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Waterloo, Ontario

Coordinates:43°28′N80°31′W / 43.467°N 80.517°W /43.467; -80.517
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the city. For the county, region, or electoral districts, see Waterloo#Canada.

Waterloo
City( lower-tier)
City of Waterloo
Uptown Waterloo
Waterloo City Hall
Ion rapid transit
The Huether Hotel
Perimeter Institute
Davis Center ( UW)
Seagram Lofts
Flag of Waterloo
Flag
Official logo of Waterloo
Logo
Motto:
Stability
Waterloo is located in Regional Municipality of Waterloo
Waterloo
Waterloo
Waterloo is located in Southern Ontario
Waterloo
Waterloo
Waterloo is located in Canada
Waterloo
Waterloo
Waterloo is located in Earth
Waterloo
Waterloo
Coordinates:43°28′N80°31′W / 43.467°N 80.517°W /43.467; -80.517
Country Canada
Province Ontario
Region Waterloo
Incorporated May 27, 1857[1]
Government
• Mayor Dorothy McCabe
• Governing Body Waterloo City Council
•City CAO Tim Anderson
•MP Bardish Chagger(Liberal)
•MPP Catherine Fife(ONDP)
Area
[2]
• Land 64.06 km2(24.73 sq mi)
Elevation
329 m (1,079 ft)
Population
(2021) [2]
•City(lower-tier) 121,436 (47th)
• Density 1,895.8/km2(4,910/sq mi)
•Metro
575,847 (10th)
• Metro density 527.2/km2(1,365/sq mi)
Demonym Waterluvian[3]
Time zone UTC−5
• Summer (DST) UTC−4
Forward sortation area
N2J to N2L, N2T to N2V
Area codes 519, 226, and 548
Website www.waterloo.ca

Waterloois a city in theCanadian provinceofOntario. It is one of three cities in theRegional Municipality of Waterloo(formerlyWaterloo County). Waterloo is situated about 94 km (58 mi) west-southwest ofToronto, but it is not considered to be part of theGreater Toronto Area(GTA). Due to the close proximity of the city ofKitchenerto Waterloo, the two together are often referred to as "Kitchener–Waterloo", "K-W", or "The Twin Cities".

While several unsuccessful attempts to combine the municipalities of Kitchener and Waterloo have been made, following the 1973 establishment of the Region of Waterloo, less motivation to do so existed, and as a result, Waterloo remains an independent city. At the time of the2021 census, the population of Waterloo was 121,436.[2]

History

[edit]

Indigenous peoples and settlement

[edit]

Indigenous peoplessuch as theIroquois,AnishinaabeandChonnontonlived in the area.[4]

After the end of theAmerican Revolution,Joseph Brant, aMohawkwar chief, wantedFrederick Haldimandto give the Mohawk andSix Nationsa tract of land surrounding theGrand River, in return for their loyalty to the British in the war.[5][6]Haldimand's 1784Haldimand Proclamationgranted the land "six miles deep from either side of the [Grand River] beginning at Lake Erie and extending in that proportion to the very head of the said river."[5][6]Haldimand, who had previously ordered for potential mill sites to be identified in the region, decreed in 1788 that mill sites would be included in the grant (which would not have been included otherwise).[7]In 1796,Richard Beasleypurchased Block Number 2 of the grant fromJoseph Brant(on behalf of theSix Nations) with a mortgage held by the Six Nations.[8]Block 2, 94,012 acres in size, was situated in the District of Gore. To meet his mortgage obligations, Beasley had to sell portions of the land to settlers.[8]This was counter to the original mortgage agreement, but subsequent changes to the agreement were made to permit land sales.

MennonitesfromPennsylvaniacountiesLancasterandMontgomerywere the first wave of immigrants to the area.[9]In the year 1800 alone, Beasley sold over 14,000 acres to Mennonite settlers.[citation needed]A group of 26 Mennonites from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, pooled their resources into the German Company of Pennsylvania, which was then represented by Daniel Erb and Samuel Bricker.[citation needed]The company purchased all the unsold land from Beasley in 1803, resulting in a discharge of the mortgage held by the Six Nations. This discharge allowed Beasley to clear his obligation with the Six Nations, and allowed the settlers to have deeds to their purchased land.[10]The payment to Beasley, in cash, arrived from Pennsylvania in kegs, carried in a wagon surrounded by armed guards.[11]

Many of the pioneers who arrived from Pennsylvania after November 1803 bought land in a 60,000-acre tract of Block 2 from the German Company of Pennsylvania. The tract included almost two-thirds of Block 2. Many of the first farms were least 400 acres in size.[12]

Development (19th century)

[edit]

The Mennonites divided the land into smaller lots; two lots owned byAbraham Erb—who is often called the founder of the Village of Waterloo[13]—became the central core of Waterloo. Erb had come to the area in 1806 from Pennsylvania.[7]He had bought 4,000 acres (1,600 ha) from the German Company Tract and settled where there was enough water power to operate mills.[7]He founded asawmillin 1808 andgrist millin 1816; they saw business flourish.[13]Other early settlers of what would become Waterloo included Samuel and Elia Schneider, who arrived in 1816. Until about 1820, settlements such as this were quite small.[12][14]Erb also built what is now known as theErb-Kumpf Housein c. 1812, making it likely one of the oldest homes in Waterloo.[15][16][17]

The first schoolhouse in Waterloo, built in 1820

The first school in what is now the City of Waterloo was built on land donated by Erb; the log building was constructed in 1820. A larger school house of stone was built in 1842 and was replaced with a brick school building in 1852. Over the decades, the log building was moved, eventually toWaterloo Park, where it still stands.[18]The German spoken in Waterloo County is based upon the 18th century Pennsylvania Dutch dialect.[19]In turn, the Pennsylvania Dutch dialect is based upon the dialect of German spoken in southwestern Germany.[19]

In 1816, the new Waterloo Township was officially incorporated while being named afterWaterloo, Belgium, the site of theBattle of Waterloo(1815), which had ended theNapoleonic Warsin Europe.[20]After that war, the new township became a popular destination for German immigrants. By the 1840s, German settlers had overtaken the Mennonites as the dominant segment of the population. Many Germans settled in the small hamlet to the southeast of Waterloo. In their honour, the village was named Berlin in 1833 (renamedtoKitchenerin 1916). The first Catholic family to arrive were the Spetz family from Alsace who came in 1828.[21]

By 1831, Waterloo had a small post office in the King and Erb Street area, operated by Daniel Snyder, some 11 years before one would open in neighbouring Berlin.[22][23]TheSmith's Canadian Gazetteerof 1846 states that the Township of Waterloo (smaller than Waterloo County) consisted primarily of Pennsylvanian Mennonites and immigrants directly from Germany who had brought money with them. At the time, many did not speak English. There were eight grist and twenty sawmills in the township. In 1841, the population count was 4424. In 1846 the village of Waterloo had a population of 200, "mostly Germans". There was a grist mill and a sawmill and some tradesmen.[24]By comparison, Berlin (Kitchener) had a population of about 400, also "mostly German", and more tradesmen than the village of Waterloo.[25]

Berlin was chosen as the site of the seat for the County of Waterloo in 1853. By 1869, the population was 2000.[26]Waterloo was incorporated as a village in 1857 and became the Town of Waterloo in 1876.[4]TheKitchener Public Utilities Commissionbegan providing streetcar service in the region in 1888.

20th and 21st centuries

[edit]

TheGalt, Preston and Hespeler electric railway(later called theGrand River Railway) connected to Waterloo in 1911 and ended service in 1931.[27][28]The Kitchener Public Utilities Commission stopped providing streetcar service in 1947, and were replaced by electrictrolley coaches. Waterloo was incorporated as the City of Waterloo in 1948.[4]The trolley coaches ended service in 1973.[29]

The presence of theUniversity of Waterlooin the city caused technological and innovative companies to base in Waterloo,[30]especially companies specializing in computing andsoftware. For example,Research in Motion(now BlackBerry Limited), which developedBlackBerry, was started byMike LazaridisandDoug Freginin 1984.[31]In 1965, the University of Waterloo was the second-largest employer.[32]A 1994 issue of theFinancial Postmentioned Waterloo-based companiesMKS,WATCOM, andOpen Textin a list of the top 100 independent software companies in Canada.[31]

In June 2011, the Waterloo Region council approved theIon: alight railtransit line connecting Conestoga Mall in north Waterloo and Fairview Park Mall in south Kitchener.[33]Construction on the Ion began in August 2014. In 2016, two sections of acorduroy roadwere unearthed. One was in theKing Streetarea of the business district and the second was discovered near theConestoga Mall. The road was probably built by Mennonites using technology acquired in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, between the late 1790s and 1816.[citation needed]The log road was buried in about 1840 and a new road built on top of it.[34][35]A historian[who?]explained that the road had been built for access to the mill but was also "one of the first roads cut through (the woods) so people could start settling the area".[36]Ion service began in 2019 and experienced a daily ridership of 25,000 in November 2020.[37]

Uptown looking Northwest from the Uptown Parkade. Landmarks visible include the Marsland Centre on the extreme left and Waterloo City Hall on the extreme right.

Geography

[edit]
King Street South in Uptown Waterloo

Waterloo's city centre is near the intersection ofKingand Erb streets. The city centre was once along Albert Street, near the Marsland Centre and theWaterloo Public Library. The town hall, fire hall, and farmers' market were located there. Amidst some controversy, all were demolished between 1965 and 1969.

Historically, Waterloo's swamp land near where the village was first developed caused problems for development.[7]To mitigate these issues, sand was taken from nearby areas to raise the land; buildings were built on foundations of oak planks; andKing Streetwas originally built as acorduroy road.[13]

Waterways

[edit]
The Grand River, as seen to the north-east of Waterloo

TheGrand Riverflows southward along the city's east side. Its most significant tributary within the city is Laurel Creek, whosesourcelies just to the west of the city limits and its mouth just to the east, and crosses much of the city's central areas, including the University of Waterloo lands and Waterloo Park; it flows under the uptown area in a culvert. In the city's west end, theWaterloo Moraineprovides over 300,000 people in the region with drinking water. Much of the gently hilly Waterloo Moraine underlies existing developed areas. Ongoing urban growth, mostly low-density residential suburbs (in accordance with requests by land developers), will cover increasing amounts of the remaining undeveloped portions of the Waterloo Moraine.

Climate

[edit]

Waterloo has ahumid continental climateof the warm summer subtype (Dfbunder theKöppen climate classification)[38]with warm, humid summers and cold winters. Compared to other parts of Canada, Waterloo has fairly moderate weather. Winter temperatures usually occur between mid-December and mid-March, while summer temperatures generally occur between mid-May and late September. It is not uncommon for temperatures to exceed 30 °C (86 °F) several times each summer. Waterloo has approximately 140 frost-free days per year.

Climate data forRegion of Waterloo International Airport, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1914–present[a]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 14.9
(58.8)		 16.8
(62.2)		 26.5
(79.7)		 30.0
(86.0)		 33.3
(91.9)		 36.7
(98.1)		 38.3
(100.9)		 38.3
(100.9)		 36.7
(98.1)		 31.1
(88.0)		 25.0
(77.0)		 18.7
(65.7)		 38.3
(100.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −2.3
(27.9)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 4.1
(39.4)		 11.6
(52.9)		 19.0
(66.2)		 24.1
(75.4)		 26.6
(79.9)		 25.5
(77.9)		 21.6
(70.9)		 14.1
(57.4)		 6.8
(44.2)		 0.7
(33.3)		 12.5
(54.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −6.3
(20.7)		 −5.9
(21.4)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 5.9
(42.6)		 12.6
(54.7)		 17.8
(64.0)		 20.2
(68.4)		 19.1
(66.4)		 15.2
(59.4)		 8.8
(47.8)		 2.6
(36.7)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 7.2
(45.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −10.3
(13.5)		 −10.3
(13.5)		 −5.6
(21.9)		 0.1
(32.2)		 6.2
(43.2)		 11.5
(52.7)		 13.7
(56.7)		 12.7
(54.9)		 8.7
(47.7)		 3.4
(38.1)		 −1.6
(29.1)		 −6.3
(20.7)		 1.9
(35.4)
Record low °C (°F) −31.9
(−25.4)		 −34.1
(−29.4)		 −29.4
(−20.9)		 −17.8
(0.0)		 −6.1
(21.0)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 4.2
(39.6)		 1.1
(34.0)		 −3.7
(25.3)		 −10.6
(12.9)		 −18.9
(−2.0)		 −28.3
(−18.9)		 −34.1
(−29.4)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 66.3
(2.61)		 46.1
(1.81)		 57.0
(2.24)		 81.2
(3.20)		 80.2
(3.16)		 80.5
(3.17)		 96.2
(3.79)		 67.2
(2.65)		 75.2
(2.96)		 71.0
(2.80)		 74.9
(2.95)		 54.9
(2.16)		 850.6
(33.49)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 28.7
(1.13)		 29.7
(1.17)		 36.8
(1.45)		 68.0
(2.68)		 81.8
(3.22)		 82.4
(3.24)		 98.6
(3.88)		 83.9
(3.30)		 87.8
(3.46)		 66.1
(2.60)		 75.0
(2.95)		 38.0
(1.50)		 776.8
(30.58)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 43.7
(17.2)		 30.3
(11.9)		 26.5
(10.4)		 7.3
(2.9)		 0.4
(0.2)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.0
(0.0)		 1.4
(0.6)		 13.0
(5.1)		 37.2
(14.6)		 159.7
(62.9)
Average precipitation days(≥ 0.2 mm) 17.7 12.9 13.2 13.5 13.4 12.7 13.2 11.2 12.0 14.7 14.8 15.0 164.0
Average rainy days(≥ 0.2 mm) 5.6 5.0 6.9 11.5 12.4 12.0 10.6 10.7 12.2 13.7 11.6 6.9 118.7
Average snowy days(≥ 0.2 cm) 16.1 11.9 9.0 3.3 0.18 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.91 6.5 14.4 62.2
Averagerelative humidity(%)(at 0600 LST) 86.4 83.4 84.8 84.4 84.7 87.0 90.1 93.6 94.3 90.6 87.6 87.1 87.8
Source:Environment Canada(rainfall/snowfall/humidity 1981–2010)[40][41][42][39][43][44][45][46]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
Year Pop.
1841 200
1871 1,594
1881 2,066
1891 2,941
1901 3,537
1911 4,359
1921 5,883
1931 8,095
1941 8,968
1951 11,991
1961 21,366
1971 36,677
1981 49,428
1991 71,181
2001 86,543[47]
2006 97,475[48]
2011 98,780[49]
2016 104,986[50]
2021 121,436[2]
Source:Census of Population

As of the2021 Canadian censusconducted byStatistics Canada, Waterloo has a population of121,436, a change of15.7% from its 2016 population of104,986.[2]With a land area of 64.06 km2(24.73 sq mi), the city has apopulation densityof1,895.7/km2(4,909.7/sq mi).[2]As of 2021, the median age is 36.0 years old, as compared to 37.7 in 2016.[2][51]Waterloo's median age is 13% lower than Ontario's median age, which is 41.6 years old.[52]

At thecensus metropolitan area(CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Kitchener–Cambridge–Waterloo CMA had a population of575,847living in219,060of its229,809total private dwellings, a change of9.9% from its 2016 population of523,894. With a land area of 1,092.33 km2(421.75 sq mi), it had a population density of527.2/km2(1,365.4/sq mi) in 2021.[2]

Ethnicity

[edit]

The most common ethnic or cultural origins reported in Waterloo in 2021 were German (17.9%), English (17.0%), Scottish (14.6%), Irish (14.3%), Canadian (10.2%), Chinese (8.9%), Indian (6.4%), French (6.0%), British Isles (4.1%), Polish (4.1%), Dutch (3.9%), Italian (3.3%), and Ukrainian (2.4%).[53]Indigenouspeople made up 1.3% of the population, mostlyFirst Nations(0.7%) andMétis(0.5%). Ethnocultural backgrounds in the city includedEuropean(63.7%),South Asian(10.7%),Chinese(9.2%),Black(3.1%),Arab(2.7%),Latin American(1.9%),West Asian(1.7%),Southeast Asian(1.4%),Korean(1.4), andFilipino(1.0%).[2]

Panethnicgroups in the City of Waterloo (2001−2021)
Panethnic
group		 2021[54] 2016[55] 2011[56] 2006[57] 2001[58]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
European[b] 75,340 63.64% 74,905 72.45% 76,445 78.73% 79,625 82.28% 73,950 85.91%
East Asian[c] 13,035 11.01% 10,960 10.6% 7,615 7.84% 6,295 6.5% 3,670 4.26%
South Asian 12,680 10.71% 6,650 6.43% 5,145 5.3% 4,495 4.64% 3,695 4.29%
Middle Eastern[d] 5,160 4.36% 3,020 2.92% 2,580 2.66% 1,490 1.54% 980 1.14%
African 3,660 3.09% 1,990 1.92% 1,425 1.47% 1,145 1.18% 1,395 1.62%
Southeast Asian[e] 2,810 2.37% 1,730 1.67% 1,355 1.4% 1,305 1.35% 680 0.79%
Latin American 2,250 1.9% 1,405 1.36% 1,050 1.08% 860 0.89% 630 0.73%
Indigenous 1,585 1.34% 1,220 1.18% 825 0.85% 755 0.78% 510 0.59%
Other[f] 1,865 1.58% 1,515 1.47% 655 0.67% 800 0.83% 575 0.67%
Total responses 118,390 97.49% 103,390 98.48% 97,100 98.3% 96,775 99.28% 86,080 99.47%
Total population 121,436 100% 104,986 100% 98,780 100% 97,475 100% 86,543 100%
  • Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.

Religion

[edit]

In 2021, 45.8% of the population identified asChristian, withCatholics(17.9%) making up the largest denomination, followed byUnited Church(3.3%),Lutheran(3.2%),Anglican(2.8%),Orthodox(2.4%), and other denominations. 37.7% of the population reported no religious affiliation. Others identified asMuslim(8.1%),Hindu(4.7%),Sikh(1.2%),Buddhist(1.1%), and with other religions.[2]

Language

[edit]

Englishwas themother tongueof 64.6% of the population in 2021. This was followed byMandarin(6.2%),Arabic(2.2%),German(1.5%),Spanish(1.5%),Hindi(1.3%),Punjabi(1.2%),Korean(1.1%),Iranian Persian(1.0%),Urdu(1.0%),Serbo-Croatian(1.0%),Cantonese(0.9%), andFrench(0.9%). Of the official languages, 98.2% of the population reported knowing English and 8.8% French.[2]

Economy

[edit]
The Sun Life Financial building is currently the tallest building in Waterloo.
The Marsland Centre in Uptown Waterloo
View from the parkade in Uptown Waterloo

According to the2016 Canadian Census, Waterloo has a median household income (after tax) of $72,239.[59]This is significantly higher than the national median of $61,348. The unemployment rate in Waterloo (6.9%) is lower than the national rate of 7.7%. The median value of a dwelling in Waterloo ($399,997) is higher than the national median of $341,556.[59]The Intelligent Community Forum named Waterloo the Top Intelligent Community of 2007.[60]

Waterloo has a strong knowledge and service-based economy with significant insurance and high-tech sectors as well as two universities.[61]The city's largest employers areSun Life Financial, theUniversity of Waterloo,Manulife Financial,BlackBerry,[62]SandvineandWilfrid Laurier University.[63][62]

The city is also home to three well-known think tanks – thePerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, an advanced centre for the study of foundational, theoretical physics and award-winning educational outreach in science; theInstitute for Quantum Computing, based at the University of Waterloo, which carries out innovative research in the computer, engineering, mathematical and physical sciences; and theCentre for International Governance Innovation, an independent, nonpartisan think tank that addresses international governance challenges.

The city is part ofCanada's Technology Triangle(CTT), a joint economic development initiative of Waterloo, Kitchener, Cambridge and theRegion of Waterloothat markets the region internationally. Despite its name, CTT does not focus exclusively on promoting technology industries, but on all aspects of economic development.

Waterloo has a strong technology sector with hundreds of high-tech firms.[61]The dominant technology company in the city is BlackBerry, makers of theBlackBerry, which has its headquarters in the city and owns several office buildings near the University of Waterloo's main campus.

Notable Waterloo-based high-tech companies include:

Many other high-tech companies, with headquarters elsewhere, take advantage of the concentration of high-tech employees in the Waterloo area, and have research and development centres there.Shopify,SAP,Google,Oracle,Intel,McAfee,NCR Corporation,Electronic ArtsandAgfaare among the large, international technology companies with development offices in Waterloo.

Before it became known for technology, Waterloo was sometimes[64]referred to as "theHartfordof Canada" because of the many insurance companies based in the area.[9]Manulife,Sun Life Financial, Equitable Life of Canada andEconomical Insurancehave a large presence in the city.

Breweries and distilleries had been a significant industry in the Waterloo area until 1993 when aLabatt-owned brewery was shut down. TheBrick Brewing Companyoperated in Waterloo but is now based in Kitchener. Waterloo was the original home of distillerSeagram(also the home town of many descendants of J.P. Seagram), which closed its Waterloo plant in 1992. Of the remaining Seagram buildings,onebecame home of the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), while others were converted into condominiums.

The city encourages location filming of movies and TV series and many have taken advantage of Waterloo locations. Examples includeDownsizing(released in 2017),The Demolisher(2015) andDegrassi: The Next Generation(2015).[65]

Arts and culture

[edit]
See also: Kitchener, Ontario § Culture
Elizabeth Witmertaps a keg to begin 1996's KW Oktoberfest

Kitchener–Waterloo Oktoberfestis a nine-dayOktoberfestcelebration held in both Kitchener and Waterloo.[66][67]It is the second largest Oktoberfest celebration in the world,[68]and the largest outside of Germany. In 2013,CBCreported that the festival receives over 700,000 annual visitors, has 1,780 volunteers, was broadcast to 1.8 million national television viewers, and generated an estimated $21 million of economic activity.[66]Tri-Prideis a non-profitLGBT pride festivalheld annually duringPride Monthin the "tri-cities" of Cambridge, Kitchener and Waterloo.[69][70]

TheKitchener–Waterloo Symphonyis located in Kitchener. According to their website, they perform over 222 concerts annually to an audience of over 90,000, both in the concert hall and across theWaterloo Region.[71]TheWaterloo Busker Carnivalis abusking festivalheld annually in August in Waterloo public square.[72][73]Admission is free, and the festival has been operating since 1989.[72]TheRainbow Reels Queer and Trans Film Festivalis an annualLBGTfilm festivalwhich screens at Princess Twin Cinemas in Uptown Waterloo.[74][75]

Inactive or past

[edit]

TheWaterloo Festival for Animated Cinemawas an annualfilm festivaldedicated to feature-length animation films.[76][77]It was held from 2001 to 2013. TheInternational Olympiad in Informatics, acompetitive programmingcompetition for secondary school students, was held in Waterloo in 2010.[78]

Attractions

[edit]
Perimeter Institutein Uptown

Waterloo's local tourist tourist attractions and areas of interest include: theCanadian Clay and Glass Gallery, theWaterloo Central Railway, the City of Waterloo Museum,[79]a statue of monkeys entitled "Banana",[80]thePerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, theSt. Jacobs Farmers' Market[81](although the market is just outside city limits),University of Waterloo's Earth Sciences Museum, andConestoga Mall.

Recreation

[edit]
External interactive map
3D model iconAn interactive map created by the city, depicting the city's recreation facilities.Index: parks are outlined in thin green, outdoor skating rinks are cyan markers, cycling infrastructure are thick lines and trails are thick blue lines

Waterloo's parks and recreation facilities mainly compriseWaterloo Park, Bechtel Park,Laurel Creek Conservation Area, theWaterloo Memorial Recreation Complex,RIM Park, and over 150 kilometres (93 mi) ofmixed-use trails.

Parks

[edit]

Created in 1890,[82]45-hectare (110-acre)Waterloo Parkis anurban parkin Uptown Waterloo which includes an animal farm, sports fields, and asplash pad.[83]It is the oldest park in the city; the mixed-useLaurel Trailand the rapid transitIonline both run through the park.[84]44-hectare (110-acre) Bechtel Park is located in eastern Waterloo, and houses a dog park, three soccer fields, afield house, and more.[85]Laurel Creek Conservation Areais in western Waterloo—north-west ofUniversity of Waterloo's Environmental Reserve—and houses 122 campsites, 4.5 kilometres (2.8 mi) of trails, and facilities forcanoeing, swimming,windsurfing, cycling, andsailing.[86][87]

The Waterloo Memorial Recreation Complex

TheWaterloo Memorial Recreation Complex, then described as the "largest and most expensive project in the city's history", opened in 1993.[88]It includes an arena seating 3,500, swimming and banquet facilities, and an indoor track.[88]123-hectare (300-acre)RIM Park, originally called Millennium Park, opened in September 2001.[89]Its features include outdoor soccer fields, ice rinks, baseball diamonds, basketball courts, meeting rooms and more.[89]RIM Park is in proximity to theWalter Bean Grand River Trail,Grey Silo Golf Course, andWaterloo Public Library's Eastside Branch.[89][90]There are a number of small playgrounds, woodlots, and recreation facilities around Waterloo which are not mentioned above due to their size.

Mixed-use trails

[edit]
The Walter Bean Grand River Trail, with the Grand Riverseen in the background

Trails for walking, hiking, and bikingplay an important part in Waterloo's recreational infrastructure. Waterloo had 150 kilometres (93 mi) of trails by 2007, as compared to 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) of trails in 1987.[91]The 5-kilometre (3.1 mi)Iron Horse Trail, connecting Waterloo and Kitchener, opened in 1997.[92]Then-mayorJoan McKinnonbrought upon the connection of theTrans Canada Trailinto the Waterloo Region, which ran from the Iron Horse Trail to Waterloo's northern boundary.[91]

The 76-kilometre (47 mi)[93]Walter Bean Grand River Trail, announced in 1999, served to create an accessible trail along theGrand River.[91]Waterloo: An Illustrated History, 1857–2007states, "[the trail] was particularly needed in Waterloo as the river's geographic location on the edge of the city meant that, unlike so many other Canadian cities, the river had not historically played a central role in the community."[91]

Sports

[edit]

In July 2002, Waterloo, along with Kitchener, hosted the Ontario Summer Games.[94]The following sports teams are based in Waterloo:Waterloo Wildfire(National Ringette League),Waterloo Siskins(Greater Ontario Junior Hockey League),Waterloo United(League One Ontario),Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks, andWaterloo Warriors.

Government

[edit]
Waterloo City Hall

Waterloo was part ofWaterloo Countyuntil 1973 when a restructuring created theRegional Municipality of Waterloo, which consists of the cities of Waterloo,Kitchener, andCambridge, and the townships ofWoolwich,Wilmot,Wellesley, andNorth Dumfries. The Region handles many services, including paramedic services, policing, waste management, recreation, planning, roads and social services.[95]The Waterloo Award, established in 1997, is the highest civic honour a person can receive from the City of Waterloo.[96]

Waterloo City Councilconsists of a mayor and seven councillors, each representing award. The number of wards was increased from five to seven in the November 2006 elections. As of 2022, themayor of Waterloois Dorothy McCabe, elected in October 2022. The current Waterloo councillors are as follows, as of 2022, listed by ascending ward number: Sandra Hanmer (Southwest Ward), Royce Bodaly (Northwest Ward), Hans Roach (Lakeshore Ward), Diane Freeman (Northeast Ward), Jen Vasic (Southeast Ward), Mary Lou Roe (Central-Columbia Ward), and Julie Wright (Uptown Ward).[97]

In politics, Waterloo is within the federalelectoral districtofWaterloo, and within the provincial electoral district also namedWaterloo.

Waterloo federal election results [98]
Year Liberal Conservative New Democratic Green
2021 46% 25,816 27% 15,521 19% 10,846 3% 1,934
2019 49% 29,922 24% 14,681 15% 9,303 10% 5,928
Waterloo provincial election results [99]
Year PC New Democratic Liberal Green
2022 29% 12,414 46% 19,616 14% 5,963 7% 2,954
2018 31% 15,974 51% 26,243 12% 6,328 5% 2,473

Transportation

[edit]

Roads

[edit]
Map
The road system and city limits of Waterloo
See also: List of numbered roads in Waterloo Region

Thecontrolled-accessHighway 85, part of the largerConestoga Parkway, is the onlyprovincial highwaythat runs through Waterloo. To the north, the divided freeway ends at the city limit, and the road becomes Waterloo Regional Road 85, which accessesSt. JacobsandElmira, before ending in Elmira. To the south, Highway 85 becomesHighway 7within Kitchener, before diverging into eastboundHighway 8(toCambridge,Highway 401interchange, andHamilton) and westbound Highway 7/8 (toNew Hamburg,Stratford, andGoderich). Highway 85 has 5 interchanges within Waterloo, from north to south, with theregional road numberin brackets:King Street(15), Northfield Drive (50), King Street (15), University Avenue (57), and Bridgeport Road (9).

Public transport

[edit]
Main articles: Grand River Transitand Ion rapid transit
Ion unit 507 at Queen Stationin 2018

Public transportthroughout theWaterloo Regionis provided byGrand River Transit(GRT), which provides service for various bus routes and theIon rapid transitline. The Ion is alight railline providing service to 19 stations, fromConestoga station(Conestoga Mallin Waterloo) toFairway station(Fairview Park Mallin Kitchener). The line connects downtown Kitchener and uptown Waterloo. GRT operates local and express bus routes within Waterloo, with connections to Kitchener. Waterloo is served byGO buseswhich stop at theUniversity of WaterlooandWilfrid Laurier University, with destinations ofSquare One City Centre Terminal,Milton GO Station, andYork University.

Intercity rail

[edit]
Aerial photograph of the Region of Waterloo International Airport

Waterloo is not currently served by any regularly scheduled passenger rail service. The nearbyKitchener stationis accessible from Waterloo through buses or a transfer fromIon'sKitchener Central Station. Kitchener station is serviced by theKitchener lineand theCorridor, operated byGO TransitandVia Railrespectively.[100][101]Both services are infrequent. On weekdays, thecommuter railGO trains run eastbound (to Toronto) nine times per day, and westbound eight times per day.[102]No Kitchener line trains are run on the weekends.[102]Including weekends, Via Rail operates one train per day, both westbound and eastbound.[100][103][104]

The non-profit tourist railwayWaterloo Central Railwayis a revival of theWaterloo-St. Jacobs Railway. It departs from theSt. Jacobs Farmers Marketand runs trains at 10 am, 12 pm, and 2 pm from April to November. The Waterloo Station continues to operate as a Visitor & Heritage Information Centre.[105]

Air

[edit]

TheRegion of Waterloo International Airportin nearbyBreslauserves Waterloo and the surrounding region, although it is not heavily served by scheduled airlines. Most air travellers use Toronto'sLester B. Pearson International AirportorJohn C. Munro Hamilton International Airport.[citation needed]As of 2022, the Region of Waterloo International Airport has year round flights toCalgary,Cancun,Charlottetown,Deer Lake,Edmonton,Halifax,Kelowna,Vancouver, andWinnipeg.[106]The airport has seasonal flights toMontrealandOttawa.[106]As of 2022, the airport's airlines areFlair Airlines,Pivot Airlines, andWestJet.[106]

Services

[edit]

Health care

[edit]
St. Mary's General Hospital

There are no hospitals in Waterloo, but neighbouring Kitchener hasGrand River Hospital(which has a secondary site, the Freeport Campus)[107]andSt. Mary's General Hospital.[108]Both were ranked highly for safety in a national comparison study in 2017–2018, but would benefit from reduced wait times.[109]Long-term care beds are provided at numerous facilities.[110]Grand River Hospital has a capacity of 574-beds; the Freeport location was merged into it in April 1995.[111]St. Mary's General Hospital is a 150-bed adult acute-care facility and includes the Regional Cardiac Care Centre with two cardiovascular operating rooms, an eight-bed cardiovascular intensive care unit and 45 inpatient beds.[112][113]

Region of Waterloo Paramedic Servicesand Waterloo Fire Rescue respond to medical emergencies within the city of Waterloo. Region of Waterloo Paramedic Services may transport patients to either Grand River Hospital or St. Mary's General Hospitalemergency departments, depending on proximity, anticipated wait times and the type of emergency.

Family doctors are often in short supply and a source of great concern among residents. Recruiting efforts over the previous 15 years achieved some success as of September 2018, but needed to be continued.[114]

Libraries

[edit]
Main article: Waterloo Public Library
The entrance to Waterloo Public Library's Main Branch in 2002

TheWaterloo Public Librarywas founded in 1888. As of 2022, the library has 4 branches (in order of opening): the Main Branch, the Albert McCormick Branch, the John M. Harper Branch and the Eastside Branch.[115]The Eastside Branch, opened May 7, 2022, is the newest branch built.[116]The $10-million library is built into the existingRIM Park Manulife Sportsplexand has around 35,000 books.[116]

Fire protection

[edit]

Fire protection and rescue services are provided by Waterloo Fire Rescue, a service of the City of Waterloo. As of 2020, there are four active fire stations in Waterloo. Waterloo Fire Rescue responds to fires, medical emergencies, car accidents and chemical incidents.[117](Region of Waterloo Paramedic Services also responds to medical emergencies.) When the two-tier regional government system was implemented in the early 1970s, police service was moved to the regional government, but fire service remained at the local municipality (city or township) level. From time to time, the media and interested parties raise the question of whether this service should remain at the city level, or whether there might be cost savings or service improvements if the various fire services were merged into regional fire service. A 2019 newspaper article stated that "there would likely be no cost savings, but service would improve under [a] regionalized system," in the view of some former fire chiefs.[118]

Policing

[edit]

Waterloo Regional Police Service, the seventh-largest police service in the province of Ontario, provides general police service in the city of Waterloo.[119]The Waterloo Regional Police North Division is located at 45 Columbia Street East, Waterloo. Waterloo Regional Police also serve the municipalities of Kitchener and Cambridge and the Townships of Wellesley, Wilmot, Woolwich and North Dumfries. City of Waterloo bylaws controlling matters such as parking, weeds and noise are enforced by city bylaw enforcement officers.[120]The two universities each have special constables who are first responders to all emergencies at their respective university campuses. Special Constables may lay charges and/or make arrests under the same legal authority as police officers.[121]As of 2019, University of Waterloo Police Service had twenty-four Special Constables.[122][123]Wilfrid Laurier University also has a Special Constable Service. The Ontario Provincial Police patrols provincial highways.[124]Two homicides were reported in the Waterloo Region in 2021, neither of which was in the city of Waterloo.[125]

Education

[edit]
See also: List of secondary schools in Ontario § Regional Municipality of Waterloo; and List of Waterloo Region, Ontario schools § Waterloo 2

TheWaterloo Region District School Boardis the region's public school board. As of 2022, in Waterloo, they run 21 elementary schools (seeList of Waterloo Region, Ontario schools) and three secondary schools, which areBluevale Collegiate Institute,Laurel Heights Secondary School, andWaterloo Collegiate Institute.[126]TheWaterloo Catholic District School Boardis the region's catholic school board. As of 2022, in Waterloo, they run 8 elementary schools[127]and one secondary school, which isSt. David Catholic Secondary School.[128]There are a number of private and other schools not associated with the above boards, but there are no secondary schools in Waterloo unassociated with the boards.[129][130]

Waterloo is home to the following universities and colleges: theUniversity of Waterloo,Wilfrid Laurier University,St. Jerome's University,St. Paul's University College,Conrad Grebel University College,Renison University College, andConestoga College(based in Kitchener but has a Waterloo campus). The University of Waterloo is apublic research universitythat saw 37,884 students in 2022.[131]The university has the largest post-secondary co-op program in the world[132]and ranked 151–200 in the world and 7–8 in Canada in the 2021Academic Ranking of World Universities.[133]Wilfrid Laurier University saw about 20,000 students in 2022, including its campuses inBrantfordandMilton.[134]

Media

[edit]
Main article: Media in Waterloo Region

TheWaterloo Region Recordis a daily newspaper that covers theRegion of Waterloo,[135]while theWaterloo Chroniclecovers the city;[136]both are published byMetroland Media Group. There are a number of FM radio stations that reach Waterloo, (seeMedia in Waterloo Region#Radio) althoughCKMS-FMis the only to broadcast out of the city.[137]CKGL(570 News) is the only AM radio station broadcasting from the Region.[137]CKCO-DT(CTVKitchener) is the only television station that broadcasts from the Region.

Notable people

[edit]
  • Walter Bowman(born 1870), First non-British player to play in the English Football League.
  • Lorna Geddes(born 1943), ballerina with National Ballet of Canada
  • Nate Haller, country musician/singer
  • Julie Karn(born 1996), soccer player

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Daily maximum and minimum temperatures and precipitation were recorded at Kitchener from October 1914 to December 1977 and atRegion of Waterloo International Airportfrom March 1970 to present.[39][40]
  2. ^Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  3. ^Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
  4. ^Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
  5. ^Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
  6. ^Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority,n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.

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[edit]
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Bibliography

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