Fort Worth, Texas

Fort Worth
City
Downtown Fort Worth Fort Worth Stockyards Fort Worth Botanic Gardens Fort Worth Water Gardens Kimbell Art Museum Paddock Viaduct Texas Christian University St. Patrick Cathedral
Flag Seal
Nicknames: Cowtown, [2]Panther City, Funkytown, Queen City of the Prairie [3]
Motto(s): "Where the West begins"; [2]"Crossroads of Cowboys & Culture"
Interactive map of Fort Worth
Fort Worth Location in Texas Show map of Texas Fort Worth Location in the United States Show map of the United States
Coordinates:32°45′23″N97°19′57″W / 32.75639°N 97.33250°W /32.75639; -97.33250
Country	United States
State	Texas
Counties	Tarrant,Denton,Johnson,Parker,Wise[1]
Incorporated	1874; 150 years ago(1874)[4]
Named for	William J. Worth
Government
• Type	Mayor–council–manager
•Mayor	Mattie Parker(R)
• City manager	David Cooke (R)
• City council	List • Carlos Flores - District #2 • Michael Crain - District #3 • Charles Lauersdorf - District #4 • Gyna Bivens - District #5 • Jared Williams - District #6 • Macy Hill - District #7 • Chris Nettles - District #8 • Elizabeth Beck - District #9 • Alan Blaylock - District #10 • Jeanette Martinez - District #11
Area [5]
• Total	355.56 sq mi (920.89 km2)
• Land	347.27 sq mi (899.44 km2)
• Water	8.28 sq mi (21.45 km2)
Elevation [6]	541 ft (165 m)
Population (2020)
• Total	918,915
• Estimate (2024) [7]	995,049
• Rank	33rdin North America 12thin the United States 5thin Texas
• Density	2,600/sq mi (1,000/km2)
Demonym	Fort Worthian
Time zone	UTC−6(CST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−5(CDT)
ZIP Codes	76008, 76036, 761XX, 76244 76008, 76036, 76101-76124, 76126-76127, 76129-76137, 76140, 76147-76148, 76150, 76155, 76161-76164, 76166, 76177, 76179-76182, 76185, 76190-76193, 76195-76199, 76244
Area codes	682 and 817
FIPS code	48-27000
GNISfeature ID	2410531[6]
Website	www.fortworthtexas.gov

Fort Worthis a city in theU.S. stateofTexasand theseatofTarrant County, covering nearly 350 square miles (910 km²) intoDenton,Johnson,Parker, andWisecounties. According to the 2023 United States census estimate, Fort Worth's population was 978,468, making it thefifth-most populous city in the stateand the12th-most populous in the United States.^[8][9]Fort Worth is thesecond-largestcity in theDallas–Fort Worth metroplex, which is thefourth-most populous metropolitan areain the U.S., and themost populous in Texas.^[10][11]

The city of Fort Worth was established in 1849 as an army outpost on a bluff overlooking theTrinity River.^[12]Fort Worth has historically been a center of theTexas Longhorncattle trade.^[12]It still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture and design.^[13][14]USSFort Worth(LCS-3)is the first ship of theUnited States Navynamed after the city.^[15]NearbyDallashas held a population majority as long as records have been kept, yet Fort Worth has become one of the fastest-growing cities in the United States at the beginning of the 21st century, nearly doubling its population since 2000.

Fort Worth is the location of theVan Cliburn International Piano Competitionand several museums designed by contemporary architects. TheKimbell Art Museumwas designed byLouis Kahn, with an addition designed byRenzo Piano.^[16]TheModern Art Museum of Fort Worthwas designed byTadao Ando. TheAmon Carter Museum of American Art, designed byPhilip Johnson, houses American art. TheSid Richardson Museum, redesigned byDavid M. Schwarz, has a collection of Western art in the U.S., emphasizingFrederic RemingtonandCharles Russell. TheFort Worth Museum of Science and Historywas designed byRicardo Legorretaof Mexico.

Fort Worth is the location of several university communities:Texas Christian University,Texas Wesleyan,University of North Texas Health Science Center, andTexas A&M University School of Law. Several multinational corporations, includingBell Textron,American Airlines, andBNSF Railway, are headquartered in Fort Worth.

TheTreaty of Bird's Fortbetween theRepublic of Texasand several Native American tribes was signed in 1843 at Bird's Fort in present-dayArlington, Texas.^[17][18]Article XI of the treaty provided that no one may "pass the line of trading houses" (at the border of the Indians' territory) without permission of thePresident of Texas, and may not reside or remain in the Indians' territory. These "trading houses" were later established at the junction of the Clear Fork and West Fork of the Trinity River in present-day Fort Worth.^[19]

A line of seven army posts was established in 1848–1849 after the Mexican War to protect the settlers of Texas along the western American Frontier and included Fort Worth,Fort Graham,Fort Gates,Fort Croghan,Fort Martin Scott,Fort Lincoln, andFort Duncan.^[20]Originally, 10 forts had been proposed by Major GeneralWilliam Jenkins Worth(1794–1849), who commanded theDepartment of Texasin 1849. In January 1849, Worth proposed a line of 10 forts to mark the western Texas frontier fromEagle Passto the confluence of the West Fork and Clear Fork of theTrinity River. One month later, Worth died fromcholerain South Texas.^[20]

GeneralWilliam S. Harneyassumed command of the Department of Texas and ordered MajorRipley A. Arnold(Company F, Second United States Dragoons)^[20]to find a new fort site near the West Fork and Clear Fork. On June 6, 1849, Arnold, advised by Middleton Tate Johnson, established a camp on the bank of the Trinity River and named the post Camp Worth in honor of the late General Worth. In August 1849, Arnold moved the camp to the north-facing bluff, which overlooked the mouth of the Clear Fork of the Trinity River. The United States War Department officially named the post Fort Worth on November 14, 1849.^[21]Since its establishment, the city of Fort Worth continues to be known as "where the West begins".^[12]

E. S. Terrell (1812–1905) from Tennessee claimed to be the first resident of Fort Worth.^[22]The fort was flooded the first year and moved to the top of the bluff; the current courthouse was built on this site. The fort was abandoned September 17, 1853.^[20]No trace of it remains.

As a stop on the legendaryChisholm Trail, Fort Worth was stimulated by the business of the cattle drives and became a brawling, bustling town. Millions of head of cattle were driven north to market along this trail. Fort Worth became the center of thecattle drives, and later, theranchingindustry. It was given the nickname of Cowtown.^[23]

During theAmerican Civil War, Fort Worth suffered from shortages of money, food, and supplies. The population dropped as low as 175, but began to recover duringReconstruction. By 1872, Jacob Samuels, William Jesse Boaz, and William Henry Davis had opened general stores. The next year, Khleber M. Van Zandt established Tidball, Van Zandt, and Company, which became Fort Worth National Bank in 1884.

In 1875, theDallas Heraldpublished an article by a former Fort Worth lawyer, Robert E. Cowart, who wrote that the decimation of Fort Worth's population, caused by the economic disaster and hard winter of 1873, had dealt a severe blow to the cattle industry. Added to the slowdown due to the railroad's stopping the laying of track 30 miles (48 km) outside of Fort Worth, Cowart said that Fort Worth was so slow that he saw apantherasleep in the street by the courthouse. Although an intended insult, the name Panther City was enthusiastically embraced when in 1876 Fort Worth recovered economically.^[24]Many businesses and organizations continue to use Panther in their name. A panther is set at the top of the police department badges.^[25]

The "Panther City" tradition is also preserved in the names and design of some of the city's geographical/architectural features, such as Panther Island (in the Trinity River), the Flat Iron Building,Fort Worth Central Station, and in two or three "Sleeping Panther" statues.

In 1876, theTexas and Pacific Railwayfinally was completed to Fort Worth, stimulating a boom and transforming theFort Worth Stockyardsinto a premier center for the cattle wholesale trade.^[26]Migrants from the devastated war-torn South continued to swell the population, and small, community factories and mills yielded to larger businesses. Newly dubbed the "Queen City of the Prairies",^[27]Fort Worth supplied a regional market via the growing transportation network.

Fort Worth became the westernmost railhead and a transit point for cattle shipment. Louville Niles, aBoston,Massachusetts-based businessman and main shareholder of the Fort Worth Stockyards Company, is credited with bringing the two biggestmeatpackingfirms at the time,ArmourandSwift, to the stockyards.^[28]

With the boom times came a variety of entertainments and related problems. Fort Worth had a knack for separating cattlemen from their money. Cowboys took full advantage of their last brush with civilization before the long drive on theChisholm Trailfrom Fort Worth north toKansas. They stocked up on provisions from local merchants, visited saloons for a bit of gambling and carousing, then rode northward with their cattle, only to whoop it up again on their way back. The town soon became home to "Hell's Half-Acre", the biggest collection of saloons, dance halls, and bawdy houses south ofDodge City(the northern terminus of the Chisholm Trail), giving Fort Worth the nickname of the "Paris of the Plains".^[29][30]

Certain sections of town were off-limits for proper citizens. Shootings, knifings, muggings, and brawls became a nightly occurrence. Cowboys were joined by a motley assortment of buffalo hunters, gunmen, adventurers, and crooks. Hell's Half Acre (also known as simply "The Acre") expanded as more people were drawn to the town. Occasionally, the Acre was referred to as "the bloody Third Ward" after it was designated one of the city's three political wards in 1876. By 1900, the Acre covered four of the city's main north-south thoroughfares.^[31]Local citizens became alarmed about the activities, electingTimothy Isaiah "Longhair Jim" Courtrightin 1876 ascity marshalwith a mandate to tame it.

Courtright sometimes collected and jailed 30 people on a Saturday night, but allowed the gamblers to operate, as they attracted money to the city. After learning that train and stagecoach robbers, such as theSam Bassgang, were using the area as a hideout, he intensified law enforcement, but certain businessmen advertised against too many restrictions in the area as having bad effects on the legitimate businesses. Gradually, the cowboys began to avoid the area; as businesses suffered, the city moderated its opposition. Courtright lost his office in 1879.^[31]

Despite crusading mayors such asH.S. Broilesand newspaper editors such as B. B. Paddock, the Acre survived because it generated income for the city (all of it illegal) and excitement for visitors. Longtime Fort Worth residents claimed the place was never as wild as its reputation, but during the 1880s, Fort Worth was a regular stop on the "gambler's circuit" byBat Masterson,Doc Holliday, and theEarp brothers(Wyatt, Morgan, and Virgil).^[31]James Earp, the eldest of his brothers, lived with his wife in Fort Worth during this period; their house was at the edge of Hell's Half Acre, at 9th and Calhoun. He often tended bar at the Cattlemen's Exchange saloon in the "uptown" part of the city.^[32]

Reforming citizens objected to thedance halls, where men and women mingled; by contrast, the saloons or gambling parlors had primarily male customers.

In the late 1880s, Mayor Broiles and County Attorney R. L. Carlock initiated a reform campaign. In a public shootout on February 8, 1887, Jim Courtright was killed on Main Street byLuke Short, who claimed he was "King of Fort Worth Gamblers".^[31]As Courtright had been popular, when Short was jailed for his murder, rumors floated of lynching him. Short's good friend Bat Masterson came armed and spent the night in his cell to protect him.

The firstprohibitioncampaign in Texas was mounted in Fort Worth in 1889, allowing other business and residential development in the area. Another change was the influx ofBlack and African Americanresidents. Excluded by statesegregationfrom the business end of town and the more costly residential areas, the city's black citizens settled into the southern portion of the city. The popularity and profitability of the Acre declined and more derelicts and the homeless were seen on the streets. By 1900, most of the dance halls and gamblers were gone. Cheap variety shows and prostitution became the chief forms of entertainment. Some progressive politicians launched an offensive to seek out and abolish these perceived "vices" as part of the broaderProgressive Erapackage of reforms.^[31]

In 1911, the ReverendJ. Frank Norrislaunched an offensive against racetrack gambling in theBaptist Standardand used the pulpit of the First Baptist Church of Fort Worth to attack vice and prostitution. When he began to link certain Fort Worth businessmen with property in the Acre and announced their names from his pulpit, the battle heated up. On February 4, 1912, Norris's church was burned to the ground; that evening, his enemies tossed a bundle of burning oiled rags onto his porch, but the fire was extinguished and caused minimal damage. A month later, thearsonistssucceeded in burning down theparsonage. In a sensational trial lasting a month, Norris was charged withperjuryand arson in connection with the two fires. He was acquitted, but his continued attacks on the Acre accomplished little until 1917. A new city administration and the federal government, which was eyeing Fort Worth as a potential site for amajor military training camp, joined forces with the Baptist preacher to bring down the final curtain on the Acre.

The police department compiled statistics showing that 50% of the violent crime in Fort Worth occurred in the Acre, which confirmed respectable citizens' opinion of the area. After Camp Bowie (a World War IU.S. Armytraining installation) was located on the outskirts of Fort Worth in 1917, the military usedmartial lawto regulate prostitutes and barkeepers of the Acre. Fines and stiff jail sentences curtailed their activities. By the time Norris held a mock funeral parade to "buryJohn Barleycorn" in 1919, the Acre had become a part of Fort Worth history. The name continues to be associated with the southern end of Fort Worth.^[33]

In 1921, the whites-only union workers in the Fort Worth, Swift & Co. meatpacking plant in the Niles City Stockyards went on strike. The owners attempted to replace them with blackstrikebreakers. During union protests, strikebreaker African-AmericanFred Rouse was lynchedon a tree at the corner of NE 12th Street and Samuels Avenue. After he was hanged a white mob riddled his mutilated body with gunshots.^[34]

On November 21, 1963, PresidentJohn F. Kennedyarrived in Fort Worth, speaking the next morning before a breakfast meeting of the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce, then proceeding to Dallas where he was assassinated later that day.

When oil began to gush inWest Texasin the early 20th century, and again in the late 1970s, Fort Worth was at the center of the boom. By July 2007, advances in horizontal drilling technology made vastnatural gasreserves in theBarnett Shaleavailable directly under the city,^[35]helping many residents receive royalty checks for their mineral rights. Today, the City of Fort Worth and many residents are dealing with the benefits and issues associated with the natural-gas reserves underground.^[36][37]

OnMarch 28, 2000, at 6:15 pm, anF3 tornadostruck downtown Fort Worth, severely damaging many buildings. One of the hardest-hit structures was the Bank One Tower, which was one of the dominant features of the Fort Worth skyline and which had "Reata," a popular restaurant, on its top floor. It has since been converted to upscalecondominiumsand officially renamed "The Tower." This was the first majortornadoto strike Fort Worth proper since the early 1940s.^[38]

From 2000 to 2006, Fort Worth was the fastest-growing large city in the United States;^[39]it was voted one of "America's Most Livable Communities".^[40]In addition to thereversal migration, many African Americans have been relocating to Fort Worth for its affordable cost of living and job opportunities.^[41]

In 2020, Fort Worth's mayor announced the city's continued growth to 20.78%.^[42]The U.S. Census Bureau also noted the city's beginning of greater diversification from 2014–2018.^[43]

On February 11, 2021, apileupinvolving 133 cars and trucks crashed on I-35W due to freezing rain leaving ice. The pileup left at least six people dead and multiple injured.^[44][45][46]

Fort Worth is located inNorth Texas, and has a generally humid subtropical climate.^[47]It is part of theCross Timbersregion;^[48]this region is a boundary between the more heavily forested eastern parts and the rolling hills and prairies of the central part. Specifically, the city is part of theGrand Prairieecoregion within the Cross Timbers. According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 349.2 square miles (904 km²), of which 342.2 square miles (886 km²) are land and 7.0 square miles (18 km²) are covered by water. It is a principal city in theDallas–Fort Worth metroplex, and the second largest by population.

The city of Fort Worth is not entirely contiguous and has several enclaves, practical enclaves, semi-enclaves, and cities that are otherwise completely or nearly surrounded by it, including:Westworth Village,River Oaks,Saginaw,Blue Mound,Benbrook,Everman,Forest Hill,Edgecliff Village,Westover Hills,White Settlement,Sansom Park,Lake Worth,Lakeside, andHaslet.

Fort Worth contains over 1,000 natural-gas wells (December 2009 count) tapping the Barnett Shale.^[49]Each well site is a bare patch of gravel 2–5 acres (8,100–20,200 m²) in size. As city ordinances permit them in all zoning categories, including residential, well sites can be found in a variety of locations. Some wells are surrounded by masonry fences, but most are secured by chain link.

A large storage dam was completed in 1914 on the West Fork of the Trinity River, 7 miles (11 km) from the city, with a storage capacity of 33,495 acre feet of water.^[50]The lake formed by this dam is known asLake Worth.

Downtown Fort Worthconsists of numerous districts comprising commercial and retail, residential, and entertainment. Among them,Sundance Squareis a mixed-use district and popular for nightlife and entertainment. TheBass Performance Hallis located within Sundance Square. Nearby Upper West Side is also a notable district within downtown Fort Worth. It is bound roughly by Henderson Street to the east, the Trinity River to the west,Interstate 30to the south, and White Settlement Road to the north. The neighborhood contains several small and mid-sized office buildings and urban residences, but very little retail.

TheFort Worth Stockyardsare aNational Historic District.^[51]The Stockyards was once among the largest livestock markets in the United States and played a vital role in the city's early growth.^[52]Today the neighborhood is characterized by its many bars, restaurants, and notable country music venues such asBilly Bob's. Fort Worth celebrity chefTim LoveofIron Chef AmericaandTop Chef Mastershas operated multiple restaurants in the neighborhood.^[53][54]There is a mall at the Stockyards Station and a train viaGrapevine Vintage Railroad, that connects to downtownGrapevine.^[55]Cowtown Coliseumhosts a weekly rodeo and also has the Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame.^[56][57]The world's largest honky tonk is also in the Stockyards atBilly Bob's.^[58]At the Fort Worth Stockyards, Fort Worth is the only major city that hosts a daily cattle drive.^[59]

Tanglewoodconsists of land in the low areas along the branch of the Trinity River and is approximately five miles southwest from the Fort Worth central business district.^[60][61]The Tanglewood area lies within two surveys. The western part of the addition is part of the 1854 Felix G. Beasley survey, and the eastern part, along the branch of the river, is the 1876 James Howard survey. The original approach to the Tanglewood area consisted of a two-rut dirt road, which is now Bellaire Drive South. Up to the time of development, children enjoyed swimming in the river in a deep hole that was located where the bridge is now on Bellaire Drive South near Trinity Commons Shopping Center. The portions of Tanglewood that are now Bellaire Park Court, Marquette Court, and Autumn Court were originally a dairy farm.

Downtown Fort Worth, with its unique rustic architecture, is mainly known for itsArt Deco-style buildings. TheTarrant County Courthousewas created in the AmericanBeaux Artsdesign, which was modeled after theTexas State Capitolbuilding. Most of the structures around downtown'sSundance Squarehave preserved their early 20th-centuryfaçades. Multiple blocks surrounding Sundance Square are illuminated at night in Christmas lights year-round.

Fort Worth has ahumid subtropical climate(Cfa) according to theKöppen climate classificationsystem, and is within USDAhardiness zone8a.^[62]This region features very hot, humid summers and mild to cool winters. The hottest month of the year is August, when the average high temperature is 96 °F (35.6 °C), and overnight low temperatures average 75 °F (23.9 °C), giving an average temperature of 85 °F (29.4 °C).^[63]The coldest month of the year is January, when the average high temperature is 56 °F (13.3 °C) and low temperatures average 35 °F (1.7 °C).^[63]The average temperature in January is 46 °F (8 °C).^[63]The highest temperature ever recorded in Fort Worth is 113 °F (45.0 °C), on June 26, 1980, during theGreat 1980 Heat Wave, and June 27, 1980.^[64]The coldest temperature ever recorded in Fort Worth was −8 °F (−22.2 °C) on February 12, 1899. Because of its position in North Texas, Fort Worth is very susceptible tosupercell thunderstorms, which produce large hail and can producetornadoes.

The average annual precipitation for Fort Worth is 34.01 inches (863.9 mm).^[63]The wettest month of the year is May, when an average of 4.58 inches (116.3 mm) of precipitation falls.^[63]The driest month of the year is January, when only 1.70 inches (43.2 mm) of precipitation falls.^[63]The driest calendar year since records began has been 1921 with 17.91 inches (454.9 mm) and the wettest 2015 with 62.61 inches (1,590.3 mm). The wettest calendar month has been April 1922 with 17.64 inches (448.1 mm), including 8.56 inches (217.4 mm) on April 25.

The average annual snowfall in Fort Worth is 2.6 inches (66.0 mm).^[65]The most snowfall in one month has been 13.5 inches (342.9 mm) in February 1978, and the most in a season 17.6 inches (447.0 mm) in 1977/1978.

TheNational Weather Serviceoffice, which serves the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, is based in northeastern Fort Worth.^[66]

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1880	6,663		—
1890	23,076		246.3%
1900	26,668		15.6%
1910	73,312		174.9%
1920	106,482		45.2%
1930	163,447		53.5%
1940	177,662		8.7%
1950	278,778		56.9%
1960	356,268		27.8%
1970	393,476		10.4%
1980	385,164		−2.1%
1990	447,619		16.2%
2000	534,697		19.5%
2010	741,206		38.6%
2020	918,915		24.0%
2023 (est.)	978,468	[69]	6.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[70] 2010–2020[7]

Fort Worth is the most populous city inTarrant County, and second-most populous community within theDallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Its metropolitan statistical area encompasses one-quarter of the population of Texas, and is the largest in theSouthern U.S.andTexasfollowed by theHouston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area. At theAmerican Community Survey's 2018 census estimates, the city of Fort Worth had a population near 900,000 residents.^[43]In 2019, it grew to an estimated 909,585. At the2020 United States census, Fort Worth had a population of 918,915 and 2022 census estimates numbered approximately 956,709 residents.^[9]

There were 337,072 housing units, 308,188 households, and 208,389 families at the 2018 census estimates.^[71]The average household size was 2.87 persons per household, and the average family size was 3.50. Fort Worth had an owner-occupied housing rate of 56.4% and renter-occupied housing rate of 43.6%. Themedian incomein 2018 was $58,448 and themean incomewas $81,165.^[72]The city had a per capita income of $29,010.^[73]Roughly 15.6% of Fort Worthers lived at or below the poverty line.^[74]

In 2010's American Community Survey census estimates there were 291,676 housing units,^[75]261,042 households, and 174,909 families.^[76]Fort Worth had an average household size of 2.78 and the average family size was 3.47. A total of 92,952 households had children under 18 years living with them. There were 5.9% opposite sex unmarried-partner households and 0.5% same sex unmarried-partner households in 2010. The owner-occupied housing rate of Fort Worth was 59.0% and the renter-occupied housing rate was 41.0%. Fort Worth's median household income was $48,224 and the mean was $63,065.^[77]An estimated 21.4% of the population lived at or below the poverty line.^[78]

Racial and ethnic composition	2020[79]	2010[80]	1990[81]	1970[81]	1940[81]
White (non-Hispanic)	36.6%	41.7%	56.5%	72.0%[a]	n/a
Hispanic or Latino	34.8%	34.1%	19.5%	7.9%[a]	n/a
Black or African American	19.2%	18.9%	22.0%	19.9%	14.2%
Asian	5.1%	3.7%	2.0%	0.1%	-

At the2010 U.S. census, the racial composition of Fort Worth's population was 61.1%White(non-Hispanic whites: 41.7%), 18.9%Black or African American, 0.6%Native American, 3.7%Asian American, 0.1%Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, 34.1%Hispanic or Latino(of any race), and 3.1% oftwo or more races. In 2018, 38.2% of Fort Worth was non-Hispanic white, 18.6% Black or African American, 0.4% American Indian or Alaska Native, 4.8% Asian American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.1% from two or more races, and 35.5% Hispanic or Latino (of any race), marking an era ofdiversificationin the city limits.^[43][82]

A study determined Fort Worth as one of the most diverse cities in the United States in 2019.^[83]For contrast, in 1970, theU.S. Census Bureaureported Fort Worth's population as 72% non-Hispanic white, 19.9% African American, and 7.9% Hispanic or Latino.^[81]By the2020 census,^[79]continued population growth spurred further diversification with 36.6% of the population being non-Hispanic white, 34.8% Hispanic or Latino American of any race, and 19.2% Black or African American; Asian Americans increased to forming 5.1% of the population, reflecting nationwide demographic trends at the time.^[84][85][86]In 2020, a total of 31,485 residents were oftwo or more races.^[79]

Located within theBible Belt,Christianityis the largest collective religious group in Fort Worth proper, andthe Metroplex. Both Dallas andDallas County, and Fort Worth and Tarrant County have a plurality ofRoman Catholicresidents.^[87][88]Overall, the Dallas metropolitan division of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex is more religiously diverse than Fort Worth and its surrounding suburbs, particularly in the principal cities' counties.

The oldest continuously operating church in Fort Worth isFirst Christian Church, founded in 1855.^[89]Other historical churches continuing operation in the city includeSt. Patrick Cathedral(founded 1888),Saint James Second Street Baptist Church(founded 1895),Tabernacle Baptist Church(built 1923),St. Mary of the Assumption Church(built 1924),Our Mother of Mercy Catholic Church and Parsonage(built 1929 and 1911), andMorning Chapel C.M.E. Church(built 1934).

According to theAssociation of Religion Data Archivesin 2020, Tarrant County's Catholic community numbered 359,705,^[87]and was the Fort Worth metropolitan division's single largest Christian denomination or tradition with 378,490 adherents.^[90]According to theRoman Catholic Diocese of Fort Worth, there are approximately 1,200,000 Catholics altogether as of 2023.^[91]Among other Christian bodies embodyingcatholicity, the Association of Religion Data Archives reported theCoptic Orthodox Churchwas the largestEastern Christiangroup, followed by theGreek Orthodox Archdiocese of AmericaandOrthodox Church in America, theAntiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America, andEritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Churchnumbering 6,216 altogether.

Home to a largeProtestant Christiancommunity,Southern Baptistswere the second-largest single Christian denomination for Fort Worth's metropolitan division in 2020, with 347,771 adherents.^[90]Southern Baptists have been divided between the more traditionalist and conservativeSouthern Baptists of Texas Convention, and the theologically moderateBaptist General Convention of Texas; according to the Baptist General Convention of Texas, there are 167 churches within the vicinity of Fort Worth proper as of 2023.^[92]The Southern Baptists of Texas Convention listed 117 churches in 2023.^[93]Other prominent Baptist denominations such as theNational Missionary Baptist Convention,National Baptist Convention,National Baptist Convention of America,Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship,American Baptist Association, and theNational Association of Free Will Baptistscollectively numbered 51,261 at the 2020 study.

Non- and inter-denominational churchesdominated Fort Worth's religious landscape as the third-largest group of Christians. Having more than 289,554 adherents,^[90]non/inter-denominational Christians represented the growing trend of ecumenism within the United States.^[94][95]Methodistswere the fourth-largest Christian group with more than 100,000 adherents of theUnited Methodist Churchspread throughout Fort Worth's metropolitan division. TheAfrican Methodist Episcopal Church,Christian Methodist Episcopal Church,African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, andFree Methodist Churchalso formed a substantial portion of the area's Methodist population.Pentecostals, descended from theWesleyan-Holiness movementof Methodists, formed the fifth-largest Christian constituency and primarily divided between theAssemblies of God USAandChurch of God in Christ.

Among Fort Worther's non-Christian community,IslamandJudaismwere the second- and third-largest religious communities.^[90]According to the Association of Religion Data Archives, there were an estimated 37,488 Muslims and 2,413 Jews living in Fort Worth's vicinity, although the Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life estimated 5,000 Jews in 2010.^[96]Religions includingHinduismandBaha'ihad a minuscule presence in the Fort Worth area according to the 2020 study, andChristendomremained more prevalent than in the Dallas metropolitan division.^[90]

At its inception, Fort Worth relied on cattle drives that traveled theChisholm Trail. Millions of cattle were driven north to market along this trail, and Fort Worth became the center of cattle drives, and later, ranching until theAmerican Civil War. During the American Civil War, Fort Worth suffered shortages causing its population to decline. It recovered during theReconstructionwith general stores, banks, and "Hell's Half-Acre", a large collection of saloons and dance halls which increased business and criminal activity in the city. By the early 20th century the military used martial law to regulate Hell's Half-Acre's bartenders and prostitutes.

Since the late 20th century several major companies have been headquartered in Fort Worth. These includeAmerican Airlines Group(and subsidiariesAmerican AirlinesandEnvoy Air), theJohn Peter Smith Hospital,Pier 1 Imports,Chip 1 Exchange,^[97]RadioShack,Pioneer Corporation,Cash America International,GM Financial,^[98]Budget Host, theBNSF Railway, andBell Textron. Companies with a significant presence in the city areBank of America,Wells Fargo,Lockheed Martin,GE Transportation, and Dallas-based telecommunications companyAT&T.Metro by T-Mobileis also prominent in the city.

Building on itsFrontier Westernheritage and a history of strong local arts patronage, Fort Worth promotes itself as the "City of Cowboys and Culture".^[99]Fort Worth has the world's first and largest indoor rodeo,^[100]world-class museums, a calendar of festivals and a robust local arts scene. TheAcademy of Western Artists, based inGene Autry,Oklahoma, presents its annual awards in Fort Worth in fields related to the American cowboy, including music, literature, and even chuck wagon cooking.^[101]Fort Worth is also the 1931 birthplace of the Official State Music of Texas—Western Swing, which was created byBob WillsandMilton Brownand theirLight Crust Doughboysband in a ramshackle dancehall 4 miles west of downtown at the Crystal Springs Dance Pavilion.^[102]

TheFort Worth Zoois home to over 5,000 animals.

TheFort Worth Botanic Gardenand theBotanical Research Institute of Texasare also in the city. For those interested in hiking, birding, or canoeing, theFort Worth Nature Center and Refugein northwest Fort Worth is a 3,621-acre preserved natural area designated by the Department of the Interior as a National Natural Landmark Site in 1980. Established in 1964 as the Greer Island Nature Center and Refuge, it celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2014.^[104]The Nature Center has a small, genetically purebisonherd, and nativeprairies,forests, andwetlands. It is one of the largest urban parks of its type in the United States.^[105]

Fort Worth has a total of 263 parks with 179 of those being neighborhood parks. The total acres of parkland is 11,700.72 acres with the average being about 12.13 acres per park.^[106]

The 4.3 acre (1.7 hectare)Fort Worth Water Gardens, designed by notedNew YorkarchitectsPhilip JohnsonandJohn Burgee, is anurban parkcontaining three pools of water and terraced knolls; the Water Gardens are billed as a "cooling oasis in the concrete jungle" of downtown.Heritage Park Plazais aModernist-style park that was designed byLawrence Halprin.^[107]The plaza design incorporates a set of interconnecting rooms constructed of concrete and activated throughout by flowing water walls, channels, and pools and was added to the USNational Register of Historic Placeson May 10, 2010.^[108]

There are two off-leashdog parkslocated in the city, ZBonz Dog Park and Fort Woof. The park includes anagility course, water fountains, shaded shelters, and waste stations.^[109]

While much of Fort Worth's sports attention is focused on Dallas's professional sports teams,^[110]the city has its own athletic identity.

There is one professional sports team in Fort Worth proper,Panther City Lacrosse Clubof theNational Lacrosse League. It was founded in 2020 and plays atDickies Arena.^[111]In 2021, it was announced thatAustin Bold FCwould relocate to Fort Worth, providing Fort Worth with aUSL Championshipclub.^[112]Semi-professionally, the Fort Worth Jaguars play in theNorth American Floorball Leagueand theNorth Texas Bullsof theNational Arena Leagueplay atCowtown Coliseum.^[113]

There are three amateur soccer clubs in Fort Worth:Fort Worth Vaqueros FC,Inocentes FC, and Azul City Premier FC; Inocentes and Azul City Premier both play in theUnited Premier Soccer League.^[114]The Vaqueros play in theNational Premier Soccer League.^[115]

Collegiately,Texas Christian University's athletic teams are the premier college sports teams for Fort Worth. TheTCU Horned Frogscompete inNCAADivision I athletics. TheHorned Frog football teamproduced two national championships in the 1930s and remained a strong competitor in theSouthwest Conferenceinto the 1960s before beginning a long period of underperformance.^[116]

The revival of the TCU football program began underDennis Franchionewith the success of running backLaDainian Tomlinson. UnderGary Patterson, the Horned Frogs have developed into a perennial top-10 contender, and aRose Bowlwinner in 2011.^[117]Notable players includeSammy Baugh,Davey O'Brien,Bob Lilly, LaDainian Tomlinson,Jerry Hughes, andAndy Dalton. The Horned Frogs, along with their rivals and fellow non-AQ leadersthe Boise State Broncosand University of Utah Utes, were deemed the quintessential"BCS Busters", having appeared in both the Fiesta and Rose bowls. Their "BCS Buster" role ended in 2012 when they joined theBig 12athletic conference in all sports.

NearbyTexas Wesleyan Universitycompetes in theNAIA, and won the 2006 NAIA Div. I Men's Basketball Championship and three-timeNational Collegiate Table Tennis Association(NCTTA) team championships (2004–2006). Fort Worth is also home to the NCAA football Lockheed MartinArmed Forces Bowl.

Fort Worth hosts an important professional men's golf tournament every May at theColonial Country Club. The Colonial Invitational Golf Tournament, now officially known as theFort Worth Invitational, is one of the more prestigious and historical events of the tour calendar. The Colonial Country Club was the home course of golfing legendBen Hogan, who was from Fort Worth.^[118]

Fort Worth is home toTexas Motor Speedway, also known as "The Great American Speedway". Texas Motor Speedway is a 1.5-mile quad-oval track located in the far northern part of the city inDenton County. The speedway opened in 1997, and currently hosts anIndyCarevent and sixNASCARevents among three major race weekends a year.^[119][120]

Amateur sports-car racing in the greater Fort Worth area occurs mostly at two purpose-built tracks:MotorSport RanchandEagles Canyon Raceway. Sanctioning bodies include thePorsche Club of America, the National Auto Sports Association, and theSports Car Club of America.

The annualCowtown Marathonhas been held every last weekend in February since 1978. The two-day activities include two 5Ks, a 10K, the half marathon, marathon, and ultra marathon.^[121]

In addition to the weekly rodeos held at Cowtown Coliseum in the Stockyards, theFort Worth Stock Show and Rodeois held within theWill Rogers Memorial Centerat the Dickies Arena.^[122][123]Dickies Arena also hosts a few TCU basketball games and in the future planned to host college basketball tournaments at the conference and national levels.

Fort Worth has acouncil-managergovernment, with elections held every two years for amayor, elected at large, and eight council members, elected by district. The mayor is a voting member of the council and represents the city on ceremonial occasions. The council has the power to adoptmunicipal ordinancesand resolutions, make proclamations, set the city tax rate, approve the city budget, and appoint the city secretary, city attorney, city auditor, municipal court judges, and members of city boards and commissions. The day-to-day operations of city government are overseen by the city manager, who is also appointed by the council.^[124]The current mayor is RepublicanMattie Parker, making Fort Worth the second-largest city in the United States with a Republican mayor.^[125]

Office[126]	Name[126]
Mayor	Mattie Parker
City Council, District 2	Carlos Flores
City Council, District 3	Michael Crain
City Council, District 4	Cary Moon
City Council, District 5	Gyna Bivens
City Council, District 6	Jared Williams
City Council, District 7	Leonard Firestone
City Council, District 8	Chris Nettles
City Council, District 9	Elizabeth Beck

• Fort Worth Police Department– provides crime prevention, investigation, and other emergency services
• Fort Worth Fire Department– provides fire and emergency services
• Fort Worth Library– public library system of the City of Fort Worth

District		Name[127]	Party
	District 11	Patricia Hardy	Republican
	District 13	Erika Beltran	Democratic

District		Name[127]	Party	Residence
	District 61	Phil King	Republican	Weatherford
	District 63	Ben Bumgarner	Republican	Flower Mound
	District 90	Ramon Romero Jr.	Democratic	Fort Worth
	District 91	Stephanie Klick	Republican	Fort Worth
	District 92	Salman Bhojani	Democratic	Bedford
	District 93	Nate Schatzline	Republican	Fort Worth
	District 95	Nicole Collier	Democratic	Fort Worth
	District 96	David Cook	Republican	Mansfield
	District 97	Craig Goldman	Republican	Fort Worth
	District 98	Giovanni Capriglione	Republican	Southlake
	District 99	Charlie Geren	Republican	River Oaks

District		Name[127]	Party	Residence
	District 9	Kelly Hancock	Republican	Fort Worth
	District 10	Phil King	Republican	Weatherford
	District 12	Tan Parker	Republican	Flower Mound
	District 30	Drew Springer	Republican	Muenster

TheTexas Department of Transportationoperates the Fort Worth District Office in Fort Worth.^[128]

TheNorth Texas Intermediate Sanction Facility, a privately operated prison facility housing short-term parole violators, was in Fort Worth. It was operated on behalf of theTexas Department of Criminal Justice. In 2011, the state of Texas decided not to renew its contract with the facility.^[129]

District		Name[127]	Party	Residence
	Texas's 6th congressional district	Jake Ellzey	Republican	Waxahachie
	Texas's 12th congressional district	Kay Granger	Republican	Fort Worth
	Texas's 24th congressional district	Beth Van Duyne	Republican	Irving
	Texas's 26th congressional district	Michael Burgess	Republican	Lewisville
	Texas's 33rd congressional district	Marc Veasey	Democratic	Fort Worth

Fort Worth is home to one of the two locations of theBureau of Engraving and Printing. In 1987, construction on this second facility began. In addition to meeting increased production requirements, a western location was seen to serve as a contingency operation in case of emergencies in theWashington, DC, metropolitan area; as well, costs for transporting currency toFederal Reservebanks inSan Francisco,Dallas, andKansas Citywould be reduced. Currency production began in December 1990 at the Fort Worth facility;^[130]the official dedication took place April 26, 1991. Bills produced here have a small "FW" in one corner.

TheEldon B. Mahon United States Courthousebuilding contains three oil-on-canvas panels on the fourth floor by artistFrank Mechau(commissioned under thePublic Works Administration's art program).^[131]Mechau's paintings,The Taking of Sam Bass,Two Texas Rangers, andFlags Over Texaswere installed in 1940, becoming the only New Deal art commission sponsored in Fort Worth. The courthouse, built in 1933, serves theUnited States District Court for the Northern District of Texasand was listed in theNational Register of Historic Placesin 2001.^[51]

Federal Medical Center, Carswell, afederalprison and health facility for women, is located in theNaval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth.^[132]Carswell houses the federaldeath rowfor female inmates.^[133]Federal Medical Center, Ft. Worth, afederalprison and health facility for men, is located across from TCC-South Campus. TheFederal Aviation Administration,National Archives and Records Administration, andFederal Bureau of Investigationhave offices in Fort Worth.

Fort Worth Public Libraryis the public library system.

Most of Fort Worth is served by theFort Worth Independent School District.

Other school districts that serve portions of Fort Worth include:^[134]

The portion of Fort Worth within theArlington Independent School Districtcontains awastewater plant. No residential areas are in this portion.^{[citation needed]}

Pinnacle Academy of the Arts (K–12) is astate charter school, as are Crosstimbers Academy and High Point Academy.

Private schools in Fort Worth include both secular and parochial institutions.

Fort Worth and Dallas share the samemedia market. The city's magazine isFort Worth, Texas Magazine, which publishes information about Fort Worth events, social activity, fashion, dining, and culture.^[136]

Fort Worth has one major daily newspaper,Fort Worth Star-Telegram, founded in 1906 asFort Worth Star. It dominates the western half of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, andThe Dallas Morning Newsdominates the east.^{[citation needed]}In 2023, the publication's print circulation was 43,342.^[137]

TheFort Worth Weeklyis an alternative weekly newspaper for the Fort Worth metropolitan division. The newspaper had an approximate circulation of 47,000 in 2015.^[138]TheFort Worth Weeklypublished and features, among many things, news reporting, cultural event guides, movie reviews, and editorials. Additionally,Fort Worth Business Pressis a weekly publication that chronicles news in the Fort Worth business community.

TheFort Worth Reportis a daily nonprofit news organization covering local government, business, education and arts in Tarrant County.^[139]The nonprofit organization, founded by local business leaders and formerFort Worth Star-Telegrampublisher Wes Turner,^[140]announced its intentions in February 2021 and officially launched the newsroom in April 2021.^[141][142]

TheFort Worth Presswas a daily newspaper, published weekday afternoons and on Sundays from 1921 until 1975. It was owned by theE. W. Scripps Companyand published under the then-prominent Scripps-Howard Lighthouse logo. The paper reportedly last made money in the early 1950s. Scripps Howard stayed with the paper until mid-1975. Circulation had dwindled to fewer than 30,000 daily, just more than 10% of that of theFort Worth Star Telegram. The nameFort Worth Presswas resurrected briefly in a newFort Worth Presspaper operated by then-former publisher Bill McAda and briefer still by William Dean Singleton, then-owner of the weeklyAzle (Texas) News, now owner of the Media Central news group. TheFort Worth Pressoperated from offices and presses at 500 Jones Street in Downtown Fort Worth.^[143]

Television stations shared with Dallas include (owned-and-operated stationsof their affiliated networks are highlighted inbold)KDFW 4(Fox),KXAS 5(NBC),WFAA8 (ABC),KTVT 11(CBS),KERA 13(PBS),KTXA 21(Independent),KDFI 27(MNTV),KDAF 33(CW), andK07AAD-D(HC2 Holdings).

Over 33 radio stations operate in and around Fort Worth, with many different formats.

On the AM dial, like in all other markets, political talk radio is prevalent, withWBAP820,KLIF570,KSKY660,KFJZ870,KRLD1080 theconservativetalk stations serving Fort Worth andKMNY1360 the soleprogressivetalk station serving the city.KFXR1190 is anews/talk/classic countrystation.Sports talkcan be found onKTCK1310 ("The Ticket"). WBAP, a 50,000-watt clear-channel station which can be heard over much of the country at night, was a long-successfulcountry musicstation before converting to its current talk format.

Several religious stations are also on AM in the Dallas/Fort Worth area;KHVN970 andKGGR1040 are the localurban gospelstations,KEXB1440 carries Catholic talk programming fromRelevant Radio, andKKGM1630 has aSouthern gospelformat.

Fort Worth's Spanish-speaking population is served by many stations on AM:

A few mixedAsian languagestations serve Fort Worth:

KLNOis a commercial radio station licensed to Fort Worth. Long-time Fort Worth residentMarcos A. Rodriguezoperated Dallas-Fort Worth radio stations KLTY and KESS on94.1 FM. Foururban-formatted radio stations,KBFB97.9,KKDA104.5,KRNB105.7, andKZMJ94.5, can also be heard. A wide variety of commercial formats, mostly music, are on the FM dial in Fort Worth.

Noncommercial stations serve the city fairly well. Three college stations can be heard -KTCU88.7,KCBI90.9, andKNTU88.1, with a variety of programming. Also, the localNPRstation isKERA90.1, along withcommunity radiostationKNON89.3. Downtown Fort Worth also hosts the Texas Country radio stationKFWR95.9 The Ranch.

When local radio station KOAI 107.5 FM, nowKMVK, dropped itssmooth jazzformat, fans set up smoothjazz1075.com, an internet radio station, to broadcast smooth jazz for disgruntled fans.

Like most cities that grew quickly after World War II, Fort Worth's main mode of transportation is the automobile, but bus transportation viaTrinity Metrois available, as well as an interurban train service to Dallas via theTrinity Railway Express. As of January 10, 2019, train service from Downtown Fort Worth toDallas/Fort Worth International Airport's Terminal B is available via Trinity Metro'sTEXRailservice.

The first streetcar company in Fort Worth was the Fort Worth Street Railway Company. Its first line began operating in December 1876, and traveled from the courthouse down Main Street to the T&P Depot.^[144]By 1890, more than 20 private companies were operating streetcar lines in Fort Worth. The Fort Worth Street Railway Company bought out many of its competitors, and was eventually itself bought out by the Bishop & Sherwin Syndicate in 1901.^[145]The new ownership changed the company's name to theNorthern Texas Traction Company, which operated 84 miles of streetcar railways in 1925, and their lines connected downtown Fort Worth to TCU, theNear Southside, Arlington Heights, Lake Como, and theStockyards.

At its peak, the electric interurban industry in Texas consisted of almost 500 miles of track, making Texas the second in interurban mileage in all states west of the Mississippi River. Electric interurban railways were prominent in the early 1900s, peaking in the 1910s and fading until all electric interurban railways were abandoned by 1948. Close to three-fourths of the mileage was in the Dallas–Fort Worth area, running between Fort Worth and Dallas and to other area cities including Cleburne, Denison, Corsicana, and Waco. The line depicted in the associated image was the second to be constructed in Texas and ran 35 miles between Fort Worth and Dallas.Northern Texas Traction Companybuilt the railway, which was operational from 1902 to 1934.^[146]

In 2009, 80.6% of Fort Worth (city) commuters drive to work alone. The 2009mode sharefor Fort Worth (city) commuters are 11.7% for carpooling, 1.5% for transit, 1.2% for walking, and .1% for cycling.^[147]In 2015, the American Community Survey estimated modal shares for Fort Worth (city) commuters of 82% for driving alone, 12% for carpooling, .8% for riding transit, 1.8% for walking, and .3% for cycling.^[148]The city of Fort Worth has a lower than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 6.1 percent of Fort Worth households lacked a car, and decreased to 4.8 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Fort Worth averaged 1.83 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.^[149]

Fort Worth is served by fourinterstatesand threeU.S. highways. It also contains a number of arterial streets in a grid formation.

Interstate highways30,20,35W, and820all pass through the city limits.

Interstate 820 is aloopof Interstate 20 and serves as abeltwayfor the city. Interstate 30 and Interstate 20 connect Fort Worth to Arlington,Grand Prairie, and Dallas. Interstate 35W connects Fort Worth withHillsboroto the south and the cities ofDentonandGainesvilleto the north.

U.S. Route 287runs southeast through the city connectingWichita Fallsto the north andMansfieldto the south.U.S. Route 377runs south through the northern suburbs ofHaltom CityandKellerthrough thecentral business district.U.S. Route 81shares a concurrency with highway 287 on the portion northwest of I-35W.

Notable state highways:

• Texas State Highway 114(east-west)
• Texas State Highway 183(east-west)
• Texas State Highway 121(north-south)

Trinity Metro, formerly known as the Fort Worth Transportation Authority, serves Fort Worth with dozens of different bus routes throughout the city, including a downtown bus circulator known as Molly the Trolley. In addition to Fort Worth, Trinity Metro operates buses in the suburbs ofBlue Mound,Forest Hill,River OaksandSansom Park.^[150]

In 2010, Fort Worth won a $25 million Federal Urban Circulator grant to build a streetcar system.^[151]In December 2010, though, the city council forfeited the grant by voting to end the streetcar study.^[152]

In July 2019, Trinity Metro partnered withVia Transportationto launch an on-demandmicrotransitservice called ZIPZONE. ZIPZONE offers shared rides across the Alliance, Mercantile, Southside, and South Tarrant neighborhoods and was designed as a first-and-last mile connection for TEXRail and bus commuters.^{[153][154][155]}Trips are booked from a smartphone app and charge a flat $3 for service as of April 2021. ZIPZONE rides are also included with multi-ride Trinity Metro local tickets.^[156]

• TEXRailis acommuter railline opened in January 2019 that connects downtown Fort Worth withDallas/Fort Worth International Airport, with stops in the cities ofGrapevineandNorth Richland Hills.
• Trinity Railway Expressis a commuter rail line that operates betweenT&P Stationin downtown Fort Worth and terminates atDallas Union Station.^[157]
• TwoAmtrakroutes stop at Fort Worth Central:Heartland FlyerandTexas Eagle.

Dallas Fort Worth International Airportis a major commercial airport located between the major cities of Fort Worth and Dallas. DFW Airport is the world's third-busiest airport based on operations and tenth-busiest airport based on passengers.^[158]

Prior to the construction of the DFW Airport, the city was served byGreater Southwest International Airport, which was located just to the south of the new airport. Originally named Amon Carter Field after the publisher of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Greater Southwest opened in 1953 and operated as the primary airport for Fort Worth until 1974. It was then abandoned until the terminal was torn down in 1980. The site of the former airport is now a mixed-use development straddled byTexas State Highway 183and360. One small section of runway remains north of Highway 183, and serves as the only reminder that a major commercial airport once occupied the site.

Fort Worth is home to these four airports within city limits:

• Fort Worth Alliance Airport
• Fort Worth Meacham International Airport
• Fort Worth Spinks Airport
• Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth

A 2011 study byWalk Scoreranked Fort Worth 47th-most walkable of 50 largest U.S. cities.^[159]

Fort Worth is a part of theSister Cities Internationalprogram and maintains cultural and economic exchange programs with itssister cities:^[160]

• Fort Worth United Soccer Club
• Forts of Texas
• List of museums in North Texas
• List of people from Fort Worth, Texas

• Cervantez, Brian. "'For the Exclusive Benefit of Fort Worth': Amon G. Carter, the Great Depression, and the New Deal."Southwestern Historical Quarterly119.2 (2015): 120-146.
• Delia Ann Hendricks,The History of Cattle and Oil in Tarrant County(M.A. thesis, Texas Christian University, 1969).
• Oliver Knight,Fort Worth, Outpost on the Trinity(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1953).
• Richard G. Miller, "Fort Worth and the Progressive Era: The Movement for Charter Revision, 1899–1907", inEssays on Urban America, ed. Margaret Francine Morris and Elliot West (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1975).
• Ruth Gregory Newman,The Industrialization of Fort Worth(M.A. thesis, North Texas State University, 1950).
• Buckley B. Paddock, History of Texas: Fort Worth and the Texas Northwest Edition (4 vols., Chicago: Lewis, 1922).
• J'Nell Pate,Livestock Legacy: The Fort Worth Stockyards, 1887–1987(College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988).
• Warren H. Plasters,A History of Amusements in Fort Worth from the Beginning to 1879(M.A. thesis, Texas Christian University, 1947).
• Robert H. Talbert,Cowtown-Metropolis: Case Study of a City's Growth and Structure(Fort Worth: Texas Christian University, 1956).
• Joseph C. Terrell,Reminiscences of the Early Days of Fort Worth(Fort Worth, 1906).
• Farber, James (1960).Fort Worth in the Civil War. Belton, Texas: Peter Hansborough Bell Press.
• Garrett, Julia Kathryn (1972).Fort Worth: A Frontier Triumph. Austin: Encino.
• Knight, Oliver (1953).Fort Worth, Outpost on the Trinity. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
• Miller, Richard G. (1975). "Fort Worth and the Progressive Era: The Movement for Charter Revision, 1899–1907". In Morris, Margaret Francine; West, Elliot (eds.).Essays on Urban America. Austin: University of Texas Press.
• Pate, J'Nell (1988).Livestock Legacy: The Fort Worth Stockyards, 1887–1987. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
• Pinkney, Kathryn Currie (2003).From stockyards to defense plants, the transformation of a city: Fort Worth, Texas, and World War II. Ph.D. thesis, University of North Texas.
• Sanders, Leonard (1973).How Fort Worth Became the Texasmost City. Fort Worth: Amon Carter Museum.
• Talbert, Robert H. (1956).Cowtown-Metropolis: Case Study of a City's Growth and Structure. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University.
• Tarrant County Coalition for Peace and Justice (2021)."Remembering Mr. Fred Rouse". Tarrant County Coalition for Peace and Justice. RetrievedDecember 12,2021.

• City of Fort Worth official website
• Fort Worth Convention and Visitors Bureau
• Downtown Fort Worth official website
• Fort Worth Business Directory
• Fort Worth, Texasfrom theHandbook of TexasOnline

• Fort Worth... The Way We Were
• Fort Worth Library Digital Archives
• W.D. Smith Commercial Photography
• The Reeder Children's Theatre Presents... Memories of Fort Worth's Reeder SchoolArchivedJanuary 31, 2013, at theWayback Machine
• Time Frames Online. University of Texas Arlington Library Special Collections

• Geographic data related toFort Worth, TexasatOpenStreetMap