is one of the music groups that perform regularly in York.[201]A former church,St Margaret's, Walmgate, is theNational Centre for Early Music, which hosts concerts, broadcasts, competitions and events including theYork Early Music Festival.[202][203]Students, staff and visiting artists ofYork St John Universitymusic department regularly perform lunchtime concerts in the university chapel. The staff and students of theUniversity of Yorkalso perform in the city.[204]

Food and drink

[edit]

Each September since 1997, York has held an annual Festival of Food and Drink. The aim of the festival is to spotlight food culture in York and North Yorkshire by promoting local food production. The Festival attracts up to 150,000 visitors over 10 days from all over the country.[205]

The Assize of Ale is an annual event in the city where people in medieval costume take part in apub crawlto raise money for local charities. It has its origins in the 13th century, when anAssize of Bread and Alewas used to regulate the quality of goods. The current version was resurrected in 1990/91 by the then Sheriff of York, Peter Brown, and is led by the Guild of Scriveners.[206]

York ham

The Knavesmire, home of York Racecourse, plays host to Yorkshire's largest beer festival every September run by York CAMRA – York Beer & Cider Festival.[207]It is housed in a marquee opposite the grandstand of the racecourse in the enclosure and in 2016 offered over 450 real ales and over 100 ciders.[208]A product claimed to be local is York ham,[209]a mild-flavouredhamwith delicate pink colouring. It is traditionally served withMadeira Sauce.[210][211]The ham has been described as a lightly smoked, dry-cured ham that is saltier but milder in flavour than other European dry-cured hams.[212]Folklore has it that the oak construction for York Minster provided the sawdust for smoking the ham.[213]A likely apocryphal story attributes Robert Burrow Atkinson's butchery shop, inBlossom Street, to be the birthplace of the original York ham, or at least to have made it famous.[214]

Attractions

[edit]

Architecture

[edit]

York Minster, a largeGothiccathedral, dominates the city.

York's centre is enclosed bythe city's medieval walls, which are a popular walk.[215][216]These defences are the most complete in England. They have the only walls set on high ramparts and they retain all their principal gateways.[217]They incorporate part of the walls of the Roman fortress and some Norman and medieval work, as well as 19th- and 20th-century renovations.[218]

The entire circuit is approximately 2.5 miles (4 km), and encloses an area of 263 acres (106 ha).[219]The north-east section includes a part where walls never existed, because the Normanmoatof York Castle, formed by damming theRiver Foss, also created a lake which acted as a city defence. This lake was later called the King's Fishpond, as the rights to fish belonged to the Crown. A feature of central York is theSnickelways, narrow pedestrian routes, many of which led towards the former market-places inPavementandSt Sampson's Square.[220]The Shamblesis a narrowmedievalstreet, lined with shops, boutiques andtea rooms. Its unusual name comes from an old English term for an open-air slaughterhouse or meat market.[221]Most of these premises were once butchers' shops, and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them. The street also contains the Shrine ofMargaret Clitherow, although it is not located in the house where she lived.[222]Goodramgatehas many medieval houses including the early-14th‑centuryLady Rowbuilt to finance aChantry, at the edge of the churchyard ofHoly Trinity church.

Pubs

[edit]
The Kings Arms

In June 2015, YorkCAMRAlisted 101 pubs on its map of the city centre, some of which are hundreds of years old.[223]These include theGolden Fleece,Ye Olde Starre Inne, noted for its sign which has spanned the street since 1733,[224]andThe Kings Arms, often photographed during floods.[225]On 18 June 2016, York CAMRA undertook a "Beer Census" and found 328 unique real ales being served in over 200 pubs in York, reinforcing the city's reputation as a top UK beer destination.[226]

Tea Rooms

[edit]
Bettys Café Tea Rooms

In the centre of York, inSt Helen's Square, there is the York branch ofBettys CaféTea Rooms. Bettys' founder, Frederick Belmont, travelled on the maiden voyage of theQueen Maryin 1936. He was so impressed by the splendour of the ship that he employed the Queen Mary's designers and craftsmen to turn a dilapidated furniture store in York into an elegant café in St Helen's Square. A few years after Bettys opened in York war broke out, and the basement 'Bettys Bar' became a favourite haunt of the thousands of airmen stationed around York. 'Bettys Mirror', on which many of them engraved their signatures with a diamond pen, remains on display today as a tribute to them.[227]

Media

[edit]
The Presson Walmgate

The York area is served by a local newspaper,The Press(known as theEvening Pressuntil April 2006),The York Advertisernewspaper (based atThe Presson Walmgate), and four local radio stations:BBC Radio York,YorkMix Radio,YO1 RadioandJorvik Radio. A local commercial radio station,Minster FM, broadcast until 2020 when it was replaced byGreatest Hits Radio York and North Yorkshire.[228][229][230][231][232][233]Another digital news and radio website isYorkMixrun by former print journalists, that incorporates Local News; What's On; Food & Drink; Things To Do and Business sections with articles written by residents and local journalists.[234]In August 2016 YorkMix was nominated in two categories in the O2 Media Awards for Yorkshire and The Humber.[235]

Local news and television programmes are provided byBBC YorkshireandBBC North East and Cumbriaon BBC One andITV YorkshireandITV Tyne Teeson ITV. Television signals are received from either theEmley MoororBilsdaletransmitters.[236][237]

On 27 November 2013, Ofcom awarded the 12-year local TV licence for the York area to a consortium entitled The York Channel, with the channel due to be on air in spring 2015.[238]This service is now on air asThat's TVNorth Yorkshire.[239]

York St John Universityhas a Film and Television Production department with links to many major industrial partners. The department hosts an annual festival of student work and a showcase of other regional films.[240]

TheUniversity of Yorkhas its own television stationYork Student Television(YSTV) and two campus newspapersNouseandYork Vision.[241]Its radio stationURYis the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK, and was voted Student Radio Station of the Year 2020 at theStudent Radio Awards.[242]

Sport

[edit]

Football codes

[edit]
York Community Stadium

The city'sassociation footballteam isYork Citywho are competing in theNational Leagueas of the 2023–24 season. York have played as high as theold Second Divisionbut are best known for their 'giant killing' status in cup competitions, having reached theFA Cupsemi-final in1955and beatenManchester United3–0 during the 1995–96League Cup. Their matches are played at theYork Community Stadiumas of 2021,[243]having previously played atBootham Crescentsince 1932. The most notable footballers to come from York in recent years areLucy Staniforth,[244]Under-20 World Cupwinning captainLewis Cook[245]and formerEnglandmanagerSteve McClaren.[246]

York also has a strongrugby leaguehistory. York FC, later known asYork Wasps, formed in 1868, were one of the oldest rugby league clubs in the country but the effects of a move to the out of townHuntington Stadium, poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002.[247]The supporters formed a new club,York City Knights, who played at the same stadium until 2015 when they moved toBootham Crescent. In 2021, they moved toYork Community Stadium.[248]In 2022, the club was renamed York RLFC[249]and as of 2023the men's team (York Knights) play in TheChampionship[250]and the women's team (York Valkyrie) play in theSuper League.[251]There are three amateur rugby league teams in York; New Earswick All Blacks (inNew Earswick),York AcornandHeworth.York International 9swas an annualrugby league ninestournament which took place in York between 2002 and 2009.[252]Amateur sideYork Lokomotivecompete in theRugby League Conference.[citation needed]

Rugby unionhas been played in York since the 1860s, with multiple teams currently playing within the city.York RUFCwas formed in 1928, and amalgamated with theYork Cricket Clubin 1966. The teams' home ground is at York sports ground at Clifton Park. The men's 1st team play inNorth 1 East, with the women's team in RFUW Women's NC1 North East championship.[253]York Railway Institute (RI) RUFC home ground is at the York RI sports club on newlane, York. The men's team currently compete in Yorkshire Division 4 South East (Yorkshire 4), and the ladies team play in the RFUW Women's NC1 North East championship.[254]Based at the York site of chocolate and confectionery maker NestleRowntree's, Nestle Rowntree RUFC was founded originally in 1894 and re-founded in 1954. They currently play their home games atYork St. John UniversitySports Field and they compete in Yorkshire Division 4 South East (Yorkshire 4).[255]

Racing

[edit]
York Racecourse

York Racecoursewas established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running. This majorhorseracingvenue is located on theKnavesmireand sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings. The Knavesmire Racecourse also hostedRoyal Ascotin 2005.[256]In August, racing takes place over the four-dayEbor Festivalthat includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843.[257]

On 6 July 2014, York hosted the start of Stage 2 of the 2014Tour de France. Starting the Départ Fictif fromYork Racecourse, the riders travelled through the city centre to the Départ Actuel on the A59 just beyond the junction with the Outer Ring Road heading towardsKnaresborough.[258]In 2015, the inauguralTour de Yorkshirewas held as a legacy event to build on the popularity of the previous year, with the Day 2 stage finishing in York.[259]

Motorbike speedway once took place at York. The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged. In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy.[260]

Other

[edit]

An open rowing clubYork City Rowing Clubis located underneath Lendal Bridge.[261]The rowing clubs of The University of York,York St John University Rowing ClubandLeeds University Boat Clubas well as York City RC use the Ouse for training. There are two sailing clubs close to York, both of which sail dinghies on the River Ouse. The York RI (Railway Institute) Sailing Club has a club house and boat park on the outskirts ofBishopthorpe, a village3 miles (4.8 km) to the south of York. The Yorkshire Ouse Sailing Club has a club house in the village ofNaburn,5 miles (8.0 km) south of York.

York hosts theUK Snooker Championship, which is the second biggest ranking tournament in the sport, at theYork Barbican.

Garrison

[edit]
Imphal Barracks

York Garrison is a garrison of the British army, which administers a number of units based in and around the city of York.[262][263][264][265]The garrison's current units are:[266]

International relations

[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

York istwinnedwith:

In 2016 York becamesister citieswith the Chinese city of Nanjing, in line with an agreement signed by theLord Mayor of York, focusing on building links in tourism, education, science, technology and culture.[273][274][275][276]

On 22 October 2014, it announced the first 'temporal twinning' with Jórvík, the Viking city on the site of York from 866 to 1066.[277]In 2017 York became UK's firsthuman rights city, which formalised the city's aim to use human rights in decision making.[278]

Freedom of the City

[edit]

The following people and military units have received theFreedom of the Cityof York.

Individuals

[edit]

Military units

[edit]

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
aThere was no census in 1941: figures are from National Register. United Kingdom and Isle of Man. Statistics of Population on 29 September 1939 by Sex, Age, and Marital Condition.
bThere is a discrepancy of 37 between Office for National Statistics figures (quoted before) and those on the Vision of Britainwebsite (quoted here).

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