Formerlypart ofWarwickshireuntil 1451, and again from 1842 to 1974, Coventry had a population of 345,324 at the 2021 census,[1]making it the tenth largest city in England and the 13th largest in the United Kingdom.[10]
Coventry is 19 miles (31 km) east-south-east ofBirmingham, 24 miles (39 km) south-west of Leicester, 10 miles (16 km) north ofWarwickand 94 miles (151 km) north-west ofLondon. Coventry is also the most central city in England, being only 12 miles (19 km) south-west of the country's geographical centre inLeicestershire.[12][13]
Coventry became an important and wealthy city of national importance during theMiddle Ages. Later it became an important industrial centre, becoming home to a largebicycleindustry in the 19th century. In the 20th century, it became a major centre of theBritish motor industry; this made it a target for Germanair raidsduring theSecond World War, and in November 1940, much of the historic city centre was destroyed by alarge air raid.
The city was rebuilt after the war, and the motor industry thrived until the mid-1970s. However, by the late-1970s/early-1980s, Coventry was in an economic crisis, with one of the country's highest levels of unemployment due to major plant closures and the collapse of the respective local supply-chain. In recent years, it has seen regeneration and an increase in population. The city also has three universities:Coventry Universityin the city centre, theUniversity of Warwickon the southern outskirts and the smallerprivateArden Universitywith its headquarters close toCoventry Airport. In addition, Coventry was awardedUK City of Culturefor 2021.[14][15][16]
TheRomansfounded a largeforton the outskirts of what is now Coventry atBaginton, next to theRiver Sowe, it has been excavated and partially reconstructed in modern times and is known as theLunt Fort. The fort was probably constructed around AD 60 in connection with theBoudican revolt, and then inhabited sporadically until around 280 AD.[17]
The origins of the present settlement are obscure, but Coventry probably began as anAnglo-Saxonsettlement. Although there are various theories of the origin of the name, the most widely accepted is that it was derived fromCofa's tree; derived from a Saxon landowner calledCofa, and a tree which might have marked either the centre or the boundary of the settlement.[18]
St Mary's Guildhall, dating from the 14th century; one of the most notable surviving medieval buildings in Coventry
Aroundc. AD 700a Saxon nunnery was founded here bySt Osburga,[19]which was later left in ruins byKing Canute'sinvadingDanisharmy in 1016.[18]Leofric, Earl of Merciaand his wifeLady Godivabuilt on the remains of the nunnery and founded aBenedictinemonasteryin 1043 dedicated to St Mary.[20][21]It was during this time that thelegendof Lady Godiva riding naked on horseback through the streets of Coventry, to protest against unjust taxes levied on the citizens of Coventry by her husband, was alleged to have occurred. Although this story is regarded as a myth by modern historians, it has become an enduring part of Coventry's identity.[22]
A market was established at the abbey gates and the settlement expanded. At the time of theNorman Conquestin 1066, Coventry was probably a modest sized town of around 1,200 inhabitants, and its ownminsterchurch.[18]
Coventry Castlewas amotte and bailey castlein the city. It was built in the early 12th century byRanulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester. Its first known use was duringThe AnarchywhenRobert Marmion, a supporter ofKing Stephen, expelled the monks from the adjacent priory of Saint Mary in 1144, and converted it into a fortress from which he waged a battle against the Earl. Marmion perished in the battle.[23]It was demolished in the late 12th century.[24]St Mary's Guildhallwas built on part of the site. It is assumed the name "Broadgate" comes from the area around the castle gates.
The Bishops ofLichfieldwere often referred to as the Bishops of Coventry and Lichfield, or Lichfield and Coventry (from 1102 to 1541), and in the medieval period Coventry was a major centre of pilgrimage of religion.[25]TheBenedictines,Carthusians,CarmelitesandFranciscansall had religious houses in the city of Coventry. TheCarthusianPriory of St Anne was built between 1381 and 1410 with royal patronage fromKing Richard IIand his queenAnne of Bohemia[26]Coventry has some surviving religious artworks from this time, such as thedoom paintingatHoly Trinity Churchwhich features Christ in judgement, figures of the resurrected, and contrasting images of Heaven and Hell.[27]
By the 13th century, Coventry had become an important centre of the cloth trade, especially blue cloth dyed withwoadand known asCoventry blue. Throughout theMiddle Ages, it was one of the largest and most important cities in England, which at its Medieval height in the early 15th century had a population of up to 10,000, making it the most important city in theMidlands, and possibly the fourth largest in England behindLondon,YorkandBristol.[28]Reflecting its importance, in around 1355, work began on a defensivecity wall, which, when finally finished around 175 years later in 1530, measured 2.25 miles (3.62 km) long, at least 12 feet (3.7 m) high, and up to 9 feet (2.7 m) thick, it had two towers and twelve gatehouses. Coventry's city walls were described as one of the wonders of the late Middle Ages.[29]Today, Swanswell Gate and Cook Street Gate are the only surviving gatehouses and they stand in the city centre framed byLady Herbert's Garden.[30]
Map of Coventry by
John Speed, published around 1610, showing the street layout and the
city walls
Coventry's importance during the Middle Ages was such, that on a two occasions a nationalParliamentwas held there, as well as a number ofGreat Councils.[34]In 1404,King Henry IVsummoned a parliament in Coventry as he needed money to fight rebellion, which wealthy cities such as Coventry lent to him. During theWars of the Roses, the Royal Court was moved to Coventry byMargaret of Anjou, the wife ofHenry VI, as she believed that London had become too unsafe. On several occasions between 1456 and 1459 parliament was held in Coventry, including the so-calledDevil's Parliament.[35]For a while Coventry served as the effective seat of government, but this would come to an end in 1461 whenEdward IVwas installed on the throne.[36][37]
As throughout the Middle Ages Coventry had been home to severalmonasticorders, the city was badly hit byHenry VIII'sdissolution of the monasteries: between 1539 and 1542, monasteries, priories and other properties belonging to theCarmelites,Greyfriars,BenedictinesandCarthusians, were either sold off or dismantled. The greatest loss to the city was of Coventry's first Cathedral,St Mary's Priory and Cathedralwhich was mostly demolished, leaving only ruins, making it the only English Cathedral to be destroyed during the dissolution. Coventry would not have another Cathedral until 1918, when the parishchurch of St Michaelwas elevated to Cathedral status, and it was itself destroyed by enemy bombing in 1940. Coventry therefore has had the misfortune of losing its Cathedral twice in its history.[38]
William Shakespeare, from nearbyStratford-upon-Avon, may have witnessed plays in Coventry during his boyhood or 'teens', and these may have influenced how his plays, such asHamlet, came about.[39]
Swanswell Gate, one of the remaining fragments of Coventry's city walls
During theEnglish Civil WarCoventry became a bastion of theParliamentarians: In August 1642, aRoyalistforce led byKing Charles Iattacked Coventry. After a two-day battle, however, the attackers were unable to breach the city walls, and the city's garrison and townspeople successfully repelled the attack, forcing the King's forces to withdraw. During theSecond Civil Warmany Scottish Royalist prisoners were held in Coventry; it is thought likely that the idiom "sent to Coventry", meaning toostracisesomeone, derived from this period, owing to the often hostile attitude displayed towards the prisoners by the city folk.[40]
Following therestoration of the monarchy, as punishment for the support given to the Parliamentarians,King Charles IIordered that the city's walls beslighted(damaged and made useless as defences) which was carried out in 1662.[41]
A
DaimlerGrafton Phaeton; one of the earliest cars to be built in Coventry in 1897.
In the 18th and early 19th centuries,ribbonweavingandwatchandclockmaking became Coventry's staple industries. In the 1780s, the ribbon weaving industry was estimated to employ around 10,000 weavers in Coventry, and its surrounding towns likeBedworthandNuneaton. Coventry's growth was aided by the opening of theCoventry Canalin 1769, which gave the city a connection to the growing national canal network. Nevertheless, during the 18th century, Coventry lost its status as the Midlands' most important city to nearbyBirmingham, which overtook Coventry in size.[42]During the same period, Coventry became one of the three main British centres ofwatchandclockmanufacture and ranked alongsidePrescot, inLancashireandClerkenwellin London.[43][44]By the 1850s, Coventry had overshadowed its rivals to become the main centre of British watch and clock manufacture, which by that time employed around 2,000 people. The watch and clock industry produced a pool of highly skilled craftsmen, who specialised in producing precision components.[45]
The ribbon weaving and clock industries however both rapidly collapsed after 1860, due to cheap imports following theCobden–Chevalier free trade treaty, which flooded the market with cheaperFrenchsilks, andSwiss Madeclocks and watches. For a while, this caused a devastating slump in Coventry's economy.[46]
A second wave of industrialisation, however, began soon after. Coventry's pool of highly skilled workers attractedJames Starley, who set up a company producingsewing machinesin Coventry in 1861. Within a decade, he became interested inbicycles, and developed thepenny-farthingdesign in 1870. His company soon began producing these bicycles, and Coventry soon became the centre of the British bicycle industry. Further innovation came from Starley's nephew,John Kemp Starley, who developed theRoversafety bicycle, the first true modern bicycle with two equal-sized wheels and a chain drive in 1885.[47]By the 1890s Coventry had the largest bicycle industry in the world, with numerous manufacturers, however bicycle manufacture went into steady decline from then on, and ended entirely in 1959, when the last bicycle manufacturer in the city relocated.[48]
By the late-1890s, bicycle manufacture began to evolve intomotormanufacture. The firstmotor carwas made in Coventry in 1897, by theDaimler Company. Before long Coventry became established as one of the major centres of theBritish motor industry.[47]In the early-to-mid 20th century, a number of famous names in the British motor industry became established in Coventry, includingAlvis,Armstrong Siddeley,Daimler,Humber,Jaguar,Riley,Rootes,Rover,Singer,Standard,SwiftandTriumph.[49]For most of the early-20th century, Coventry's economy boomed; in the 1930s, a decade otherwise known for itseconomic slump, Coventry was noted for its affluence. In 1937 Coventry topped a national purchasing power index, designed to calculate the purchasing power of the public.[50]
Many Coventry factories switched production to military vehicles, armaments and ammunitions during theGreat War.Approximately 35,000 men from Coventry and Warwickshire served during theFirst World War,[51]so most of the skilled factory workers were women drafted from all over the country.[52]Due to the importance of war production in Coventry it was a target for Germanzeppelinattacks and defensive anti-aircraft guns were established at Keresley and Wyken Grange to protect the city.[53]
In June 1921, theWar Memorial Parkwas opened on the formerStyvechaleCommon[54]to commemorate the 2587 soldiers[55]from the city who lost their lives in the war. The War Memorial was designed byThomas Francis Ticknerand is a Grade II* building.[56]It was unveiled byEarl Haigin 1927, with a room called the Chamber of Silence inside the monument holding the roll of honour.[57]Soldiers who lost their lives in recent conflicts have been added to the roll of honour over the years.[58]
With many of the city's older properties becoming increasingly unfit for habitation, the firstcouncil houseswere let to their tenants in 1917. With Coventry's industrial base continuing to soar after the end of theGreat Warin 1918, numerous private and council housing developments took place across the city in the 1920s and 1930s to provide housing for the large influx of workers who came to work in the city's booming factories. The areas which were expanded or created in this development includedRadford,Coundon,Canley,CheylesmoreandStoke Heath.[59]
Coventry city centre being redeveloped in 1936 during modernisation
As the population grew, the city boundaries underwent several expansions, in 1890, 1928, 1931 and 1965.[60]
The development of a southern by-pass around the city, starting in the 1930s and being completed in 1940, helped deliver more urban areas to the city on previously rural land. In the 1910s plans were created to redevelop Coventry's narrow streets and by the 1930s the plans were put into action with Coventry's medieval street of Butcher Row being demolished.[61]even before the war, the plans had been put in place to destroy the medieval character of Coventry.[62]
Coventry city centre after the massive air raid of 14/15 November 1940
Coventry suffered severe bomb damage during theSecond World War. The most severe was a massiveLuftwaffeair raidthat the Germans called Operation Moonlight Sonata. The raid, which involved more than 500 aircraft, started at 7pm on 14 November 1940 and carried on for 11 hours into the morning of 15 November. The raid led to severe damage to large areas of the city centre and toCoventry's historic cathedral, leaving only a shell and the spire. More than 4,000 houses were damaged or destroyed, along with around three quarters of the city's industrial plants. Between 380 and 554 people were killed, with thousands injured and homeless.[63]
Aside from London,HullandPlymouth, Coventry suffered more damage than any other British city during the Luftwaffe attacks, with huge firestorms devastating most of the city centre. The city was probably targeted owing to its high concentration of armaments, munitions, aircraft and aero-engine plants which contributed greatly to the British war effort, although there have been claims thatHitlerlaunched the attack as revenge for the bombing ofMunichby theRAFsix days before the Coventry Blitz and chose the Midlands city because its medieval heart was regarded as one of the finest in Britain.[64]Following the raids, the majority of Coventry's historic buildings were demolished by a council who saw no need of them in a modern city, although some of them could have been repaired and some of those demolished were unaffected by the bombing.
In the post-war years Coventry was largely rebuilt under the general direction of theGibson Plan, gaining a new pedestrianised shopping precinct (the first of its kind in Europe on such a scale) and in 1962 SirBasil Spence's much-celebrated newSt Michael's Cathedral(incorporating one of the world's largest tapestries) was consecrated. Its prefabricated steel spire (flèche) was lowered into place by helicopter.[65]
Further housing developments in the private and public sector took place after the Second World War, partly to accommodate the growing population of the city and also to replace condemned and bomb damaged properties. Several new suburbs were constructed in the post-war period, includingTile Hill,Wood End, andStoke Aldermoor.[65]
Market Way, 1964
Coventry precinct with spire of ruined cathedral in the background, part of the post-war redevelopment of the city centre
Coventry's motor industry boomed during the 1950s and 1960s and Coventry enjoyed a 'golden age'. In 1960 over 81,000 people were employed in the production of motor vehicles, tractors and aircraft in Coventry.[49]During this period the disposable income of Coventrians was amongst the highest in the country and both the sports and the arts benefited. A new sports centre, with one of the few Olympic standard swimming pools in the UK, was constructed andCoventry City Football Clubreached the First Division of English Football. TheBelgrade Theatrewas also constructed along with theHerbert Art Gallery. Coventry's pedestrianised Precinct shopping area came into its own and was considered one of the finest retail experiences outside London. In 1965 the newUniversity of Warwickcampus was opened to students, and rapidly became one of the country's leading higher-education institutions.[65]
Coventry's large industrial base made it attractive to the wave ofAsianandCaribbeanimmigrants who arrived fromCommonwealthcolonies after 1948. In 1950, one of Britain's firstmosques—and the very first in Coventry—was opened on Eagle Street to serve the city's growing Pakistani community.[66]
The 1970s, however, saw a decline in the British motor industry and Coventry suffered particularly badly, especially towards the end of that decade. By the 1970s, most of Coventry's motor companies had been absorbed and rationalised into larger companies, such asBritish LeylandandChryslerwhich subsequently collapsed. Theearly 1980s recessiondealt Coventry a particularly severe blow: By 1981, Coventry was in an economic crisis, with one in six of its residents unemployed. By 1982, the number of British Leyland employees in the city had fallen from 27,000 at its height, to just 8,000. Other Coventry industrial giants such as the tool manufacturerAlfred Herbertalso collapsed during this time.[65]
Some motor manufacturing continued into the early 21st century: The research and design headquarters ofJaguar Carsis in the city at theirWhitley plantand although vehicle assembly ceased at theBrowns Lane plantin 2004, Jaguar's head office returned to the city in 2011, and is also sited in Whitley. Jaguar is owned by the Indian company,Tata Motors. The closure of thePeugeotfactory atRyton-on-Dunsmorein 2006, ended volume car manufacture in Coventry.[65]By 2008, only one motor manufacturing plant was operational, that of LTI Ltd, producing the popularTX4taxi cabs. On 17 March 2010 LTI announced they would no longer be producing bodies and chassis in Coventry, instead producing them inChinaand shipping them in for final assembly in Coventry.[69]
Since the 1980s, Coventry has recovered, with its economy diversifying into services, with engineering ceasing to be a mass employer, what remains of manufacturing in the city is driven by smaller more specialist firms. By the 2010s the biggest drivers of Coventry's economy had become its two large universities; theUniversity of WarwickandCoventry University, which between them, had 60,000 students, and a combined annual budget of around £1 billion.[65]
In 2021 Coventry became theUK City of Culture. A range of artistic and local history events and projects took place over the next year, including "Coventrypedia" and the creation of theCoventry Atlaslocal history map.
As with the rest of theBritish Islesand the Midlands, Coventry experiences amaritime climatewith cool summers and mild winters. The nearest Met Office weather station is Coundon/Coventry Bablake. Temperature extremes recorded in Coventry range from −18.2 °C (−0.8 °F) in February 1947, to 38.9 °C (102.0 °F) in July 2022.[70]The lowest temperature reading of recent years was −10.8 °C (12.6 °F) during December 2010.[71][72]
Climate data for Coventry (Coundon),[a]elevation: 122 m (400 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1892–present
The spire of the ruined cathedral forms one of the"three spires"which have dominated the city skyline since the 14th century, the others being those ofChrist Church(of which only the spire survives) andHoly Trinity Church(which is still in use).
The ruins of the old cathedral
St Michael's Cathedralis Coventry's best-known landmark and visitor attraction. The 14th century church was largely destroyed by German bombing during theSecond World War, leaving only the outer walls and spire. At 300 feet (91 metres) high, the spire of St Michael's is claimed to be the third tallest cathedral spire in England, afterSalisburyandNorwich.[78]Due to the architectural design (in 1940 the tower had no internal wooden floors and a stone vault below the belfry) it survived the destruction of the rest of the cathedral.
Coventry Cathedral is also notable for being one of the newestcathedralsin the world, having been built following the Second World War bombing of the ancient cathedral by the Luftwaffe. Coventry has since developed an international reputation as one of Europe's major cities of peace and reconciliation,[81]centred on its cathedral, and holds an annual Peace Month.[82]John Lennon and Yoko Ono planted two acorns outside the cathedral in June 1968 to thank the city for making friends with others.[83]
Coventry also has a Baptist church namedQueens Road Baptist Church, which was first established in 1723 and moved to its current building in 1884.
TheHerbert Art Gallery and Museumis one of the largest cultural institutions in Coventry. Another visitor attraction in the city centre isCoventry Transport Museum, which has the largest public collection of British-made road vehicles in the world.[84]The most notable exhibits are the world speed record-breaking cars,Thrust2andThrustSSC[85]The museum received a refurbishment in 2004 which included the creation of a new entrance as part of the city's Phoenix Initiative project. It was a finalist for the 2005Gulbenkian Prize.
Coventry Transport Museum.
Historic Coventry Trust (previously known as The Charterhouse Coventry Preservation Trust) was founded in 2011. The Trust is a social enterprise aiming to regenerate Coventry's historic buildings and landscapes. Their sites across Coventry include theCharterhouse, the two surviving City Gates,Drapers' Hall,London Road Cemetery:Paxton'sArboretum and Priory Row.[86]
The £5 millionFargo Villagecreative quarter shopping precinct was open in 2014 on Far Gosford Street with a mixture of retail units.
About four miles (6.4 kilometres) from the city centre and just outside Coventry inBagintonis theLunt Fort, a reconstructedRomanfort on its original site. TheMidland Air Museumis situated just within the perimeter of Coventry on land adjacent toCoventry Airportand nearBaginton.
Coventry was one of the main centres of watchmaking during the 18th and 19th centuries and as the industry declined, the skilled workers were key to setting up the cycle trade. A group of local enthusiasts founded the Coventry Watch Museum inSpon Street.[43]
Exhibits in Coventry Police Museum
The city's mainpolice stationin Little Park Street also hosts a museum of Coventry's police force. The museum, based underground, is split into two sections—one representing the history of the city's police force, and the other compiling some of the more unusual, interesting and grisly cases from the force's history. The museum is funded from charity donations—viewings can be made by appointment.
Coventry City Farmwas a small farm in an urban setting. It was mainly to educate city children who might not get out to the countryside very often. The farm closed in 2008 due to funding problems.[87]
Asian (Indian, Bangladeshi, Chinese, Pakistani, Other)
63,915
Black (African, Caribbean, Other)
30,723
Mixed (White & Asian, White & Black African, White & Black Caribbean, Other)
11,731
Other
12,706
Coventry has an ethnic minority population which represented 34.5% of the population at the 2021 census.[1]The ethnic minority population is concentrated in theFoleshilland theSt Michael'swards.[5]Islamis the largest non-Christian religion, but the composition of the ethnic minority population is not typical of the UK with significant numbers of otherSouth Asians. BothSikhandHindureligions are represented significantly higher than in the rest of the West Midlands in general.[88]
Coventry has a large student population (approximately 15,000 are non-UK[89]) who are in the UK for 12 months or longer that are included in these figures.
According to the 2021 Census, 43.9% (151,577) of residents identified themselves as Christian makingChristianitythe largest followed religion in the city.Islamwas the second most followed religion with 10.4% (35,800) of residents identifying with the religion. 5.0% (17,297) of Coventry's population wereSikh, disproportionately larger than the national average in England of 0.8%.Hindusmade up 4.0% (13,724) of the resident population followed byBuddhistsat 0.4% (1,257) andJewsat 0.1% (259) respectively. The adherents of other religions made up 0.6% (1,908) of the city's population.
Almost a third of Coventry residents, 29.6% (102,338), identified themselves as havingno religionand 6.1% did not declare any religion.[1]
Up until 1997, Coventry was represented by four Members of Parliament, whereupon the Coventry South West and Coventry South East constituencies were merged to form Coventry South.
On Thursday, 19 May 2016, Councillor Lindsley Harvard was inaugurated Lord Mayor of Coventry for 2016–17 as Coventry's 65th Lord Mayor. Councillor Lindsley Harvard has been a Labour Councillor serving on the council for fourteen years, for Earlsdon Ward (1996–2000) and for Longford Ward since 2006.[100]On Thursday, 19 May 2016, Councillor Tony Skipper was inaugurated as the Deputy Lord Mayor of Coventry for 2016–17. He has been a Labour councillor since 1995; representing Earlsdon Ward between 1995 and 2001, and then Radford Ward since 2001.[101]
Coventry andStalingrad(nowVolgograd) were the world's first'twin' citieswhen they established a twinning relationship during the Second World War.[104][105]The relationship developed through ordinary people in Coventry who wanted to show their support for the SovietRed Armyduring theBattle of Stalingrad.[106]The city was also subsequently twinned withDresden, as a gesture of peace and reconciliation following the Second World War. Each twin city country is represented in a specific ward of the city and in each ward has a peace garden dedicated to that twin city. Coventry is now twinned with 26 places across the world:[107][108]On 22 March 2022, Coventry City Council voted unanimously to suspend the twinning arrangement withVolgogradin light of the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[109]
On 7 December 2017 it was announced that the city would be the 2021UK City of Culture, being the third such place to hold the title afterDerryin 2013 andHullin 2017.[113]
The African American actorIra Aldridgemanaged Coventry Theatre after impressing the people of the city with his acting during a tour in 1828. He was born in New York in 1807, but moved to England when he was18, and is considered the UK's first black Shakespearean performer.[114]
The poetPhilip Larkinwas born and brought up in Coventry,[115]where his father was the City Treasurer.
During the early 19th century, Coventry was well known due to authorGeorge Eliotwho was born nearNuneaton, Warwickshire. The city was the model for her famous novelMiddlemarch(1871).
TheCoventry Carolis named after the city of Coventry. It was a carol performed in the playThe Pageant of the Shearman and Tailors, written in the 15th century as one of theCoventry Cycle Mystery Plays. These plays depicted the nativity story, the lyrics of the Coventry Carol referring to theAnnunciationto theMassacre of the Innocents, which was the basis of the Pageant of the Shearmen and Tailors. These plays were traditionally performed on the steps of the (old) cathedral. TheBelgrade Theatrebrought back the Coventry Mystery Plays in 2000 to mark the city's millennium celebrations: the theatre now produces the Mystery Plays every three years.
TheBelgrade Theatrewas Britain's first purpose-built civic theatre, opened in 1958. In 1965 the world's firstTheatre-in-Education(TiE) company was formed to develop theatre as a way of inspiring learning in schools. The TiE movement spread worldwide, the theatre still offers a number of programmes for young people across Coventry and has been widely recognised as a leader in the field. It was reopened in 2007 following a period of refurbishment.[116]
The playwright Alan Pollock[117]was brought up in Coventry. Other playwrights associated with the city include Nick Walker and Chris O'Connell – founder of the city's Theatre Absolute.
Brian Saunders lived in Coventry and was featured, along with his partner Andrew Stuart Sutton and Pete and Les Cardy, in the series A Place In Greece in 2004 and 2005.
During the late-1970s and early 1980s, Coventry was the centre of theTwo Tonemusical phenomenon, with bands such asThe SpecialsandThe Selectercoming from the city. The Specials achieved two UK number 1 hit singles between 1979 and 1981, namely "Too Much Too Young" and "Ghost Town".
Coventry has a range of music events including an international jazz programme, the Coventry Jazz Festival, and theGodiva Festival. On the Saturday of the Godiva Festival, a carnival parade starts in the city centre and makes its way toWar Memorial Parkwhere the festival is held. Coventry's music is celebrated at TheCoventry Music Museum, part of the 2-Tone Village complex.
Godiva Festival, a major event on the Coventry arts and culture calendar
In the filmThe Italian Job, the famous scene ofMini Coopersbeing driven at speed throughTurin's sewers was actually filmed in Coventry, using what were then the country's biggest sewer pipes, that were accessible because they were being installed. More recently various locations in Coventry have been used in theBAFTAnominated filmThe BouncerstarringRay Winstone,All in the Game, also starring Ray Winstone (Ricoh Arena), the medical TV seriesAngels(Walsgrave Hospital), the BBC sitcomKeeping Up Appearances(Stoke Aldermoor and Binley Woods districts) and in August 2006 scenes from "The Shakespeare Code", an episode of the third series ofDoctor Who, were filmed in the grounds ofFord's Hospital. The 2013 ITV comedy-dramaLove and Marriagewas also set in the city. Coventry is home to three major feature films theNativity! franchise which are all shot and set in the city.[118]These Christmas films have all reached top box office spots on their release in UK cinemas. Their writer and director theBaftaaward-winningDebbie Isittis resident in the city.
The Coventry Flag,[121]designed by Simon Wyatt,[122]was adopted through a popular vote on 7 December 2018. The Coventry Flag represents the unique identity of the Warwickshire city and its residents. It emerged as the winner in a competition organised byBBC Coventry & Warwickshire[122]and proudly flew during Coventry's tenure as the UK City of Culture in 2021. The design features Lady Godiva, a local heroine, depicted in black on a white pale, symbolising Coventry's history, principles, and its reputation as a city of peace. Sky blue panels on either side of Lady Godiva represent "Coventry Blue," reminiscent of the historic local textile industry and Coventry City Football Club, known as the "Sky Blues."
Warwick Arts Centre in Warwick University Campus in the 1990s
There are several theatre, art and music venues in Coventry attracting popular sporting events and singing musicians. Along with this, the city has several retail parks located out of the city centre and its own shopping mall in the heart of the city:
FarGo Village, a creative quarter with various independent businesses.
Albany Theatre: is the city's main community theatre. It is housed at what used to be the Butts Centre ofCity College Coventry. Known as the Butts or College Theatre, it closed in 2009 with the sale of the college to private developers. The theatre re-opened in 2013 as the Albany Theatre, as part of the Premier Inn hotel on the site of the former Butts Technical College and is run as a charitable trust with support from the council.
Broadgate Square in Coventry
Belgrade Theatre: one of the largest producing theatres in Britain, the 858-seat Belgrade was the first civic theatre to be opened in the UK following the Second World War. The theatre underwent a huge redevelopment and reopened in September 2007; in addition to refurbishing the existing theatre, the redevelopment included a new 250-seat studio auditorium known as B2, a variety of rehearsal spaces and an exhibition space that traces the history of theatre in Coventry. It is surrounded byBelgrade Plaza.
War Memorial Park
Coventry Building Society Arena: located 4 miles (6.4 kilometres) north of the city centre, the 32,600 capacity sports stadium which is home to the city's only professional football teamCoventry City, who play in the second tier of English football, and is also used to hold major rock concerts for some of the world's biggest acts, includingOasis,Bon Jovi,Coldplay,Lady Gaga,Rod Stewart,Kings of Leonand theRed Hot Chili Peppers. It was also one of the venues chosen for the footballing events at the2012 Olympic Games. The adjacent Jaguar Exhibition Hall is a 6,000-seat events venue for hosting a multitude of other acts.
SkyDome Arena, which is a 3,000 capacity sports auditorium, and has played host to artists such as Girls Aloud, Paul Oakenfold and Judge Jules. It is the home ground forCoventry Blazeice hockey club, and has also hosted professional wrestling events from WWE, TNA and Pro Wrestling Noah
War Memorial Park—known by locals simply as the Memorial Park—which holds various festivals including theGodiva Festivaland the Coventry Caribbean Festival, every year. It also host the weeklyParkrunevent.
Coombe Country Park, although outside the city boundary, Coventry City Council's only country park. It surrounds the formerCoombe Abbeywhich now operates as a hotel.
The Wave– anindoor water parkand spa, owned and operated by Coventry City Council, was opened in 2019.
Herbert Art Gallery and Museum– a museum, art gallery, records archive, learning centre, media studio and creative arts facility on Jordan Well, Coventry.
On the sporting scene,Coventry Rugby Football Clubwas consistently among the nation's leading rugby football sides from the early 20th century, peaking in the 1970s and 1980s.Association football, on the other hand, was scarcely a claim to fame until 1967, whenCoventry City F.C.finally won promotion to the top flight ofEnglish footballas champions of theFootball League Second Division.[123]They would stay among the elite for the next 34 years, reaching their pinnacle withFA Cupgloryin 1987—the first and to date only major trophy in the club's history.[124]Their long stay in the top flight of English football ended in relegation in 2001,[125]and in 2012 they were relegated again to the third tier of English football.Highfield Road, to the east of the city centre, was Coventry City's home for 106 years from 1899. They finally departed from the stadium in 2005 on their relocation to the 32,600-seatRicoh Arenasome three miles (4.8 kilometres) to the north of the city centre, in the Rowleys Green district.[126]Since 2000, the city has also been home to one of the most successfulice hockeyteams in the country, theCoventry Blazewho are four timeElite Leaguechampions, and play their home games at theSkyDome Arena.
Coventry City F.C., formed in 1883 as "Singers F.C.". Nicknamed theSky Blues, the club competes in theEFL Championship(second tier of English football), but spent 34 years from 1967 to 2001 in the top tier of English football, winning theFA Cupin 1987. They were founder members of thePremier Leaguein 1992. In 2005, Coventry City moved to the 32,600 capacityRicoh Arenawhich opened in the Rowleys Green district of the city. The 2013–14 season saw the football club begin a ground share withNorthampton Town F.C.atSixfields Stadium,Northampton, which lasted until their return to the Ricoh Arena in September 2014. The 2019–20 season saw the Sky Blues once again playing their home fixtures out of Coventry, atBirmingham City'sSt Andrew's Stadium. This arrangement continued until August 2021, when Coventry moved back to the newly renamed Coventry Building Society Arena.
Coventry United L.F.C. play at the Butts Park Arena and were originally Coventry City Ladies before the Sky Blues discontinued their women's team, at which point they affiliated with Coventry United, and rose through the divisions to their current position in the second-tier of the women's game.
BothCoventry Universityand theUniversity of Warwickcompete in theBritish Universities and Colleges Sport(BUCS) football competitions. For the 2014–15 season, the Coventry University men's 1st team compete in BUCS Midlands 1a, while the University of Warwick men's 1st team competes in BUCS Midlands 2a. Both institutions' women's 1st teams both play in BUCS Midlands 2a.
At the beginning of the 2014–15 season, there were 14 clubs based in Coventry, playing at various levels of theEnglish rugby union system. However, on 21 December 2014, this rose to 15, whenAviva PremiershipclubWasps RFCplayed their first home game at theRicoh Arena, completing their relocation to the city. This followed Wasps' purchase of Arena Coventry Limited (the company which runs theRicoh Arena). The club announced that they will build a new 'state of the art' training complex in the area by 2016.[127]
Wasps' stay in the City ended in 2022 after the club collapsed into administration and were forced to relinquish their ownership of the arena.[128]As it stands, Wasps currently have no plans to play in Coventry again.
There are a further 12 clubs playing in theMidland divisionsof the English Rugby Union system. In 2015, they included Barkers Butts RFC, Dunlop RFC, Earlsdon RFC, Pinley, Old Coventrians, Coventrians, Coventry Welsh, Stoke Old Boys RFC, Copsewood RFC, Keresley RFC,Old Wheatleyans RFCand Trinity Guild RFC.
Midlands Hurricanesare the majorrugby leagueteam in the city. Originally known as Coventry Bears, the Hurricanes compete in theBetfred League 1, as a semi-professional team in the third tier of the game. They play their home matches at theButts Park Arena.
In 2002, the club won theRugby League Conference, and took the step up to the national leagues. In 2004, they won the National Division 3 title and have appeared in theChallenge Cup. In 2015 the Bears entered their reserve team into theConference League Southleague, a level below the first team under the nameCoventry Bears Reservesplaying home games at the Xcel Leisure Centre.
Coventry Speedway was based atBrandon Stadium(also known asCoventry Stadium). The stadium is located just outside the city in the village ofBrandon,Warwickshire(6 miles (9.7 kilometres) to the east of the city). The stadium operated both sides of the Second World War. Before the Second World Warspeedwayalso operated for a short time atFoleshill Stadium, off Lythalls Lane in the city. Between 1998 and 2000, Coventry Stadium hosted theSpeedway Grand Prix of Great Britain.
TheCoventry Beesstarted in 1948 and have operated continuously until the end of the 2018 season. They started out in the National League Division Three before moving up to the Second Division and, later to the top flight. The Bees were crowned League Champions on nine occasions (1953, 1968, 1978, 1979, 1987, 1988, 2005, 2007 and 2010).
In 2007, the Bees won the domestic speedway treble of Elite League, Knock-out Cup and Craven Shield, while Chris Harris won both theSpeedway Grand Prix of Great Britainand the British Championship. The Bees retained the Craven Shield in 2008, and Chris Harris added further British Championship victories in both 2009 and 2010. The Elite League Championship Trophy returned to Brandon in 2010 when the Bees convincingly beatPoole Piratesin the play-off finals.[129]
In 2017, the stadium became unavailable for motorsports, with new owners Brandon Estates pursuing planning permission for housing – thus, neither Coventry team was able to compete in the leagues, although a number of challenge matches were undertaken on opposition teams' tracks.
For 2018, Coventry Bees were entered into the National League, the third tier of British Speedway, riding their home meetings at the Paul Chapman and Sons Arena, Beaumont Park, Leicester – the home of Leicester Lions. The team has not operated since then.
TheCoventry Blazeare one of the founding teams of theElite Ice Hockey League. They compete in theErhardt Conferenceand play their matches at theSkyDome Arena. In 2002–2003, they won theBritish National Leagueand Playoffs. They have won the Elite League Championship four times (2005, 2007, 2008 and 2010). The team has twice won theBritish Challenge Cup, in 2005 & 2007. The2004–05 EIHL seasonsaw the club win the Grandslam (namely the Championship, the Challenge Cup and the Playoffs). To date, they remain the only team since the formation of the Elite League to achieve this feat. Coventry Blaze celebrated their 10th anniversary season in 2009–10 by winning the Elite League.[130]The club also run a successful academy system, developing the young players of Coventry, Warwickshire and beyond. Scorch the dragon is the official Blaze mascot. TheNIHL Coventry Blaze, an offshoot of the senior team and official affiliate of the Blaze, currently compete in theNational Ice Hockey League.
TheCoventry Phoenixis the city's only women's team; currently competing in Division One (North) of theBritish Women's Leagues. There are also several recreationalice hockeyteams (male and female) that play in the city.
The Coventry and Warwick Panthers are members of theBritish Universities Ice Hockey Association. The 'A' team compete in "Checking 1 South", 'B' in "Non-Checking 1 South" and 'C' in "Non-Checking 2 South".
Coventry StadiumheldBriSCA Formula 1 Stock Carsfrom 1954 until 2016, the longest serving track in the UK to race continuously.[131]The first meeting was held on 30 June 1954, the first heat being won by Percy 'Hellcat' Brine, he also won the meeting Final. Up to the end of 2013, the stadium had held 483 BriSCA F1 meetings.[132]It held theBriSCA Formula 1 Stock Cars World Championshipmany times since 1960. As with speedway, Stock Car racing ceased in 2017 because of the unavailability of the stadium.
TheCoventry Godiva Harriers, established in 1879, are the leadingathleticsclub in the area. The club has numerous athletes competing for championships both nationally and internationally. Notable members[133](past and present) include:
Afield hockeyclub in the city is Coventry & North Warwickshire Hockey Club, which was established in 1895. Based at the Coventry University Sports Ground, the club runs four men's and two ladies' sides, as well as a junior section.
The men's first XI currently compete in Midlands Division 1 of theMidland Regional Hockey Association(MHRA), while the ladies' first XI compete in Warwickshire Women's Hockey League Division 1.
Other teams in the city include:
Sikh Union: Men's 1st XI – (MHRA West Midlands Premier)
Berkswell & Balsall Common Men's 1st XI – (MHRA East Midlands 1); Women's 1st XI – (Warwickshire Women's Hockey League Division 2)
Laura Davies in 2009.
TheUniversity of Warwickfield men's teams both in the MHRA and theBritish Universities and Colleges Sport(BUCS) hockey competitions. They compete in MHRA Midlands 2 and in BUCS Midlands 2b. The women's first XI compete in BUCS Midlands 3a.Coventry Universitymen's first XI play in BUCS Midlands 3b, while the women's first XI compete in BUCS Midlands 2a.
Dame Laura DaviesDBEwas born in Coventry and is among the most successful female golfers from Britain. She has had 87 tournament victories, including major wins at the Belgium Open in 1985, theLadies British Openin 1986, and theUS Women's Openin 1987.[134]From the early 90s she played in 12 consecutiveSolheim Cupsin the US.[134]Laura has won numerous accolades during her career and was inducted into theWorld Golf Hall of Famein 2015.[135]
In 2005, Coventry became the first city in the UK to host theInternational Children's Gamesand three of the city sports teams won significant honours.[136]The Blaze won the treble consisting ofElite League, playoff andChallenge Cup; the Jets won theBAFLDivision 2 championship and were undefeated all season; and the Bees won the Elite League playoffs.
Coventry's skyline (view from the footbridge over the railway by Central 6 shopping centre). The three spires are:
Holy Trinity(left), remaining spire of the ruined (bombed)
cathedraland the remaining spire of the ruined Christ Church (right).
Historically, Coventry was the most important seat of ribbon-making in the UK. In this industry it competed locally withNorwichandLeicesterand internationally withSaint-Étiennein France.
Although the motor industry has declined almost to the point of extinction, theJaguarcompany has retained its corporate headquarters in the city (at Whitley) and an Advanced R&D team at the University of Warwick, whilePeugeotstill have a large parts centre in Humber Road despite the closure of itsRyton factory(formerly owned by theRootes Group) just outside the city in December 2006 with the loss of more than 2,000 jobs – denting the economy of Coventry shortly before the onset of arecessionwhich sparked further economic decline and high unemployment.
A 1972
Hillman Avenger, produced in Coventry by Chrysler Competitions Department
TheStandard Motor Companyopened a car factory atCanleyin the south of the city in 1918, occupying a former munitions factory. This site was later expanded and produced Triumph cars after the Standard brand was phased out byBMCduring the 1960s. In August 1980, however, it was closed down as part ofBritish Leyland'srationalisation process, although the Triumph brand survived for another four years on cars produced at other British Leyland factories. The closure of the Triumph car factory was perhaps the largest blow to Coventry's economy during the early 1980s economic decline.
The famous Londonblack cab taxisare produced by Coventry-basedLEVC(formerlyLTI); until its 2017 relocation from the historic Holyhead Road factory to a new plant atAnsty Parka few miles outside the city, these were the only remaining motor vehicles wholly built in Coventry.
The manufacture ofmachine toolswas once a major industry in Coventry.Alfred Herbert Ltdbecame one of the largest machine tool companies in the world. In later years the company faced competition from foreign machine tool builders and ceased trading in 1983. Other Coventry machine tool manufacturers included A.C. Wickman, and Webster & Bennett. The last Coventry machine tool manufacturer wasMatrix Churchillwhich was forced to close in the wake of theIraqi Supergun (Project Babylon)scandal.
Coventry's main industries include: cars, electronic equipment, machine tools, agricultural machinery, man-made fibres, aerospace components and telecommunications equipment. In recent years, the city has moved away from manufacturing industries towards business services, finance, research, design and development and creative industries.
The "Whittle Arch" outside the Transport Museum, named after Sir
Frank Whittle
Millennium Square by night, showing the Time Zone Clock designed by Francoise Schein with the Whittle Arch soaring above
Major improvements continue to regenerate the city centre. The Phoenix Initiative, which was designed byMJP Architects, reached the final shortlist for the 2004RIBA Stirling Prizeand has now won a total of 16 separate awards. It was published in the book 'Phoenix : Architecture/Art/Regeneration' in 2004.[137]Further major developments are potentially afoot, particularly the Swanswell Project, which is intended to deepen Swanswell Pool and link it toCoventry Canal Basin, coupled with the creation of an urban marina and a wide Parisian-style boulevard. A possible second phase of the Phoenix Initiative is also in the offing, although both of these plans are still on the drawing-board. On 16 December 2007,IKEA's first city centre store in the UK was opened, in Coventry.[138][139]
On 4 February 2020, it was announced thatIKEA's Coventry city centre store was to close the same year due to changing shopping habits and consistent losses at the store.[140]
TheRiver Sherbourneruns under Coventry's city centre; the river was paved over during the rebuilding after the Second World War and is not commonly known. When the new rebuild of Coventry city centre takes place from 2017 onwards, it is planned that river will be re-opened, and a river walk way will be placed alongside it in parts of the city centre.[141]In April 2012, the pedestrianisation of Broadgate was completed.[142]
Electricity was first supplied to Coventry in 1895 fromCoventry power stationoff Sandy Lane adjacent to the canal (now Electric Wharf). A larger 130 MW power station was built at Longford in 1928, this operated until 1976, and was subsequently demolished.[145]
Many areas of Coventry have kerb-side plastic, metal (tins and cans), andpaper recycling. Garden-green rubbish is collected and composted.
Waste materials can be taken to the recycling depot, which is adjacent to the incineration unit.
There are recycling points throughout the city for paper,glass recyclingand metal / tin can recycling.
In October 2006, Coventry City Council signed theNottingham Declaration, joining 130 other UK councils in committing to reduce thegreenhouse gas emissionsof the council and to help the local community do the same.
Coventry is near theM1,M6,M40,M45andM69 motorways. The M45, which is situated a few miles to the south-east of the city, was opened in 1959 as a spur to the original section of theM1 motorway, which linkedLondonwith the Midlands. This was, in effect, the first motorway to serve Coventry, as the section of the M6 north of the city did not open until 1971 and the M69 between Coventry andLeicesteropened five years later. The M40, which is connected to the city via theA46, is 12 miles (19 kilometres) south of the city centre, south ofWarwickand gives the city's residents an alternative dual carriageway and motorway route to London.
It is served by theA45andA46dual carriageways. The A45 originally passed through the centre of the city, but was re-routed in the 1930s on the completion of the Coventry Southern Bypass, with westbound traffic heading in the direction ofBirminghamand eastbound traffic in the direction ofNorthampton. The A46 was re-routed to the east of the city in 1989 on completion of the Coventry Eastern Bypass, which directly leads to the M6/M69 interchange. To the south, it gives a direct link to the M40, making use of the existing Warwick andKenilworthbypasses.
Coventry Ring Road.
Coventry has adual-carriagewayRing Road (officially road number A4053) that is 2.25 miles long.[148]It loops around the city centre and roughly follows the lines of the old city walls.[149]The Ring Road began construction in the late 1950s, the first stretch was opened in 1962,[148]and it was finally completed in 1974. Ring Road junctions have all been numbered since the 1980s.[150]The road has a reputation for being difficult to navigate. A single street of Victorian terraces, Starley Road, remains inside the ring road after a campaign by residents prevented its demolition in the 1980s.[151]
Phoenix Way, a dual-carriageway running north–south completed in 1995, links the city centre with theM6motorway.
Avanti West Coastoperate fast inter-city services to London, other cities in the West Midlands, north-west England (Preston,Carlisle) and Scotland (GlasgowandEdinburgh).CrossCountryprovide services to the south coast of England (SouthamptonandBournemouth) and northern England (Manchester). London Northwestern (a trade name of West Midlands Trains) provides stopping services toLiverpoolandRugeley, in addition to London and other towns in between.
Coventry in a linguistic sense looks both ways, towards both the 'West' and 'East' Midlands.[156]One thousand years ago, the extreme west of Warwickshire (what today we would designate Birmingham and the Black Country) was separated from Coventry and east Warwickshire by the forest ofArden, with resulting inferior means of communication.[156]The west Warwickshire settlements too were smaller in comparison to Coventry which, by the 14th century, was England's third city.[156]Even as far back as Anglo-Saxon times Coventry—situated as it was, close toWatling Street—was a trading and market post between King Alfred's Saxon Mercia andDanelawEngland with a consequent merging of dialects.[157]
Phonetically the accent of Coventry, like the perhaps better known accent of Birmingham, is similar to Northern English with respect to its system of short vowels. For example, it lacks the BATH/TRAP (Cov. /baθ/, Southern /bɑːθ/) and FOOT/STRUT (Cov. /strʊt/, Southern /strʌt/) splits.[157]Yet the longer vowels in the accent also contain traces ofEstuary Englishsuch as a partial implementation of the Londondiphthongshift, increasingly so amongst the young since 1950. We also see otherEstuary Englishfeatures, such as a /l/-vocalisation whereby words such as 'milk' come to be pronounced as /mɪʊk/.[157]However, the distinction between Coventry and Birmingham accents is often overlooked. Certain features of the Birmingham accent (e.g. occasional tapping of prevocalic /r/ in words such as 'crack') stop starkly as one moves beyond Solihull in the general direction of Coventry, a possible approximation of the 'Arden Forest' divide perhaps. In any case, Coventry sits right at a dialectal crossroads, very close to isoglosses that generally delineate 'Northern' and 'Southern' dialects, exhibiting features from both sides of the divide.[157]
The BBC's 2009 documentaryThe Bombing of Coventrycontained interviews with Coventrians. Actress Becci Gemmell, played Coventry character Joyce in the BBC dramaLand Girls.[158]
Coventry has a variety of schools: Two of the oldest secondary schools beingPresident Kennedy Schoolfounded in 1966 and located in the north-west of Coventry (currently undergoing rebuilding work) andSidney Stringer Academywhich is located in the centre of the city. It is a co-educational school and has moved into a larger building costing £28 million.[160]
TheWoodlands Academyand Tile Hill Wood School were the last remaining single sex schools in the city, serving boys and girls respectively. These schools merged onto the Tile Hill Wood site in 2016 before officially being rebranded asWest Coventry Academyin 2017. Both Woodlands and Tile Hill shared a joint sixth form along with The Westwood Academy called West Coventry Sixth Form, but in 2018 Westwood left the sixth form and it now operates under the name West Coventry Academy Sixth Form.
The Westwood Academy, which is aTechnology College, is close to the University of Warwick. It is the only school in Coventry that is aCISCO Academyand has links with other educational establishments, industry and the local community.
Sherbourne Fields School is a school for young people with disabilities and is located in the Coundon area.[citation needed]It opened in the 1960s.
Coventry is well known for the mythical 11th century exploits ofLady Godivawho, according to legend, rode through the city naked on horseback in protest at high taxes being levied on the cityfolk by her husbandLeofric, Earl of Mercia. Contemporary historians do not dispute that lady Godiva was a real figure, as she was the first woman to be mentioned in theDomesday Book(1086), however her ride is considered mythical.[161]The residents of the city were commanded to look away as she rode, but one man did not and was allegedly struck blind. He became known asPeeping Tomthus originating a new idiom, or metonym, in English. There is a Grade II*listedstatue[162]of her in the city centre, which for 18 years had been underneath a Cathedral Lanes shopping centre canopy, removed in October 2008.[163]There is also a bust of Peeping Tom looking out across Hertford Street shopping precinct, and overlooking Broadgate and the statue of Godiva is a clock where, at every hour, Lady Godiva appears on her horse while being watched by Peeping Tom.
Coventry has been the home to several pioneers in science and engineering. Samuel Courtauld and Co Ltd's director H.G. Tetley choseFoleshillin Coventry in 1904 as the site of the world's first man-made fibre factory which produced an "artificial silk" later known asviscoserayon.[167]
Fleur Sexton, founder and joint managing director of Coventry's PET-Xi Training, was crowned Businesswoman of the Year 2017 at the 35th annual Women of the Year Awards.[171]
^List of English districts by populationbased onONS mid-year population estimates for 2018Archived8 October 2019 at theWayback Machine: Coventry is the9th-largest city by population in England and the11th-largest city in the UK proper with a 2018 mid-year estimated population of 366,785 (and a 2011 Census population of 316,915). This is afterLondon(1st: 8,908,081),Birmingham(2nd: 1,141,374),Leeds(3rd: 789,194),Glasgow(Scotland) (4th: 626,410),Sheffield(5th 582,506),Manchester(6th: 547,627),Bradford(7th: 537,173),Edinburgh(Scotland) (8th: 518,500),Liverpool(9th: 494,814),Bristol(10th, 463,405),Coventry(11th: 366,785). (This is followed byCardiff(Wales) (12th: 364,248) andLeicester(13th: 355,218).)
^Home Office List of English Cities by Ancient Prescriptive Right, 1927, cited inBeckett, J. V. (2005).City status in the British Isles, 1830–2002. Aldershot: Ashgate. p. 12.ISBN978-0-7546-5067-6.
^abcdTrugill, Peter; Hughes, Arthur; Watt, Dominic, eds. (2005).English Accents:An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles. Hodder Stoughton.ISBN978-0-340-88718-9.
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