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Hertford

Coordinates:51°47′48″N0°04′38″W / 51.79662°N 0.07735°W /51.79662; -0.07735
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Hartfordor Hereford.
For other uses, see Hertford (disambiguation).

Hertford
Parliament Square, Hertford Town Centre
Hertford is located in Hertfordshire
Hertford
Hertford
Location within Hertfordshire
Population 26,783 (2011 Census, parish)[1]
OS grid reference TL325125
•London 19.2 mi (30.9 km)S
Civil parish
  • Hertford
District
Shire county
Region
Country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town HERTFORD
Postcode district SG13, SG14
Dialling code 01992
Police Hertfordshire
Fire Hertfordshire
Ambulance East of England
UK Parliament
Website www.hertford.gov.uk
List of places
UK
England
Hertfordshire
51°47′48″N0°04′38″W / 51.79662°N 0.07735°W /51.79662; -0.07735

Hertford(/ˈhɑːrtfərd/HART-fərd) is thecounty townofHertfordshire, England, and is also acivil parishin theEast Hertfordshiredistrict of the county. The parish had a population of 26,783 at the 2011 census.[1][a]

The town grew around a ford on theRiver Lea, near its confluences with the riversMimram,Beane, andRib. The Lea is navigable from theThamesup to Hertford. Fortified settlements were established on each side of the ford at Hertford in 913AD. The county of Hertfordshire was established at a similar time, being named after and administered from Hertford.Hertford Castlewas built shortly after theNorman Conquestin 1066 and remained a royal residence until the early seventeenth century.

Hertfordshire County CouncilandEast Hertfordshire District Councilboth have their main offices in the town and are major local employers, as isMcMullen's Brewery, which has been based in the town since 1827. The town is also popular with commuters, being only 20 miles (32 km) north of central London and connected to it by two railway lines.

Toponymy

[edit]

The earliest reference to the town appears in theEcclesiastical History of the English People, written byBedein 731 AD, which refers toHerutford.Herutis theOld Englishspelling ofhart, meaning a fully maturestag; thus the meaning of the name is afordwhere harts are found.[3]TheDomesday Bookof 1086 gives a spelling ofHertforde.[4]

History

[edit]
Hertford Castle

One possible earlier mention of the town was in 672 AD: the firstsynod of a number of the bishops in Englandwas held either in Hertford or atHartford, Cambridgeshire.[5]The synod was called byTheodore of Tarsus; decisions included the calculation of the date of Easter.[6]

TheAnglo-Saxon Chroniclerecords that in 913AD,Edward the Elderordered the construction of twoburhs(earthwork fortifications) either side of thefordover the River Lea at Hertford as part of his campaign against theDanes.[7][b]

By the time of theDomesday Book, Hertford had two churches, two markets and three mills. The Normans began work onHertford Castle, and Hertford Priory was founded byRalph de Limesy.[19]King Henry IIrebuilt the castle in stone, but in 1216, during theFirst Barons' War, it was besieged and captured after 25 days byPrince Louis of France.[20]The castle was regularly visited by English royalty and in 1358,Queen Isabella, wife ofEdward II, died there. The priory wasdissolvedin 1536 and subsequently demolished[19]and in 1563, theParliament of Englandmet at the castle because of an outbreak ofplaguein London. Hertford grew and prospered as a market andcounty town; communication was improved by the construction of theLea Navigation Canalin 1767 and thearrival of the railwayin 1843.[21]ThePort Hill drill hallwas completed in 1898 andYeomanry Housewas brought into military use in 1910.[22]

Hartford, Connecticutis named after Hertford.[citation needed]

Governance

[edit]

Hertford has three tiers of local government at parish (town), district, and county level: Hertford Town Council,East Hertfordshire District Council, andHertfordshire County Council, all three of which are based in the town.

Hertford
Ancient borough(c.913–1835)
Municipal borough(1836–1974)
Coat of arms
Population
• 1901 9,322
• 1971 19,540[23]
History
• Created c.913 (Ancient borough)
1 January 1836 (Municipal borough)
• Abolished 31 March 1974
• Succeeded by East Hertfordshire
•HQ Hertford
Contained within
• County Council Hertfordshire

Hertford has been the county town of Hertfordshire since the county was founded inSaxontimes. The town also gave its name to thehundredofHertford.[24]The town was initially governed by the king'sreeves. By the thirteenth century, the reeves had been replaced by abailiff, elected by theburgesses. Charters of 1554 and 1589 established a common council of eleven chief burgesses and a bailiff. Another charter of 1605 changed the bailiff's title to mayor. Under theMunicipal Corporations Act 1835, Hertford became aMunicipal borough; theratepayerselected twelvecouncillors, who chose fouraldermen, with the aldermen and councillors together composing the council (also known as the corporation), which elected the mayor.[12]

The Hertfordpoor law unionwas established in 1835, covering the town and surrounding rural parishes.[25]

Hertford Corporation used part of theShire Hallas a Town Hall until 1911, when it moved into the surviving gatehouse ofHertford Castle.[26][27]

Under theLocal Government Act 1972, Hertford Municipal Borough was abolished, merging with other districts to become part of thedistrictofEast Hertfordshirewith effect from 1 April 1974. Asuccessor parishwas created covering the former borough of Hertford, with its parish council taking the name Hertford Town Council.[28]The town council is based at the former offices of the borough corporation at Hertford Castle.[29]

The headquarters ofHertfordshire County Councilis atCounty Hall, built in 1939 to replace the Shire Hall. East Hertfordshire District Council's offices almost adjoin County Hall, being at Wallfields, which prior to 1974 had been the offices ofHertford Rural District Council.

Arms

[edit]

From at least 1634, Hertford Corporation used anescutcheon(shield) depicting a hart above water to indicate a ford. The borough council was granted the right to complement its arms with a badge in 1925, and supporters were added in 1937. The coat of arms is now used by Hertford Town Council.[30]

Coat of arms of Hertford Town Council [31]
Escutcheon
Argent on water barry wavy a hart lodged Proper (recorded at the 1634 visitation).
Supporters
On either side a lion Ermine gorged with a collar pendent therefrom by a chain Gules an escutcheon Or charged with three chevrons also Gules (granted 20 October 1937).
Motto
Pride In Our Past Faith In Our Future
Badge
Within a chaplet of roses Gules a hart's head caboshed Proper between the attires an escutcheon Or charged with three chevronels Gules (granted 23 September 1925).

Geography

[edit]

Hertford is at the confluence of four river valleys: theRib,BeaneandMimramjoin theRiver Leaat Hertford to flow east and then south toward theThamesas theLee Navigation, afterHertford Castle Weir. The shared valley of theLeaand theBeaneis calledHartham Commonand this provides a large park to one side of the town centre running towardsWareand lying below the ridge upon whichBengeois situated.

The town centre still has its medieval layout with many timber-framed buildings hidden under later frontages, particularly inSt Andrew Street. Hertford suffers from traffic problems despite the existence of the 1960sA414bypass called Gascoyne Way which passes close to the town centre. Plans have long existed to connect theA10with the A414, by-passing the town completely. Nevertheless, the town retains very much a country-town feel, despite lying only 19.2 miles (30.9 km) north ofCentral London. This is aided by its proximity to larger towns such asHarlow,Bishop's StortfordandStevenagewhere modern development has been focused.

Hartham Common

Economy

[edit]
Hertfordshire County Hall in Hertford

A fair amount of employment in the town is centred on County Hall (Hertfordshire County Council), Wallfields (East Hertfordshire District Council) andMcMullens Brewery, one of a dwindling number of independent pre-1970 familybrewersin the United Kingdom. Many residents commute to work in London.

Hertford differs from neighbouring towns as it lacks a modern shopping development (mall). However, it has most of the usual supermarkets. ATescostore occupies part of the formerChrist's HospitalBluecoat Girls School, which closed down in 1985.Sainsbury'sopened a new store on part of the McMullens Brewery site in June 2012.[32]A Waitrose occupied a reasonably large store in the Bircherley Green Shopping area that closed on 12 September 2017. The local branch ofWoolworthsclosed for good on 27 December 2008, after the collapse of that store chain. There are fewer of the usual chain shops found in most high streets and this makes Hertford stand out from other "clone towns". There are a high number of independent shops in the town, with a variety of boutiques and salons.

Sport and leisure

[edit]

Hertford has a leisure centre and swimming pool, skatepark, bowling green and tennis courts onHartham Common.

Football

[edit]

The town has aNon-League footballclub,Hertford Town F.C., which plays at Hertingfordbury Park.Hertford Town Youth FC, aFA Charter Standard Football Club, plays at County Hall Playing Fields, situated next to the headquarters ofHertfordshire County CouncilatCounty Hallin Hertford.[33]Other clubs in the surrounding area includeBury Rangers, Hertford Heath Youth FC andBengeo Tigers Football Club(an award-winning[34]FA Charter Standard Community Football Club.[35])

Cricket

[edit]

Hertford Cricket Clubis based in the town. Records for a Hertford club go back a far as 1825,. However, the club in its present form has been in existence since 1860. The club plays its matches at Balls park, Hertford. Currently the club runs five teams and all the teams play in the local league.

People

[edit]
The statue of Samuel Stone

Landmarks

[edit]
Church of Saint Leonard, Bengeo
  • In the town are the remains of the originalHertford Castle, principally a motte. The castle's gatehouse, the central part of which dates to a rebuild byEdward IVin 1463, is the home to Hertford Town Council. The Motte, from the originalMotte and Baileycastle in Hertford, can be found just behind Castle Hall, a short distance from the modern castle.
  • There are several churches in the town.All Saints'and St Andrew's are late and mid 19th century respectively, although both stand on the sites of medieval places of worship.[38]In the northern suburb ofBengeoliesSt Leonard's, a two-celled Norman church of considerable architectural interest.
  • In Railway Street can be found the oldest purpose-builtQuakerMeeting House in the world, in use since 1670.
Hertford Quaker Meeting House
  • TheParliament of Englandtemporarily moved to Hertford during aplagueoutbreak in London in 1563.[39]This is why the main square in the town, Parliament Square, is so named, although it is a twentieth-century creation.
  • The home of Alfred Russel Wallace (see above), now named Wallace House, can be found at 11 St. Andrew St. and is marked with a plaque.[40]
  • Built in 1779, theShire Hallwas designed byRobert Adam.[41]The ground floor houses Court Rooms.
  • TheCorn Exchangewas built on the site of a former gaol. After years in the doldrums it is now a live entertainment venue.[42]
The Prince Albert Cottage

Transport

[edit]

Rail

[edit]
Hertford East railway station

Two railway stations serve Hertford -Hertford EastandHertford North.Transport for LondonOyster cardsare valid for payment and travel at both stations.[46]

Hertford East

[edit]
Main article: Hertford East railway station

Hertford East is the north-western terminus of theHertford East Branch Line.Greater Angliamanages the station and operates trains between Hertford East andLondon Liverpool Streetin theCity of London.

The Hertford East Branch Line along with theWest Anglia Main Lineprovide the town with direct connections toWare,Broxbourne,Cheshunt,Waltham Cross,Tottenham HaleandHackney Downs. At Broxbourne - the south-eastern terminus of the branch line - the West Anglia Main Line runs northbound towardsBishop's Stortford,Audley EndandCambridge.[47][48]

Hertford North

[edit]
Main article: Hertford North railway station

Hertford North is on theHertford Loop Line, a branch of theEast Coast Main Line.

Great Northernoperates trains northbound towardsWatton-at-StoneandStevenage. Southbound, Great Northern trains run towardsLondon Moorgatein the City throughEnfield Chase,Alexandra Palace,Finsbury ParkandHighbury and Islington. Some timetabled services run southbound intoLondon King's Crossinstead of Moorgate.

A Class 717 operated by Great Northern on the Northaw Viaduct, between Hertford North and London Moorgate
A Class 717operated by Great Northern on the Northaw Viaduct, between Hertford Northand London Moorgate

North of Stevenage, trains run towardsHitchin,Peterborough,the NorthandScotland, and towardsLetchworth,Roystonand Cambridge. South of Finsbury Park, services run towards King's Cross,London St Pancras,Farringdon,Gatwick AirportandBrighton.[49][48]

Road

[edit]
See also: A10 road (England), A414 road, and A119 road (England)

TheA10runs north-south through the east of Hertford.Kingsmead Viaductcarries the A10 across the River Lea between Hertford andWare. Southbound, the route runs towards theM25 London Orbital motorwayand the City of London, throughCheshunt,EnfieldandTottenham. Northbound, the route runs towardsKing's LynninNorfolkviaBuntingford,Royston,CambridgeandEly.[50]

TheA414runs east-west through Hertford, alongHertingfordbury Road,Gascoyne Wayand London Road. The primary route runs eastbound towards the A10,Harlow, theM11 motorway,ChelmsfordandMaldon. Westbound, the route carries traffic towardsHatfield, theA1(M) motorway,St AlbansandHemel Hempstead.

TheA119runs eastbound from Hertford into Ware. The route runs northbound from Hertford towardsWatton-at-Stoneand theA602forStevenage.

Bus and coach

[edit]

Hertford Bus Station lies to the east of Bircherley Street in Hertford town centre.

Long-distance routes through Hertford include:

A 724-branded bus operated by Arriva Shires and Essex
A 724-branded bus operated by Arriva Shires & Essex

Hertfordshire County Councilmanages the Intalink enhanced partnership which choreographs the local bus network.[53]In January 2024, the local town network was connected into an integrated group of routes numbered H1-H6, operated by Vectare under the Central Connect brand.[54]

Bus routes in Hertford include:

Cycling

[edit]

National Cycle Route 61runs east-west through Hertford. Between Welwyn Garden City and Ware, through Hertford, the route is also known asCole Green Way. The route's western terminus is nearTaplowinBerkshire, nearSloughandMaidenhead. To the east, NCR61 meetsNCR1near Hoddesdon.[55][56][57]

Hertford is the northern terminus of the Lee Navigation and the associatedtowpath, which carries NCR61 for part of its route. The towpath's southern terminus is inLimehouse,East London. The cycle route passes through Ware, Hoddesdon, Broxbourne,Enfield Lock,Tottenham,LeytonandHackney Wick.[58][59]

River

[edit]

Hertford is the northern terminus of thenavigableRiver Lea, which is managed by theCanal and River Trust. Southbound, the river runs towardsBromley-by-Bowin East London, through Ware, Hoddesdon, Broxbourne, Enfield Lock, Tottenham, Leyton and Hackney Wick. The river meets the navigableRiver Stortat Hoddesdon, which runs northbound through Harlow,Sawbridgeworthand Bishop's Stortford.[58][59]

TheHertford Union Canaland theLimehouse Cutconnect the Lee Navigation with theRegent's Canalin London.[58][59]

Lee and Stort Boat Company runs awaterbusat various points throughout the year, with a route between Hertford and Ware.[60]

Education

[edit]

Secondary schools in Hertford includethe Sele School,Richard Hale SchoolandSimon Balle All-through School(which also includes primary provision; other primary schools include Hollybush JMI, Millmead Community School,[61]Bengeo Primary School,[62]Morgans Primary School and Nursery,[63]Abel Smith School (named after banker and MPAbel Smith(1788–1859)),[64]St Andrew's School, St. Josephs RC School[65]and Wheatcroft School.

Private schools include St. Joseph's in the Park[66]inHertingfordbury, Duncombe School,[67](apreparatory schoolinBengeo) andHaileybury CollegeinHertford Heath.

Pinewood and Middleton Schools are special needs schools that are available in neighbouringWare.

Former schools include The Pines JMI School, which was built on the Pinehurst estate in 1977 and closed in 2003.

Media

[edit]

Hertford is within theBBC LondonandITV Londonregion. Television signals are received from theCrystal PalaceTV transmitter[68]and the local relay transmitter.[69]Local radio stations areBBC Three Counties Radioon 90.4 FM andHeart Hertfordshireon 106.9 FM. Hertford's local newspaper is theHertfordshire Mercury.

Entertainment

[edit]

Hertford Theatre, previously known as Castle Hall, is a moderntheatre, cinema andart gallerycomplex at The Wash in the town centre.[70]The Hertford Corn Exchange is a building where entertainment such as comedy and art exhibitions take place. Hertford has many food, drink and entertainment establishments which have grown in number considerably since the eighties and nineties. It attracts people from nearby towns, and often theNorth Londonsuburbs. There are approximately 25 pubs and clubs in the area,[71]and around 35 restaurants, takeaways and snack bars.[72]Hertford also benefits from public swimming pool and gym facilities and a small skatepark, all situated onHartham Common.

Town twinning

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The Hertford built-up area sub division defined by the Office for National Statistics covers a similar, but not identical, area to the parish, and had a population in the 2011 census of 26,658.[2]
  2. ^Some sources differ on the date of the founding of the burhs. Stenton (1943) gives the date as 911[8]whilst Williamson (2000) gives it as 912.[9]Ingram (1823), Giles (1847),[10]Thorpe (1861)[7]and Rook (1997)[11]agree on 913. Page (1912) uses "about 913".[12]All derive their view from different interpretations and translations of the various surviving versions (A to F) of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle:
    • Text A (Winchester)[13]gives the year (in Roman numerals) as 913, but several dates around this section seem to have been adjusted later, and it appears that the year was originally written as 912. The numerals for 914 to 916 also appear in the margin alongside the entry concerning Hertford.
    • Text B (Abingdon I)[14]does not date the years around this time, but the text clearly marks the start of the entry for each year. A later hand has added dates in the margin, assigning 913 to the entry concerning Hertford.
    • Texts C (Abingdon II)[15]and D (Worcester)[16]both unambiguously assign the year 913 to the Hertford entry.
    • Texts E (Peterborough)[17]and F (Canterbury)[18]both have gaps for the years around this time.
    The four texts which mention the fortification of Hertford agree that the northern burh was founded aroundSt. Martin's Day(or Martinmas), and the southern burh built between the followingrogationtideand midsummer. All four texts present these events within a single paragraph, without indicating that a new year has started. Some sources take this to mean that the northern burh was built around the feast of St Martin of Tours on 11 November and the southern burh in the spring of the following year. Thorpe (1861) proposed that the St Martin's Day in question was more likely to be 14 April, which was formerly marked as the anniversary ofSt Martin the Confessor, which would place the construction of the northern burh around April and the southern burh in May and June of the same year.[7]

References

[edit]
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