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Stirling

Coordinates:56°07′00″N3°56′13″W / 56.1166°N 3.9369°W /56.1166; -3.9369
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This article is about the city in Scotland. For other uses, see Stirling (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Sterling.

Stirling
City
The skyline of Stirling, with the castle at the top of the hill and Stùc a' Chroin mountain behind
Stirling is located in Stirling
Stirling
Stirling
Location within the Stirlingcouncil area
Population 37,910 (2020)[1]
Council area
Lieutenancy area
Country Scotland
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town STIRLING
Postcode district FK7–FK9
Dialling code 01786
Police Scotland
Fire Scottish
Ambulance Scottish
List of places
UK
Scotland
56°07′00″N3°56′13″W / 56.1166°N 3.9369°W /56.1166; -3.9369

Stirling(/ˈstɜːrlɪŋ/;Scots:Stirlin;Scottish Gaelic:Sruighlea[ˈs̪t̪ɾuʝlə]) is acityincentralScotland, 26 miles (42 km) northeast ofGlasgowand 37 miles (60 km) north-west ofEdinburgh. Themarket town, surrounded by rich farmland, grew up connecting the royalcitadel, themedievalold town with its merchants and tradesmen,[2]theOld Bridgeand the port. Located on theRiver Forth, Stirling is the administrative centre for theStirlingcouncil area, and is traditionally the county town ofStirlingshire. Proverbially it is the strategically important "Gateway to the Highlands". It has been said that "Stirling, like a hugebroochclaspsHighlandsandLowlandstogether".[3][4]Similarly "he who holds Stirling, holds Scotland" is sometimes attributed toRobert the Bruce.[5]Stirling's key position as thelowest bridging pointof the River Forth before it broadens towards theFirth of Forthmade it a focal point[6]for travel north or south.[7]

When Stirling was temporarily under Anglo-Saxon sway, according to a 9th-century legend,[8]it was attacked by Danish invaders. The sound of a wolf roused a sentry, however, who alerted his garrison, which forced a Viking retreat.[9]This led to the wolf being adopted as a symbol of the town[10]as is shown on the 1511 Stirling Jug.[11][12]The area is today known as Wolfcraig.[13]Even today the wolf appears with agoshawkon thecouncil'scoat of arms along with the recently chosen[14]motto: "Steadfast as the Rock".[15]

Once the capital of Scotland, Stirling is visually dominated byStirling Castle. Stirling also has a medieval parish church, theChurch of the Holy Rude, where, on 29 July 1567, the infantJames VIwas anointed King of Scots byAdam Bothwell, theBishop of Orkney, with the service concluding after a sermon byJohn Knox.[16]The poet King was educated byGeorge Buchananand grew up in Stirling. He was later also crowned King of England and Ireland on 25 July 1603, bringing closer the countries of the United Kingdom. Modern Stirling is a centre for local government, higher education, tourism, retail, and industry. The mid-2012 census estimate for the population ofthe cityis 36,440; the wider Stirling council area has a population of about 93,750.[17]

One of the principal royal strongholds of theKingdom of Scotland, Stirling was created aroyal burghbyKing David Iin 1130. In 2002, as part ofQueen Elizabeth'sGolden Jubilee, Stirling was grantedcity status.

Name(s) and etymology

[edit]

Stirling's name appears asStrivelin(g)in early sources, later becomingStirvelingand finallyStirling. Its meaning, and even its language of origin, are a matter of debate. In 1930, J. B. Johnston'sPlace-Names of Scotlandsuggested aBrittonicorigin, and the name was thought likely to be Brittonic by most commentators thereafter.[18][19]: 7 However, in a comprehensive survey of the evidence in 2017,Thomas Owen Clancyshowed that a Brittonic etymology is unlikely, and derived the name fromGaelicsrib-linn, meaning "pool in the river".[19][note 1]

A geographical survey of Britain in the eighth-centuryEcclesiastical History of the English PeoplebyBedealso mentions a place calledurbs Giudi("the town ofGiudi"). Although its location is not certain, a 2023 study found that "Stirling is the location ofurbs Giudifavoured by most scholars", and itself supported this identification.[20]: 3 This name is thought etymologically to be Celtic.[21]The ninth-centuryHistoria Brittonummentions a similar-looking battle-site calledurbs Iudeu, which many scholars have assumed was the same as Bede'surbs Giudi, but this identification is uncertain.[20]: 7–9 

History

[edit]

Ancient history

[edit]

A stonecist, found in Coneypark Nursery[22]in 1879, is Stirling's oldest catalogued artefact.[23]Bones from the cist wereradiocarbon datedand found to be over four millennia old, originating within the date range 2152 to 2021 BC.[24]Nicknamed Torbrex Tam, the man, whose bones were discovered by workmen, died while still in his twenties.[25]OtherBronze Agefinds near the city come from the area aroundCambusbarron.[26]It had been thought that the Randolphfield standing stones were more than 3000 years old but recent radiocarbon dating suggests they may date from the time of Bruce.[27]The earliest known structures in Stirling are now destroyed but comprised two Neolithic Cursus in Bannockburn.[28]The earliest known surviving structure is a fort onGillies Hill[29]were built byIron Agepeople over 2000 years ago. Two structures are known: what is currently called Wallstale Dun[30]on the southern end of Touchadam Craig, and Gillies Hill fort[31]on the northwest end of the craig. The Wallstale structure is later than the Gillies Hill fort and is related in form to brochs, these appear to coincide with the Roman period and there are around 40 or so in the wider area. South of the city, the King's Park prehistoric carvings can still be found.[32]

Roman and early Medieval

[edit]
Stirling Castle(southwest aspect)

Its other notable geographic feature is its proximity to the lowest site of subjugation of the River Forth. Control of the bridge brought military advantage in times of unrest and excise duty, orpontagedues,[33]in peacetime. Unsurprisingly excise men were installed in a covered booth in the centre of the bridge to collect tax from any entering the royal burgh with goods.[34]Stirling remained the river's lowest reliable crossing point (that is, without a weather-dependent ferry or seasonalford[35]) until the construction of theAlloa Swing BridgebetweenThroskandAlloain 1885.[36]

The city has twoLatinmottoes, which appeared on the earliest burgh seal[37]of which an impression of 1296 is on record.[38]The first alludes to the story as recorded byBoecewho relates that in 855 Scotland was invaded by twoNorthumbrianprinces,OsbrechtandElla.[39]They united their forces with the Cumbrian Britons[40]in order to defeat the Scots. Having secured Stirling castle, they built the first stone bridge over the Forth.

On the top they reportedly raised a crucifix with the inscription: "Anglos, a Scotis separat, crux ista remotis; Arma hic stant Bruti; stant Scoti hac sub cruce tuti."[41]Bellendentranslated this loosely as "I am freemarche, as passengers may ken, To Scottis, to Britonis, and to Inglismen." It may be the stone cross was atripointfor thethreekingdom's borders ormarches;[42]the cross functioning both as a dividing territorial marker, and as a uniting[43]witness stonelike in the Bible story in Joshua 22.[44]"Anglesand Scots here demarked, By this cross kept apart. Brits and Scots armed stand near, By this cross stand safe here." This would make the cross on the centre of the first stone bridge theHeart of Scotland.

The Stirling seal has only the second part, in a slightly different form:

Hic Armis Bruti Scoti Stant Hic Cruce Tuti
( Brits and Scots armed and near, by this cross stand safe here.)

Apparently the Latin is not first rate having four syllables in "cruce tuti" but the meaning seems to be that the LowlandStrathclyde Britonson the southern shore and the HighlandPictish Scots[45]on the northern shore stand protected from each other by their common Christianity.[46]

A more modern translation suggests that rather than Briton, bruit might be better read as brute, ie brute Scots, implying a non-Scots identity was retained in Stirling for some time after inclusion into the land controlled by the King of Scots.[47]

The second motto is:

Continet Hoc in Se Nemus et Castrum Strivelinse
( Contained within this seal pressed down, the wood an' castle o' Stirlin' town.)

It has been claimed that the "Bridge" seal was regarded as the Burgh seal proper, the "Castle" seal being simply a reverse, used when the seal was affixed by a lace to a charter.[48]This agrees with a description in an official publication (which spells[49]Bruti with only one letter t).[50]Clearer images are available[51]with different lettering.[52]Sibbaldconflated the two mottos into a single rhyme;[53]he gave no indication that he was aware of Boece's work.[54]

Stirling was first declared aroyal burghbyKing Davidin the 12th century, with later charters reaffirmed by subsequent monarchs. A ferry, and later bridge, on the River Forth at Stirling brought wealth and strategic influence, as did its tidal port at Riverside.[55]Major battles during theWars of Scottish Independencetook place at theStirling Old Bridgein 1297 and at the nearby village ofBannockburnin 1314 involvingAndrew MorayandWilliam Wallace, andRobert the Brucerespectively. After theBattle of Stirling Bridge, Moray and Wallace wrote toHanseatic Leagueleaders inLübeckandHamburgto encourage trade between Scottish and German ports.[56]There were also severalSieges of Stirling Castlein the conflict, notably in 1304.[57]

Late Medieval and early Modern

[edit]
The tomb of James III, King of Scots, and Margaret of Denmarkat Cambuskenneth Abbey

Another important historical site in the area is the ruins ofCambuskenneth Abbey, the resting place ofKing James III of Scotlandand his queen,Margaret of Denmark.[58]The king died at theBattle of Sauchieburnby forces nominally led by his son and successorJames IV. During theWars of the Three Kingdoms, theBattle of Stirlingalso took place in the centre of Stirling on 12 September 1648. The fortifications continued to play a strategic military role during the 18th-centuryJacobite risings. In1715, theEarl of Marfailed to take control of the castle. InJanuary 1746, the army ofBonnie Prince Charlieseized control of the townbut failed to take the Castle. On their consequent retreat northwards, they blew up the church ofSt. Ninianswhere they had been storing munitions; only the tower survived and can be seen to this day.[59]The castle and the church are shown onBlaeu's map[60]of 1654 which was derived fromPont's earlier map.[61]

Church of the Holy Rude(Holy Cross) [62]

Standing near the castle, theChurch of the Holy Rudeis one of the town's most historically important buildings. Founded in 1129 it is the second oldest building in the city after Stirling castle. It was rebuilt in the 15th-century after Stirling suffered a catastrophic fire in 1405, and is reputed to be the only surviving church in the United Kingdom apart fromWestminster Abbeyto have held a coronation.[63]On 29 July 1567 the infant son ofMary, Queen of Scots, wasanointedJames VI of Scotlandin the church.[63]James' bride,Anne of Denmarkwas crowned in the church atHolyrood Palacein Edinburgh. The Holy Rude congregation still meet and some 19th century parish records survive.[64]Musket shot marks that may come fromCromwell's troops during theWars of the Three Kingdomsare clearly visible on the tower andapseof the church.[63]

Economically, the city's port supported foreign trade, historically doing significant trade in theLow Countries, particularly withBruges[65]in Belgium andVeere[66]in the Netherlands. In the 16th century there were so many Scots inDanzig[67]inPrussiathat they had their own church congregation and trade is mentioned with that city in Stirling Council's minutes of 1560.[68]AroundJohn Cowane's time there is an account which states there were about 30,000 Scots families living in Poland[69]although that was possibly[70]an exaggeration.[71]Trade with theBaltic[72]also took place such as a timber trade with Norway.

After the Jacobite threat had faded but before the railways were established, the Highland cattle drovers would use the Auld Brig on their way to market at Falkirk[73]orStenhousemuir.[74]Three times a year, tens of thousands of cattle, sheep and ponies were moved together to the trysts in the south with some drovers going as far asCarlisleor even London'sSmithfield.[75]There is a record of a four-mile long tailback (of livestock) developing fromSt. NinianstoBridge of Allanafter a St. Ninians tollman had a dispute.[76]

Victorian and Modern

[edit]
The Municipal Buildings

In the early 19th century an "exceedingly low" cost steamboat service used to run between Stirling andNewhavenorGranton.[77]The coming of the railways in 1848 started the decline of the river traffic,[78]not least because theAlloa Swing Bridgedownstream restricted access for shipping. The railways did provide opportunity too with one Riverside company selling their reaping machines as far afield asSyriaand Australia. Similarly, in 1861, a company making baby carriages was set up. These prams were exported to Canada, South America, India and South Africa.[79]

ThePrinces Street drill hallwas completed in 1908[80]and theMunicipal Buildings, which formed the headquarters of Stirling Burgh Council for much of the 20th century, were completed in 1918.[81]

After the blockades of the World Wars there was some increase in the use of the port including a tea trade with India. However, with normal shipping lanes open, the growth of the railways including TheForth Rail Bridge, left the harbour uneconomical and by the mid 20th century the port had ceased to operate.


Governance

[edit]
Old Viewforthis the administrative centre of Stirling Council.

In terms oflocal government, the city of Stirling is a part of the widerStirling Council area, which is based atOld Viewforthand governs on matters of local administration as set out by theLocal Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994. The current members of the Council were voted in 2017 for a term of office of 5 years. The May 2017 local government election resulted in theScottish Conservativeparty andScottish National Partyeach winning nine councillors, while theLabour Partywon four seats and theScottish Green Partywon one.[82]However, subsequently one Conservative councillor left the party to sit as an Independent.[83]TheProvostof Stirling is Cllr Christine Simpson.[84]

For the purposes of theScottish Parliament, the city of Stirling forms part of theStirling constituency of the Scottish Parliamentconstituency. The Stirling Scottish Parliament (orHolyrood) constituency created in 1999 is one of nine within the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region. Each constituency elects oneMember of the Scottish Parliament(MSP) by the first past the post system of election, and the region elects seven additional members to produce a form of proportional representation. The constituency'sMember of the Scottish Parliament(MSP) isEvelyn Tweedof theScottish National Party(SNP).[85]

In terms of national government, the city of Stirling forms part ofcounty constituencyofStirling constituency of the House of Commons, electing oneMember of Parliament(MP) to theHouse of Commonsof the parliament of the United Kingdom by first past the post system.Alyn Smithof the SNP is the MP forStirling constituency of the House of Commonssince the2019 general election.[86]

Historical voting records can be found in online databases.[87]

Geography

[edit]
Stirling Old Bridge with the Wallace Monument and Abbey Craig in the background, one of a series of local Crag and Tail hills.

Stirling is renowned as theGateway to the Highlandsand is generally regarded as occupying a strategic position at the point where the flatter, largely undulating Scottish Lowlands meet the rugged slopes of theHighlandsalong theHighland Boundary Fault.[88][89]The starkness of this contrast is evidenced by the many hills and mountains of the lower Highlands such asBen VorlichandBen Lediwhich can be seen to the northwest of the city. On the other hand, theCarse of Stirling, stretching to the west and east of the city, is one of the flattest and most agriculturally productive expanses of land in the whole of Scotland.

The land surrounding Stirling[90]has been most affected byglacialerosion anddeposition. The city itself has grown up around its castle which stands atop an ancientquartz-doleritesill, known as theStirling Sill, a major defensive position which was at the lowest crossing point on the River Forth. Stirling stands on the Forth at the point where the river widens and becomestidal. To the east of the city theOchil Hillsdominate the skyline with the highest peak in the range beingBen Cleuch, althoughDumyatis more noticeable from Stirling. The Ochils meet the flatcarse(floodplain) of the River Forth to the east of the distinctive geographical feature ofAbbey Craig, acrag and tailhill upon which stands the 220 ft (67 m) highNational Wallace Monument.[91]

Areas of Stirling

[edit]

Top of the Townconsists of Broad Street, Castle Wynd, Ballengeich Pass, Lower Castle Hill Road, Darnley Street, Baker Street (formerly Baxters St), St John Street and St Mary's Wynd. These streets all lead up to Stirling Castle and are the favourite haunt of tourists who stop off at the Old Town Jail,Mar's Wark,Argyll's Lodgingand the castle. Ballengeich Pass leads to the graveyard at Ballengeich and the Castle Wynd winds past the old graveyard. The Top of the Town from Broad Street upwards is renowned for its cobblestoned roads, and cars can be heard rattling over the cobblestones on the way down. Craft shops and tourist-focused shops are evident on the way up and once at the top, panoramic views are available across Stirling and beyond.

All areas[92]

Broad Street, at the heart of Stirling's Old Town area (called "Top of the Town" by locals)
  • Abbey Craig
  • Airthrey
  • Allan Park
  • Back o' Hill
  • Bannockburn
  • Borestone
  • Braehead
  • Bridgehaugh
  • Broomridge
  • Brucefields
  • Burghmuir
  • Cambusbarron
  • Cambuskenneth
  • Causewayhead
  • Chartershall
  • Corn Exchange
  • Cornton
  • Coxethill
  • Craigforth
  • Craigmill
  • Craig Leith
  • Cultenhove
  • Dumyat
  • Forthbank
  • Gillies Hill
  • Gowan Hill
  • Hillpark
  • Kenningknowes
  • Kersemill
  • Kildean
  • King's Park
  • Ladyneuk
  • Laurelhill
  • Livilands
  • Loanhead
  • Logie
  • Mote Hill
  • Meadowforth
  • Mercat Cross
  • Pirnhall
  • Queenshaugh
  • Raploch
  • Randolphfield
  • Riverside
  • Spittal Hill
  • Springkerse
  • St. Ninians
  • Top of the Town
  • Torbrex
  • Whins of Milton
  • Viewforth
  • Westhaugh
  • Wolfcraig

Historical place names for Stirling town in 1858–61 were compiled byO.S.map makers.[93]

Climate

[edit]

Like most of theUnited Kingdom, Stirling has anoceanic climate(KöppenCfb) with mild summers and cool, wet winters. Stirling has some of the warmest summers in all of Scotland, being relatively far away from the cooling effects of theNorth Seaand theFirth of Clyde.

Climate data for Stirling (1991–2020 averages, extremes 2009–present, [25 m or 82 ft asl])
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.6
(56.5)		 15.5
(59.9)		 17.1
(62.8)		 21.1
(70.0)		 27.8
(82.0)		 32.3
(90.1)		 29.0
(84.2)		 24.9
(76.8)		 23.8
(74.8)		 19.7
(67.5)		 15.7
(60.3)		 14.5
(58.1)		 32.3
(90.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.3
(45.1)		 8.1
(46.6)		 9.9
(49.8)		 12.4
(54.3)		 15.7
(60.3)		 18.1
(64.6)		 19.9
(67.8)		 19.5
(67.1)		 17.1
(62.8)		 13.5
(56.3)		 10.0
(50.0)		 7.5
(45.5)		 13.3
(55.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.4
(39.9)		 5.0
(41.0)		 6.4
(43.5)		 8.3
(46.9)		 11.3
(52.3)		 14.0
(57.2)		 15.7
(60.3)		 15.3
(59.5)		 12.9
(55.2)		 9.8
(49.6)		 6.7
(44.1)		 4.3
(39.7)		 9.5
(49.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5)		 1.9
(35.4)		 2.9
(37.2)		 4.3
(39.7)		 6.9
(44.4)		 9.8
(49.6)		 11.5
(52.7)		 11.1
(52.0)		 8.8
(47.8)		 6.2
(43.2)		 3.5
(38.3)		 1.1
(34.0)		 5.8
(42.4)
Record low °C (°F) −11.1
(12.0)		 −7.6
(18.3)		 −5.8
(21.6)		 −3.9
(25.0)		 −1.7
(28.9)		 3.6
(38.5)		 5.0
(41.0)		 3.8
(38.8)		 1.0
(33.8)		 −2.8
(27.0)		 −6.6
(20.1)		 −15.6
(3.9)		 −15.6
(3.9)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 129.3
(5.09)		 97.3
(3.83)		 74.5
(2.93)		 51.4
(2.02)		 56.9
(2.24)		 66.6
(2.62)		 70.1
(2.76)		 76.1
(3.00)		 76.3
(3.00)		 107.4
(4.23)		 109.2
(4.30)		 103.1
(4.06)		 1,018.1
(40.08)
Average rainy days(≥ 1 mm) 16.3 13.6 12.8 10.6 11.3 11.7 13.0 13.0 12.6 15.2 16.1 15.4 161.4
Mean monthlysunshine hours 39.1 66.9 99.5 137.8 183.1 162.0 153.7 150.5 119.5 81.3 54.0 32.2 1,279.6
Source 1: MetOffice[94]
Source 2:[95]

Demography

[edit]

Thesettlementof Stirling had a population of 48,440 in 2012. According to the 2001 census, 52.7% of the population was female compared to 47.2% male. Stirling had both a smaller proportion of under 16s, at 16.7% compared to the Scottish average of 19.2%, and a smaller proportion of those of pensionable age: 17.8% – compared to the Scottish average of 18.6%.[96]

Historical records also exist both in book form[65]and in online databases.[97]

Culture

[edit]
The Stirling Wolf (1704, oil on canvas, artist unknown), The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum

Walking theMarches[42]is a custom probably started in the 12th century. The only way the town's boundaries could be protected was to walk round inspecting them annually. The walk was followed by a dinner.[98]This was traditionally done by the Birlaw men made up from members of the Seven Trades, the Guildry and Council. In 2014 the tradition was revived after an official abeyance of several years.[99]

There are about sixteen libraries and two mobile libraries in Stirling.[100]TheSmith Art Gallery and Museumis now free to tourists and residents alike. Shearer's 1895 Penny Guide to Stirling and Neighbourhood used to list it under "How to spend a few hours on a wet day".[101]TheMacrobert Arts Centrehas a variety of exhibitions and performances. There are many events at theStirling Tolboothand at TheAlbert Halls.[102]Stirling has hosted theNational Mòdseveral times: in 1909, 1961, 1971 and 1987.[103]

Religion

[edit]
Woman Clasping the Bible − George Harvey (1806–1876), The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum
The earliest known version of Psalm 1 in Scots by Alexander Montgomeriefrom Zaburor The Book of Psalms. He was one of a circle of poets in the Stirling court of James VI. [104]

There are currently about 20 churches in the city. These include:

Church of Scotland[105]

  • Allan Park South Church[106]
  • Cambusbarron Parish Church[107]
  • Church of the Holy Rude[108]
  • North Parish Church[109]
  • St Columba's Church[110]
  • St Mark's Parish Church[111]
  • St Ninians Old Parish Church[112]
  • Viewfield Church[113]

Roman Catholic[114]

Other churches

  • Cornerstone Community Church[119]
  • Cornton Baptist Church[120]
  • Holy Trinity Episcopal Church[121]
  • St Ninians United Free Church of Scotland[122]
  • Stirling Baptist Church[123]
  • Stirling Free Church[124]
  • Stirling Methodist Church[125]
  • St. Ninian's Community Church[126]
  • The Salvation Army[127]

Islam

  • Central Scotland Islamic Centre[128]

Economy

[edit]
Hotel Colessio. Tourism is a major part of the economy of Stirling.

With Stirling's development as a market town and its location as the focus of transport and communications in the region, it has developed a substantialretailsector serving a wide range of surrounding communities as well as the city itself. Primarily centred on the city centre, there are a large number of chain stores, as well as theThistlesshopping centre. However this has been augmented by out-of-town developments such as the Springkerse Retail Park on the city bypass to the east of Stirling.[129]

A major newregeneration projecton the site of the former port area and the 40-acre (160,000 m2) former Ministry of Defence site, adjacent toStirling Railway Station, is currently underway.[130]Known as Forthside, it has the aim of developing a new waterfront district linked to the railway station viaForthside Bridge. The development comprises retail, residential and commercial elements, including a conference centre, hotel andVuemultiplex cinema, that will ultimately expand the city centre area, linking it to the River Forth, which has been cut off from the city centre area since the construction of theA9 bypassunder the railway station in the 1960s.[131]

In the service sector,financial servicesas well astourismare the biggest employers. The financial services and insurance companyScottish Amicable Life Assurance, now part ofPrudential, established a large and base at Craigforth on the outskirts of Stirling in the 1970s.[132]

In terms of tourism, the presence of such historical monuments as Stirling Castle and theWallace Monument[133]and other nearby attractions likeBlair Drummond Safari Parkhas bolstered Stirling's position as a significant tourist destination in Scotland.[134]

TheUniversity of StirlingandStirling Councilare two of the biggest employers in the area. Knowledge related industries,research and developmentas well aslife scienceshave clustered around the university in the Stirling University Innovation Park, close to its main campus.[135]

Mauchline ware started producing wooden snuff-boxes in 1790 inMauchline, Ayrshire. They were produced of the wood from the trees from the Castle craig. Today they are highly collectible.[136]

Stirling is home to national construction companies Ogilvie Group, chaired by Duncan Ogilvie, who was listed in theSunday Times Rich Listas being worth £32 million in 2009.[137]

ABank of Scotlandsurvey in 2009 found that workers in Stirling had the highest average earnings of £716 a week.[138]

Transport

[edit]
Stirling railway station

The City of Stirling is home to a large number ofcommutersbut has fewer commuting to work in other areas, than travel into the city. About half of Scotland's population live within an hour's travel time of Stirling.[139]

Local bus services to districts within the city are almost completely provided by buses operated byMcGill's Scotland East. The surrounding towns, likeBridge of Allan,Alloa,FalkirkandGlasgowviaCumbernauldhave services from the bus station.

Coaches to manyScottish towns and citiesalso run regularly.[140]

There are also railway links fromStirling railway station, includinginter-city railservices toAberdeen,Dundee,Edinburgh Waverley,Inverness,Glasgow Queen Street, andLondon King's Cross. Services toAlloa,Bridge of Allan,FalkirkandDunblanealso run. Stirling Council provides some approximate journey times.[141]Working lines include theHighland Main Line, theEdinburgh–Dunblane lineand theCroy Line. The station formerly provided direct railway services toCallanderandOban, and toLoch Lomond, over very scenic lines, and a fast service toDunfermline.

Cities with motorways links close to Stirling include Glasgow, via theM80 motorwaypast Cumbernauld, and Edinburgh, via theM9 motorwaypast Falkirk. To the north, the M9 provides access toDunblanewith easy links toPerthand further beyond theCentral Belt.

Stirling has no airport, but there are international airports atGlasgowandEdinburghwhich can be reached within an hour. Light aircraft can be chartered atCumbernauld Airport.

Stirling used to have steamboats which carried hundreds of passengers a day.[78]There is currently no workingportat Stirling but there are plans to develop the river[142]and the harbour[143]which might include links with towns on theFirth of Forth. Since theForthis tidal at Stirling, development ofpontoonstyle landing stages could potentially allow river taxis and tourist boats to operate during the summer.[144]

Media

[edit]

Local radio stations are community based radio stations: CastleSound[145]andAir3 Radio, which is a student-run station that broadcasts from theUniversity of Stirling.[146]

TheStirling NewsandStirling Observerare the local newspapers in the city.[147][148]

Sports and recreation

[edit]
The headquarters of the Scottish Institute of Sportlocated on the campus at the University of Stirling.

Stirling is home to professional league teams in football, rugby and cricket. The firstStirling Scottish Marathonwas held on 21 May 2017.[149]The National Curling Academy is located in Stirling Sports Village.[150]It was opened in 2017 byEve Muirhead.[151]They use facilities linked to The Peak.[152]It was hoped this would increase the chances of British medals at events like theWinter OlympicsandParalympics.[153]

The senior football team,Stirling Albion, play in theScottish League Oneat their home ground atForthbank Stadium.[154]In July 2010, the Stirling Albion Supporters' Trust successfully took over the running of the club buying out the long-serving chairman, Peter McKenzie, after 14 months of campaigning. This made Stirling Albion the first fully owned community club in the history of British football, after previous attempts made byManchester United,LiverpoolandRangers.[155]Stirling University L.F.C.are the premier women's football team. They play in theScottish Women's Premier League. Their home ground is The Gannochy Sports Centre atUniversity of Stirling.[156]Scotlandinternational footballersBilly Bremner,John Colquhoun,Duncan Ferguson, female footballerFrankie Brownand brothersGaryandSteven Caldwellwere born in Stirling. So were rugby internationalsKenny Logan,Ally Hoggand Alison McGrandles,jockeyWillie Carson, andcricketerDougie Brown.

Stirling Countycurrently play in rugby'sScottish Premiership Division One.Stirling KnightsBasketball Team are based at the Peak at Forthbank besideForthbank Stadium.[157]Theathleticsteam Central Athletic Club are based at theUniversity of Stirling. The University Stirling Wanderers Hockey Club have also moved to a brand new (international standard) pitch at Forthbank for season 2008–09.[158]

Next to this pitch there is also the ground of Stirling County Cricket Club, whose pavilion captured an architectural award in June 2009,[159]three years after its opening.

TheUniversity of Stirlingis a major centre of sports training and education in Scotland. It was designated as Scotland's University for Sporting Excellence by the Scottish Government in 2008. The headquarters of theScottish Institute of Sportis a purpose-built facility on the campus which opened in 2002. Also at the university is the Scottish National Swimming Academy, where Rio 2016, Olympic silver medalists and students at the university,Duncan ScottandRobbie Renwicktrained. Commonwealth gold medalistRoss Murdoch, who also competed at Rio 2106, is a student at the university. The Gannochy National Tennis centre, which is seen as a tennis centre of excellence, was whereAndy Murrayand his brotherJamie Murrayhoned their skills as juniors.Gordon Reid, wheel chair Olympic gold medalist in 2016, was a tennis scholar at the university.[160]The university men's and women's golf teams are consistently ranked among the best in Europe.[161]

The university has a dedicated sports studies department, which is within the Faculty of Health Science and Sport, and is ranked amongst the best in the United Kingdom for its provision of sports facilities, with the maximum 5-star award, shared by 16 other universities in the UK.[162]The University of Stirling also currently hosts the Scottish men's lacrosse champions. Stirling and its surrounding area has a number of 9- and 18-holegolf courses, the largest of which is the Stirling Golf Course, located in the Kings Park area of the city. The Peak, a new Sports Village, was opened in April 2009 to cater for a range of sporting activities.[163]

In June 2014, Stirling became the home of Scottish cricket after an agreement between Stirling County Cricket Club,Cricket ScotlandandStirling Council. It is hoped that the redevelopment of the ground will start at end 2014 with the intention being to upgrade it to international match standards. Scotland will play the majority of their home international games at the ground, starting with the World T20 qualifiers in the summer of 2015. The development will see a new pavilion and indoor training facility built atNew Williamfield, the home of Stirling County Cricket Club, withCricket Scotlandrelocating its headquarters from theNational Cricket AcademyatRavelston,Edinburgh.[164]

Education

[edit]
Looking out over Airthrey Loch on the main campus of The University of Stirling

TheUniversity of Stirlingopened in 1967 on a greenfield site outside the town. Currently there are 11,100 students studying at the university, of which 7,995 areundergraduatesand 3,105 arepostgraduates. There are 120 nationalities represented on the university campus, with 19% of students coming from overseas.[165]It has grown into a major research centre, with a largeInnovation Parklocated immediately adjacent to the main university campus. Innovation Park has grown since its initiation in 1993, and is now home to 40 companies engaging in various forms ofresearch and development.[166]In January 2008 it was announced that students fromSingaporewould be able to gain degrees in retail from the University of Stirling in a tie-up with the country'sNanyang Polytechnic(NYP).[167]Stirling is also home to part of the widerForth Valley Collegewhich was formed on 1 August 2005 from the merger ofFalkirk, Stirling andClackmannancolleges.

There are four main high schools in Stirling itself –Stirling High School, with a school roll of 964 pupils,Wallace High Schoolwith 958 pupils,St Modan's High Schoolwith 912 pupils, and Bannockburn High School in Broomridge with 752 pupils.[168][169][170][171]All the city's secondary school premises have been redeveloped as a result of aPublic-private partnershipscheme. Stirling also has a Gaelic-medium unit situated in the city's Riverside Primary School which teaches pupils from across Stirling and Clackmannanshire through the medium ofScottish Gaelic.[172]

Twinned cities

[edit]

Notable residents

[edit]

Freedom of the City

[edit]

The following people and military units have received theFreedom of the Cityof Stirling.

Individuals

[edit]

Military Units

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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