Saint Paul, Minnesota

Saint Paul
State capital city
Downtown Saint Paulwith Harriet Islandin the foreground James J. Hill House Xcel Energy Center Marjorie McNeely Conservatory Cathedral of Saint Paul Minnesota State Capitol
Flag Seal
Nicknames: "the Capital City", "the Saintly City", "Twin Cities" (with Minneapolis), "Pig's Eye", "STP", "Last City of the East"
Motto: The most livable city in America*
Interactive map of St. Paul
Coordinates:44°56′39″N93°06′14″W / 44.94417°N 93.10389°W /44.94417; -93.10389
Country	United States
State	Minnesota
County	Ramsey
Incorporated	March 4, 1854
Named for	St. Paul the Apostle
Government
• Type	Mayor–council[1]
•Mayor	Melvin Carter(DFL)
• Body	Saint Paul City Council
Area [2]
• City	56.10 sq mi (145.31 km2)
• Land	51.97 sq mi (134.61 km2)
• Water	4.13 sq mi (10.70 km2)
Elevation [3]	824 ft (251 m)
Population ( 2020) [4]
• City	311,527
• Estimate (2022) [5]	303,176
• Rank	US:67thMN:2nd
• Density	5,994.02/sq mi (2,314.32/km2)
•Metro	3,693,729 (US:16th)
•Demonym	Saint Paulite
Time zone	UTC-6(Central (CST))
• Summer (DST)	UTC-5(CDT)
ZIP Codes	55101–55131, 55133, 55144-55146, 55150, 55155, 55164, 55170
Area code	651
FIPS code	27-58000
GNIS ID	2396511[3]
Website	stpaul.gov
Current as of October 12, 2023

Saint Paul(often abbreviatedSt. Paul) is thecapitalof theU.S. stateofMinnesotaand thecounty seatofRamsey County.^[6]Situated on high bluffs overlooking a bend in theMississippi River, Saint Paul is a regional business hub and the center of Minnesota's government.^[7][8]TheMinnesota State Capitoland the state government offices all sit on a hill close to the city's downtown district. One of the oldest cities in Minnesota, Saint Paul has several historic neighborhoods and landmarks, such as theSummit Avenue Neighborhood, theJames J. Hill House, and theCathedral of Saint Paul.^[9][10]Like the adjacent city ofMinneapolis, Saint Paul is known for its cold, snowy winters and humid summers.

According to census estimates, in 2022 the city's population was 303,176, making it the67th-most populous cityin theUnited States, the 12th-most populous in theMidwest, and the second-most populous in Minnesota.^[11][12]Most of the city lies east of the Mississippi River near its confluence with theMinnesota River. Minneapolis is mostly across the Mississippi River to the west. Together, they are known as the "Twin Cities" and make up the core of theMinneapolis–Saint Paulmetropolitan area, the third most populous metropolitan area in the Midwest.^[13]

The Legislative Assembly of theMinnesota Territoryestablished the Town of Saint Paul as its capital near existingDakota Siouxsettlements in November 1849. It remained a town until 1854. The Dakota name for where Saint Paul is situated is "Imnizaska" for the "white rock" bluffs along the river.^[14]The city has three sports venues:Xcel Energy Center, home to theMinnesota Wild,CHS Field, home to theSt. Paul Saints, andAllianz Field, home toMinnesota United.^[15]

Saint Paul has amayor–council government. The current mayor isMelvin Carter III, who was first elected in 2018.

Burial mounds in present-dayIndian Mounds Parksuggest the area was inhabited by theHopewellNative Americans about 2,000 years ago.^[16][17]From the early 17th century to 1837, theMdewakanton Dakota, a band of theDakota people, lived near the mounds at the village ofKaposiaand consider the area encompassing present-day Saint PaulBdóte, the site of creation for their people.^[16][18]The Dakota called the areaImniza-Ska("white cliffs") for its exposed white sandstone cliffs on the river's eastern side.^[19][20]The Imniza-Ska were full of caves that were useful to the Dakota. The explorerJonathan Carverdocumented the historic Wakan Tipi in the bluff below the burial mounds in 1767. In theMenominee languageSaint Paul was calledSāēnepān-Menīkān, which means "ribbon, silk or satin village", suggesting its role in trade throughout the region after the introduction of European goods.^[21]

After the 1803Louisiana Purchase, U.S. Army LieutenantZebulon Pikenegotiated approximately 100,000 acres (40,000 ha; 160 sq mi) of land from the indigenous Dakota in 1805 to establish a fort. A military reservation was intended for the confluence of theMississippiandMinnesota riverson both sides of the Mississippi up toSaint Anthony Falls. All of what is now the Highland Park neighborhood was included in this. Pike planned a second military reservation at the confluence of theSt. Croixand Mississippi rivers.^[22]In 1819,Fort Snellingwas built at the Minnesota and Mississippi confluence. The 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all tribal lands east of the Mississippi to the U.S. government.^[23]Chief Little Crow IIImoved his village,Kaposia, from south of Mounds Park across the river a few miles onto Dakota land.^[24][25]Fur traders, explorers, and settlers came to the area for the fort's security. Many were French-Canadians who predated American pioneers by some time. A whiskey trade flourished among the squatters and the fort's commander evicted them all from the fort's reservation. Fur trader turnedbootlegger"Pig's Eye" Parrant, who set up business just outside the reservation, particularly irritated the commander.^[26][20]By the early 1840s, a community had developed nearby that locals calledPig's Eye(French:L'Œil du Cochon) orPig's Eye Landingafter Parrant's popular tavern.^[26]In 1842, a raiding party of Ojibwe attacked the Kaposia encampment south of Saint Paul. A battle ensued where a creek drained into wetlands two miles south of Wakan Tipi.^[27]The creek was thereafter called Battle Creek and is today parkland. In the 1840s-70s theMétisbrought their oxen andRed River Cartsdown Kellogg Street to Lambert's landing to sendbuffalohides to market from theRed River of the North. Saint Paul was the southern terminus of theRed River Trails. In 1840,Pierre Bottineaubecame a prominent resident with a claim near the settlement's center.^[28]

In 1841, Catholic missionaryLucien Galtierwas sent to minister to the French Canadians at Mendota. He had a chapel he named forSt. Paulbuilt on the bluff above the riverboat landing downriver from Fort Snelling.^[29][30]Galtier informed the settlers that they were to adopt the chapel's name for the settlement and cease the use of "Pig's Eye".^[26]In 1847, New York educatorHarriet Bishopmoved to the settlement and opened the city's first school.^[31]TheMinnesota Territorywas created in 1849 with Saint Paul as the capital. The U.S. Army made the territory's first improved road, Point Douglas Fort Ripley Military Road, in 1850. It passed through what became Saint Paul neighborhoods.^[32]In 1857, the territorial legislature voted to move the capital toSaint Peter, butJoe Rolette, a territorial legislator, stole the text of the bill and went into hiding, preventing the move.^[33]

The year 1858 saw more than 1,000 steamboats service Saint Paul,^[31]making it a gateway for settlers to the Minnesota frontier orDakota Territory. Geography was a primary reason the city became a transportation hub. The location was the last good point to land riverboats coming upriver due to the river valley's topography. For a time, Saint Paul was called "The Last City of the East."^[34]Fort Snelling was important to Saint Paul from the start. Direct access from Saint Paul did not happen until the 7th bridge was built in 1880. Before that, there was a cable ferry crossing dating to at latest the 1840s. Once streetcars appeared, a new bridge to Saint Paul was built in 1904. Until the town built its first jail the fort's brig served Saint Paul. IndustrialistJames J. Hillfounded his railroad empire in Saint Paul. TheGreat Northern Railwayand theNorthern Pacific Railwaywere both headquartered in Saint Paul until they merged with theBurlington Northern. Today they are part of the BNSF Railway.^[34]

On August 20, 1904, severethunderstormsandtornadoesdamaged hundreds of downtown buildings, causing $1.78 million ($60.36 million today) in damages and ripping spans from theHigh Bridge.^[35]During the 1960s, in conjunction withurban renewal, Saint Paul razed neighborhoods west of downtown for the creation of the interstate freeway system.^[36]From 1959 to 1961, theRondo neighborhoodwas demolished for the construction ofInterstate 94. The loss of thatAfrican Americanenclave brought attention toracial segregationand unequal housing in northern cities.^[37]The annualRondo Dayscelebration commemorates the African American community.^[38]

Downtown Saint Paul had skyscraper-building booms beginning in the 1970s. Because the city center is directly beneath the flight path into the airport across the river there is a height restriction for all construction. The tallest buildings, such asGaltier Plaza(Jackson and Sibley Towers), The Pointe of Saint Paul condominiums, and the city's tallest building,Wells Fargo Place(formerly Minnesota World Trade Center), were constructed in the late 1980s.^[39]In the 1990s and 2000s, the tradition of bringing new immigrant groups to the city continued. As of 2004, nearly 10% of the city's population were recentHmongimmigrants fromVietnam,Laos,Cambodia,Thailand, andMyanmar.^[40]Saint Paul is the location of theHmong Archives.^[41]

Saint Paul's history and growth as a landing port are tied to water. The city's defining physical characteristic, the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, was carved into the region during thelast ice age, as were the steep river bluffs and dramatic palisades on which the city is built. RecedingglaciersandLake Agassizforced torrents of water from aglacial riverthat served the river valleys.^[42]The city is situated in east-central Minnesota.

The Mississippi River forms a municipal boundary on part of the city's west, southwest, and southeast sides.Minneapolis, the state's largest city, lies to the west.Falcon Heights,Lauderdale,Roseville, andMaplewoodare north, with Maplewood lying to the east. The cities ofWest Saint PaulandSouth Saint Paulare to the south, as areLilydale,Mendota, andMendota Heights, across the river from the city. The city's largest lakes are Pig's Eye Lake, which is part of the Mississippi,Lake Phalen, andLake Como. According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 56.18 square miles (145.51 km²), of which 51.98 square miles (134.63 km²) is land and 4.20 square miles (10.88 km²) is water.^[43]

The Parks and Recreation department is responsible for 160 parks and 41 recreation centers.^[44]The city ranked #2 in park access and quality, after onlyMinneapolis, in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the top 100 park systems across the United States according to the nonprofitTrust for Public Land.^[45]

Saint Paul's Department of Planning and Economic Development divides Saint Paul into 17 Planning Districts, created in 1979 to allow neighborhoods to participate in governance and useCommunity Development Block Grants. With a funding agreement directly from the city, the councils share a pool of funds.^[46]The councils have significant land-use control, a voice in guiding development, and they organize residents.^[47]The planning districts mostly represent traditional neighborhoods and combinations of smaller neighborhoods within the city.

The city's 17 Planning Districts are:

Saint Paul has ahumid continental climatetypical of theUpper Midwestern United States. Winters are frigid and snowy, while summers are warm to hot and humid. On theKöppen climate classification, Saint Paul falls in the hot summerhumid continental climatezone (Dfa). The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow,sleet, ice, rain,thunderstorms,tornadoes, andfog.^[48]

Due to its northerly location and lack of large bodies of water to moderate the air, Saint Paul is sometimes subjected to cold Arcticair masses, especially during late December, January, and February. The average annual temperature of 46.5 °F (8.1 °C) gives the Minneapolis−Saint Paul metropolitan area the coldest annual mean temperature of any major metropolitan area in thecontinental U.S.^[49]

Saint Paul is expected to be affected by climate change. More extreme heat waves are expected, as is increased precipitation in the spring and summer, which could cause river and flash flooding. Vector-borne transmission of such diseases as West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and human anaplasmosis may increase because of changes in temperature and precipitation patterns.^[50]

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1850	1,112		—
1860	10,401		835.3%
1870	20,030		92.6%
1880	41,473		107.1%
1890	133,156		221.1%
1900	163,065		22.5%
1910	214,744		31.7%
1920	234,698		9.3%
1930	271,606		15.7%
1940	287,736		5.9%
1950	311,349		8.2%
1960	313,411		0.7%
1970	309,980		−1.1%
1980	270,230		−12.8%
1990	272,235		0.7%
2000	287,151		5.5%
2010	285,068		−0.7%
2020	311,527		9.3%
2022 (est.)	303,176	[5]	−2.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[54] 2020 Census[4]

Demographic profile	2020[55]	2010[56]	2000[57]	1990[58]	1970[58]
White(non-Hispanic)	48.8%	55.9%	64.0%	80.4%	93.6%[59]
Asian(non-Hispanic)	19.2%	14.9%	12.4%	7.1%	0.2%
Black or African American(non-Hispanic)	16.5%	15.3%	11.7%	7.4%	3.5%
Hispanic or Latino	9.7%	9.6%	7.9%	4.2%	2.1%[59]

As of thecensus of 2020,^[60]the population was 311,527. Thepopulation densitywas 5,994.0 inhabitants per square mile (2,314.3/km²). There were 127,392 housing units at an average density of 2,451.1 per square mile (946.4/km²). In terms of race, the city's population was 50.5%White(21.1%German), 19.2%Asian(10.9%Hmong, 2.53%Burmese, 0.85%Vietnamese, 0.69%Chinese, 0.51%Indian), 16.8%BlackorAfrican American(1.7%Somali, 1.5%Ethiopian), 1.0%Native American, 4.8% fromother races, and 7.6% from two or more races. Residents ofHispanicorLatinoancestry, of any race, made up 9.7% of the population (6.58%Mexican, 0.68%Salvadoran).^[61]

The 2020 census of the city included 291 people incarcerated in adult correctional facilities and 5,640 people in student housing.^[62]

According to theAmerican Community Surveyestimates for 2016–2020, the median income for a household in the city was $59,717, and the median income for a family was $74,852. Male full-time workers had a median income of $50,186 versus $45,541 for female workers. Theper capita incomewas $32,779. About 13.2% of families and 17.9% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 27.0% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.^[63]Of the population age 25 and over, 87.6% were high school graduates or higher and 41.3% had a bachelor's degree or higher.^[64]

As of the2010 census,^[65]there were 285,068 people, 111,001 households, and 59,689 families residing in the city. Thepopulation densitywas 5,484.2 inhabitants per square mile (2,117.5/km²). There were 120,795 housing units at an average density of 2,323.9 per square mile (897.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 60.1% white, 15.7% African American, 1.1% Native American, 15.0% Asian, 0.1%Pacific Islander, 3.9% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 9.6% of the population.

There were 111,001 households, of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.1% weremarried couplesliving together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.2% were non-families. 35.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.33.

The median age in the city was 30.9 years. 25.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 13.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.6% were from 25 to 44; 22.6% were from 45 to 64; and 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.

The earliest known inhabitants of the St. Paul area, from about 400 AD, were members of theHopewell tradition, who buried their dead in mounds on the river bluffs (nowIndian Mounds Park). The next known inhabitants were theMdewakantonDakotain the 17th century, who fled their ancestral home ofMille Lacs Lakein central Minnesota in response to westward expansion of theOjibwenation.^[18]The Ojibwe later occupied the north (east) bank of the Mississippi River.

By 1800,French-Canadianexplorers came through the region and attracted fur traders.Fort Snellingand Pig's Eye Tavern also brought the first Yankees fromNew EnglandandEnglish,Irish, andScottishimmigrants, who had enlisted in the army and settled nearby after discharge. These early settlers and entrepreneurs built houses on the heights north of the river. The first wave of immigration came with the Irish, who settled atConnemara Patchalong the Mississippi, named for their home,Connemara, Ireland. The Irishbecame prolificin politics, city governance, and public safety, much to the chagrin of the Germans and French, who had grown into the majority. In 1850, the first of many groups ofSwedish immigrantspassed through St. Paul on their way to farming communities in northern and western regions of theterritory. A large group settled inSwede Hollow, which later became home to Poles, Italians, and Mexicans. The last Swedish presence moved up St. Paul's East Side alongPayne Avenuein the 1950s.^[66]

Of people who specifiedEuropean ancestryin the 2005–07American Community Surveyof St. Paul, 26.4% wereGerman, 13.8%Irish, 8.4%Norwegian, 7.0%Swedish, and 6.2%English. There is also a visible community of people ofSub-Saharan Africanancestry, representing 4.2% of the population.

By the 1980s, the Thomas-Dale area, once an Austro-Hungarian enclave known asFrogtown(German:Froschburg), became home to Vietnamese and other Southeast Asian people who had left their war-torn country. A settlement program for the Hmong diaspora came soon after, and by 2000, St. Paul had the largest urban Hmong contingent in the nation.^[67][68][69]

Hmong Americansmake up 11% of St. Paul's population as of 2021, and Saint Paul, as well as theTwin Citiesarea in general, is considered the center of Hmong culture in America. Hmongs are most concentrated in the neighborhoods ofFrogtown,Payne-Phalen,Dayton's Bluff, theNorth End, and theGreater East Side,^[61]which are considered ethnic enclaves forHmong Minnesotans, with a large number of businesses, organizations, and events catering to the Hmong population, such as theHmongtown Marketplacein Frogtown.

Other large Southeast Asian populations live in Saint Paul, particularlyBurmese Americansof theKarenandKarenniethnic group, who immigrated to the U.S. as refugees in the 2000s and 2010s due tointernal conflictand discrimination inMyanmar. Minnesota is believed to have the largest population ofKaren Americans, with a population of 12,000 in 2017,^[70]who are mostly concentrated in Saint Paul. Burmese and Karen residents of Saint Paul make up 5.2% of the population in 2021, and are most concentrated in the neighborhoods of theNorth End,Payne-Phalen, andFrogtown.^[61]

Mexican immigrants have settled in St. Paul since the 1930s; although Mexican populations exist throughout Saint Paul, by far the largest concentration ofMexican Americansis on St. Paul'sWest Side, where Mexicans form a plurality of the population; Mexico opened a foreign consulate there in 2005.^[71][72]Saint Paul also has a large population of Central Americans, particularlySalvadorans, throughout eastern St. Paul and the West Side.

St. Paul has become home to a large number ofSomalisandEthiopianssince the 1990s, largely as refugees fleeing conflict in their home regions. Somali and Ethiopian populations are largest in the neighborhoods ofSummit-UniversityandFrogtown, where there are many businesses and organizations for Somali and Ethiopian populations.^[61]

African Americansin St. Paul initially entered through servitude to officers at Fort Snelling, marking a crucial point in their history. Despite the absence of legal slavery in Minnesota, Army officers were permitted to bring their enslaved individuals into the region.^[73]Today, African Americans are one of the largest groups among Saint Paul's population; African Americans make up approximately 14% of Saint Paul's population, the second-largest background group, before Hmongs and after German-Americans. The city's African American residents are concentrated in its central and eastern neighborhoods.

Most St. Paul residents claiming religious affiliation areChristian, split between theRoman Catholic Churchand variousProtestantdenominations. The Roman Catholic presence comes from Irish, German, Scottish, and French Canadian settlers, later bolstered by Hispanic immigrants. There areJewishsynagoguessuch asMount Zion Templeand significant populations ofHindus,Muslims, andBuddhists.^[74]The city has been dubbed "paganistan" due to its largeWiccanpopulation.^[75]

The Minneapolis–Saint Paul–Bloomington area employs 1,570,700 people in the private sector as of July 2008, 82.43% of whom work in private service providing-related jobs.^[76]

Major corporations headquartered in Saint Paul includeEcolab, a chemical and cleaning product company^[77]that theMinneapolis/St. Paul Business Journalnamed in 2008 as the eighth-best place to work in the Twin Cites for companies with 1,000 full-time Minnesota employees,^[78]andSecurian Financial Group Inc.^[79]

The3M Companymoved to St. Paul in 1910. It built an art deco headquarters at 900 Bush that still stands. Headquarters operations moved to the Maplewood campus in 1964. 3M manufacturing continued for a couple more decades until all St. Paul operations ceased.

The city was home to theFord Motor Company'sTwin Cities Assembly Plant, which opened in 1924 and closed at the end of 2011. The plant was inHighland Parkon the Mississippi River, adjacent toLock and Dam No. 1, Mississippi River, which generates hydroelectric power.^[80]The site is being redeveloped into a mixed-used area calledHighland Bridgewhich, when complete, will include 3,800 housing units, most opening in 2023.^[81]

Saint Paul has financed city development withtax increment financing (TIF). In 2018, it had 55 TIF districts. Projects that have benefited from TIF funding include theSt. Paul Saints stadium, and theaffordable housingalong the Twin CitiesMetro Green Line.^[82]

In November 2021, Saint Paul became the only Midwestern city to regulate rent increases when voters passed arent controlordinance as part of a larger effort to curb rising housing costs.^[83][84]The law limited annual rent increases to three percent and prohibited higher increases after a tenant vacated a unit.^[84]In September 2022, the Saint Paul City Council voted to amend the law, allowing higher vacancy increases and exempting units built in the preceding or following 20 years from the increase cap.^[85][86]

Every January, Saint Paul hosts theSaint Paul Winter Carnival, a tradition that began in 1886 when a New York reporter called Saint Paul "anotherSiberia". The organizers had a model in theMontreal Winter Carnivalthe year before. Architect A. C. Hutchinson designed the Montreal ice castle and was hired to design St. Paul's first.^[87]The event has now been held 135 times with an attendance of 350,000. It includes anice sculptingcompetition, a snow sculpting competition, a medalliontreasure hunt, food, activities, and an ice palace when it can be arranged.^[88]TheComo Zoo and Conservatoryand adjoining Japanese Garden are popular year-round. The historicLandmark Centerin downtown Saint Paul hosts cultural and arts organizations. The city's recreation sites includeIndian Mounds Park, Battle Creek Regional Park,Harriet Island Regional Park,Highland Park, theWabasha Street Caves,Lake Como,Lake Phalen, andRice Park, as well as several areas abutting theMississippi River. TheIrish Fair of Minnesotais held annually at theHarriet Island Pavilionarea. The country's largest Hmong American sports festival, the Freedom Festival, is held the first weekend of July at McMurray Field near Como Park.

The city is associated with theMinnesota State Fairin neighboringFalcon Heightsjust west of Como Park. The fair dates to before statehood. With the competing interests of Minneapolis and St. Paul, it was held on "neutral ground" between both. That area refused to become part of St. Paul or Roseville and became Falcon Heights in the 1950s. TheUniversity of MinnesotaSaint Paul Campus is actually in Falcon Heights.

Fort Snellingis often identified as being in St. Paul but is actually its ownunorganized territory. The eastern part of Fort Snelling Unorganized Territory (MSP included) has a St. Paul mailing address. The western side has a Minneapolis ZIP code.

Saint Paul is the birthplace ofcartoonistCharles M. Schulz, who lived in Merriam Park from infancy until 1960.^[89]Schulz'sPeanutsinspired giant, decorated sculptures around the city, a Chamber of Commerce promotion in the late 1990s.^[90]Other notable residents include writerF. Scott Fitzgeraldand playwrightAugust Wilson, who premiered many of the ten plays in hisPittsburgh Cycleat the local Penumbra Theater.^[91]

TheOrdway Center for the Performing Artshosts theater productions and theMinnesota Operais a founding tenant.^[92]RiverCentre, attached toXcel Energy Center, serves as the city's convention center. The city has contributed to themusic of Minnesotaand the Twin Cities music scene through various venues. Great jazz musicians have passed through the influentialArtists' Quarter, first established in the 1970s inWhittier, Minneapolis, and moved to downtown Saint Paul in 1994.^[93]Artists' Quarter also hosts the Soapboxing Poetry Slam, home of the 2009National Poetry SlamChampions. At The Black Dog, in Lowertown, many French or European jazz musicians (Evan Parker, Tony Hymas, Benoît Delbecq, François Corneloup) have met Twin Cities musicians and started new groups touring in Europe. Groups and performers such as Fantastic Merlins, Dean Magraw/Davu Seru, Merciless Ghosts, andWillie Murphyare regulars. TheTurf Clubin Midway has been a music scene landmark since the 1940s.^[94]Saint Paul is also the home base of the internationally acclaimedRose Ensemble.^[95]As an Irish stronghold, the city boasts popular Irish pubs with live music, such as Shamrocks, The Dubliner, and until its closure in 2019, O'Gara's.^[96]The internationally acclaimedSaint Paul Chamber Orchestrais the nation's only full-time professional chamber orchestra.^[97]TheMinnesota Centennial Showboaton the Mississippi River began in 1958 with Minnesota's first centennial celebration.^[98]

Saint Paul has a number of museums, including the University of Minnesota's Goldstein Museum of Design,^[99]theMinnesota Children's Museum,^[100]the Schubert Club Museum of Musical Instruments,^[101][102]theMinnesota Museum of American Art,^[103][104]the Traces Center for History and Culture,^[105]theMinnesota History Center, theAlexander RamseyHouse, theJames J. Hill House, theMinnesota Transportation Museum, theScience Museum of Minnesota, and the Twin City Model Railroad Museum.

The Saint Paul division of Parks and Recreation runs over 1,500 organized sports teams.^[106]

Saint Paul hosts a number of professional, semi-professional, and amateur sports teams. TheMinnesota Wildplay their home games at downtown Saint Paul'sXcel Energy Center, which opened in 2000. The Wild brought the NHL back to Minnesota for the first time since 1993, when theMinnesota North Starsleft the state forDallas, Texas.^[15]TheWorld Hockey Association'sMinnesota Fighting Saintsplayed in Saint Paul from 1972 to 1977. Citing the history of hockey in the Twin Cities and teams at all levels,Sports Illustratedcalled Saint Paul the newHockeytown U.S.A.in 2007.^[107]

The Xcel Energy Center, a multipurpose entertainment and sports venue, can host concerts and accommodate nearly all sporting events. It occupies the site of the demolishedSaint Paul Civic Center. The Xcel Energy Center hosts theMinnesota high school boys hockeytournament, the Minnesota high school girls' volleyball tournament, and concerts throughout the year. In 2004, it was named the best overall sports venue in the US byESPN.^[108]

TheSt. Paul Saintsare the city'sMinor League Baseballteam, which plays in theInternational Leagueas an affiliate of theMinnesota Twins.^[109]There have been several different teams called the Saints over the years. Founded in 1884, they were shut down in 1961 after the Minnesota Twins moved toBloomington. The Saints were brought back in 1993 as an independent baseball team in theNorthern League, moving to theAmerican Associationin 2006. They joined affiliated baseball in 2021. Their home games are played at the open-airCHS Fieldin downtown'sLowertown Historic District.^[110]Four noted Major League All-Star baseball players are natives of Saint Paul: Hall of Fame outfielderDave Winfield, Hall of Fame infielderPaul Molitor, Hall of Fame pitcherJack Morris, and Hall of Fame catcher and first basemanJoe Mauer, all of whom played for theMinnesota Twinsduring their careers. The all-blackSt. Paul Colored Gophersplayed four seasons in Saint Paul from 1907 to 1911.^[111]

TheSt. Paul Twin Starsof theNational Premier Soccer Leagueplay their home games at Macalester Stadium.^[112]St. Paul's firstcurlingclub was founded in 1888. The current club, theSt. Paul Curling Club, was founded in 1912 and is the largest curling club in the United States.^[113]Minnesota Roller Derbyis a flat-trackroller derbyleague based in theRoy Wilkins Auditorium, made up of women and gender expansive athletes. Minnesota's oldest athletic organization, theMinnesota Boat Club, resides in the Mississippi River onRaspberry Island.^[114]Saint Paul is also home toCircus Juventas, the largestcircus artsschool inNorth America.^[115]

On March 25, 2015,Major League Soccerannounced that it had awarded its 23rd MLS franchise toMinnesota United FC, a team from the lower-levelNorth American Soccer League.Bill McGuireand his ownership group, which includesJim Pohladof theMinnesota Twins,Glen Taylorof theMinnesota Timberwolves, formerMinnesota Wildinvestor Glen Nelson, and his daughter Wendy Carlson Nelson of theCarlsonhospitality company, had intended to build a privately financedsoccer-specific stadiuminDowntown Minneapolisnear the Minneapolis Farmer's Market. But their plan was met with heavy opposition from former Minneapolis MayorBetsy Hodges, who said her city was suffering from "stadium fatigue" after building three stadiums for theMinnesota Twins,Minnesota Vikingsand theMinnesota Golden Gophers, within a six-year span.^[116]On July 1, 2015, after failing to reach an agreement with the city of Minneapolis, McGuire and his partners turned their focus to Saint Paul.^[117]

On October 23, 2015, Bill McGuire of Minnesota United FC and former Saint Paul MayorChris Colemanannounced that a privately financed soccer-specific stadium would be built on the vacantMetro Transitbus barn site in Saint Paul's Midway neighborhood near the intersection ofSnelling AvenueandUniversity Avenue. It is midway between downtown Saint Paul and downtown Minneapolis. The stadium,Allianz Field, opened in April 2019 and seats 19,400.^[118]The team began playing in the MLS in 2017.^[119]

TheMinnesota Whitecapsbegan play in theWestern Women's Hockey Leaguein 2004 before going independent in 2010 when that league folded. In 2018, the Whitecaps joined thePremier Hockey Federation(then the National Women's Hockey League) as its fifth franchise.^[120][121]The team won theIsobel Cupin its first season in the new league.^[122]In the summer of 2023, the PHF ceased operations as part of the launch of a new, unified professional women's league, theProfessional Women's Hockey League(PWHL).^[123]Minnesotawas awarded one of the six charter franchises in the new league, and it was announced that the new team would play its home games at the Xcel Energy Center.^[124][125]

TheTimberwolves,Twins,Vikings, andLynxall play inMinneapolis.^[126]

Professional sports in Saint Paul

Club	Sport	League	Venue (capacity)	Championships
Minnesota Wild	Ice hockey	National Hockey League	Xcel Energy Center(17,954)	—
PWHL Minnesota	Ice hockey	Professional Women's Hockey League	Xcel Energy Centre	—
Minnesota United FC	Soccer	Major League Soccer	Allianz Field(19,400)	NASL: 2011[127]and 2014[128]
Minnesota Wind Chill	Ultimate	American Ultimate Disc League	Sea Foam Stadium(3,500)	—
St. Paul Saints	Baseball	International League	CHS Field(7,210)	NL: 1993, 1995, 1996, and 2004 AA: 2019

Saint Paul has a variant of thestrong mayor–councilform of government.^[129]The mayor is thechief executiveandchief administrative officerof the city and theseven-member city councilis its legislative body.^[130][131]The mayor is elected by the entire city, while members of the city council are elected from seven different geographic wards of approximately equal population.^[132][133]The first female councilor, Elizabeth DeCourcy, was elected in 1956.^[134]Municipal elections in Saint Paul useranked choice voting.^[135]Both the mayor and council members serve four-year terms.^[136]

Thecurrent mayorisMelvin Carter(DFL), Saint Paul's first African-American mayor. Aside fromNorm Coleman, who became a Republican during his second term, Saint Paul has not elected a Republican mayor since 1952.^[137]As of 2024, following the 2023 elections, all seven city councilors are women, making Saint Paul potentially the largest city in American history with an all-female legislative body.^[134]

The city is also the county seat ofRamsey County, named forAlexander Ramsey, the state's first governor. The county once spanned much of the present-day metropolitan area and was originally to be named Saint Paul County after the city. Today it is geographically the smallest county and the most densely populated.^[6]Ramsey is the only home rule county in Minnesota; the seven-member Board of Commissioners appoints a county manager whose office is in the combination city hall/county courthouse along with the Minnesota Second Judicial Courts.^[138][139]The nearby Law Enforcement Center houses the Ramsey County Sheriff's office.

Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota. The city hosts the capitol building, designed by Saint Paul residentCass Gilbert, and theHouseandSenateoffice buildings. TheMinnesota Governor's Residence, which is used for some state functions, is onSummit Avenue. TheMinnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party(affiliated with theDemocratic Party) is headquartered in Saint Paul. Numerous state departments and services are also headquartered in Saint Paul, such as theMinnesota Department of Natural Resources.

The city is split into four Minnesota Senate districts (64, 65, 66 and 67) and eight Minnesota House of Representatives districts (64A, 64B, 65A, 65B, 66A, 66B, 67A and 67B), all of which are held by Democrats.^[140][141]

Saint Paul is the heart ofMinnesota's 4th congressional district, represented by DemocratBetty McCollum. The district has been in DFL hands without interruption since 1949. Minnesota is represented in the U.S.Senateby DemocratAmy Klobuchar, a formerHennepin CountyAttorney, and DemocratTina Smith, a former lieutenant governor of Minnesota.

Minnesota House and Senate districts
Senate				House
	Name	First elected	Party		Name	First elected	Party
64	Erin Murphy	2020	DFL	64A	Kaohly Her	2018	DFL
				64B	Dave Pinto	2014	DFL
65	Sandy Pappas	1990	DFL	65A	Rena Moran	2010	DFL
				65B	Carlos Mariani	1990	DFL
66	John Marty*	1992	DFL	66A	John Lesch	2002	DFL
				66B	Alice Hausman*	1989	DFL
67	Foung Hawj	2012	DFL	67A	Tim Mahoney	1998	DFL
				67B	Jay Xiong	2018	DFL

*District also includesFalcon Heights,LauderdaleandRoseville.

Saint Paul is second in the United States in the number of higher education institutions per capita, behindBoston.^[142]Higher education institutions that call Saint Paul home include three public and eight private colleges and universities and five post-secondary institutions. Well-known colleges and universities include theSaint Catherine University,Concordia University,Hamline University,Macalester College, and theUniversity of St. Thomas.Metropolitan State UniversityandSaint Paul College, which focus on non-traditional students, are based in Saint Paul, as well as a law school,Mitchell Hamline School of Law.^[143]

TheSaint Paul Public Schoolsdistrict is the state's largest school district and serves approximately 39,000 students. The district is extremely diverse with students from families speaking 90 different languages, although only five languages are used for most school communication: English, Spanish,Hmong,Karen, andSomali. The district runs 82 different schools, including 52elementary schools, 12middle schools, sevenhigh schools, tenalternative schools, and onespecial educationschool, employing over 6,500 teachers and staff. The school district also oversees community education programs for pre-K and adult learners, including Early Childhood Family Education,GEDDiploma, language programs, and various learning opportunities for community members of all ages. In 2006, Saint Paul Public Schools celebrated its 150th anniversary.^[144]Some students attend public schools in other school districts chosen by their families under Minnesota's open enrollment statute.^[145]

A variety ofK-12private,parochial, and publiccharter schoolsare also represented in the city. In 1992, Saint Paul became the first city in the US to sponsor and open a charter school, now found in most states across the nation.^[146]Saint Paul is home to 21 charter schools and 38 private schools.^[147]TheSaint Paul Public Librarysystem includes a central library, twelve branch locations, and a bookmobile.^[148]

Saint Paul residents can receive 10 broadcast television stations, five of which broadcast from Saint Paul. One newspaper, theSt. Paul Pioneer Press, and several monthly or semimonthly neighborhood papers serve the city. Several media outlets based in Minneapolis also serve the Saint Paul community, including theStar Tribune.

Saint Paul is home to two national broadcast companies.Hubbard Broadcastingis headquartered on the line between Saint Paul and Minneapolis on University Avenue.

Minnesota Public Radio(MPR) is a three-format system that broadcasts on nearly 40 stations^[149]around the Midwest. It delivers local news and information, classical, and The Current (which plays a wide variety of music). The station has 110,000 regional members and more than 1 million listeners each week throughout the Upper Midwest, the largest audience of any regional public radio network.^[150]Its parent company,American Public Media Group, creates and distributes programming that reaches millions listeners, most notablyMarketplace, hosted byKai Ryssdal.

Residents useInterstate 35Erunning north–south andInterstate 94running east–west. Trunk highways includeU.S. Highway 52,Minnesota State Highway 280, andMinnesota State Highway 5. Saint Paul has several unique roads, such asAyd Mill Road, Phalen Boulevard, andShepard Road/Warner Road, that diagonally follow particular geographic features in the city. Biking is also gaining popularity, due to the creation of more pavedbike lanesthat connect to other bike routes throughout themetropolitan area^[151]and the creation ofNice Ride Minnesota, a seasonally operated nonprofit bicycle sharing and rental system that has over 1,550 bicycles and 170 stations in both Minneapolis and Saint Paul.^[152]Downtown Saint Paul has a five-mile (8 km) enclosedskywaysystem over 25 city blocks.^[153]The 563-mile (906 km)Avenue of the Saintsconnects Saint Paul withSt. Louis, Missouri.

The layout of city streets and roads has often drawn complaints. While he wasGovernor of Minnesota,Jesse Venturaappeared on theLate Show with David Letterman,^[154]and remarked that the streets were designed by "drunken Irishmen".^[155]He later apologized, though people had been complaining about the fractured grid system for more than a century by that point.^[155]Some of the city's road design is the result of the curve of the Mississippi River, hilly topography, conflicts between developers of different neighborhoods in the early city, and grand plans only half-realized. Outside of downtown, the roads are less confusing, but most roads are named, rather than numbered, increasing the difficulty for non-natives to navigate.^[156]

Metro Transitprovides bus service and light rail in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area. TheMETRO Green Lineis an 11-mile (18 km)light railline that connects downtown Saint Paul to downtown Minneapolis with 14 stations in Saint Paul. The Green Line runs west alongUniversity Avenue, through theUniversity of Minnesotacampus, until it links up and then shares stations with theMETRO Blue Linein downtown Minneapolis. Construction began in November 2010 and the line began service on June 14, 2014.^[157][158]The Green Line averaged 42,500 rides per weekday in 2018.^[159]Planning is underway for theRiverview Corridor, a rail line that will connect downtown Saint Paul to the airport and Mall of America.^[160]

TheMETRO A Lineopened in 2016 as Minneapolis–Saint Paul's first arterialbus rapid transitline. The A Line connects the Blue Line at46th Street stationtoRosedale Centerwith a connection at the Green LineSnelling Avenue station.^[161]FutureMETRO linesare planned that will serve Saint Paul with theB LineandE LineLine running primarily on arterial streets, and theGold LineandPurple Linerunning primarily in their own right of way.^[162][163]

Amtrak'sEmpire BuilderbetweenChicagoandSeattlestops twice daily in each direction at the newly renovatedSaint Paul Union Depot.^[164]Ridership on the train increased about 6% from 2005 to over 505,000 in fiscal year 2007.^[165]A Minnesota Department of Transportation study found that increased daily service to Chicago should be economically viable, especially if it originates in Saint Paul and does not experience delays from the rest of the western route of the Empire Builder.^[166]Saint Paul is the site of the Pig's Eye Yard, a major freightclassification yardforCanadian Pacific Railway.^[167]As of 2003, the yard handled over 1,000 freight cars per day.^[167]BothUnion PacificandBurlington Northern Santa Ferun trains through the yard, though they are not classified at Pig's Eye.^[167]Burlington Northern Santa Fe operates the large Northtown Yard in Minneapolis, which handles about 600 cars per day.^[168]There are several other small yards around the city.

Holman Airfieldis across the river from downtown Saint Paul. Lamprey Lake was there until the Army Corps of Engineers filled it with dredgings starting in the early 1920s.Northwest Airlinesbegan initial operations from Holman in 1926. During WWII Northwest had a contract to install upgraded radar systems inB-24s, employing 5,000 at the airfield. After WWII, Holman Airfield competed with theSpeedway Fieldfor the Twin Cities' growing aviation industry and lost out in the end. Today Holman is areliever airportrun by theMetropolitan Airports Commission. It is home to Minnesota's Air National Guard and a flight training school and is tailored tolocal corporateaviation. There are three runways, with theHolman Field Administration BuildingandRiverside Hangaron the National Register of Historic Places.^[169]The original Northwest Airlines building's historical importance was realized only after demolition commenced.

For the most part Saint Paul's aviation needs are served by theMinneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport(MSP), which sits on 2,930 acres (11.9 km²) in theFort Snelling Unorganized Territorybordering the city to the southwest. MSP serves 17 commercial passenger airlines^[170]and is the hub ofDelta Air LinesandSun Country Airlines.^[171]

Saint Paul'ssister citiesare:^[172][173]

• Minneapolis–Saint Paul
• USSSaint Paul, 5 ships (including 2 asMinneapolis-Saint Paul)

• Official website
• Official Tourism site
• Lowertown: The Rise of an Urban Village– Documentary produced byTwin Cities PBS