St Andrews

St Andrews Scottish Gaelic:Cill Rìmhinn Scots:Saunt Aundraes
St Andrews, seen from the top of St Rule's Tower
St Andrews Location within Fife
Population	18,410 (2022)[1]
OS grid reference	NO507168
•Edinburgh	30 mi (48 km)
•London	351 mi (565 km)
Community council	Royal Burgh of St Andrews[2]
Council area	Fife
Lieutenancy area	Fife
Country	Scotland
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	ST. ANDREWS
Postcode district	KY16
Dialling code	01334
Police	Scotland
Fire	Scottish
Ambulance	Scottish
UK Parliament	North East Fife
Scottish Parliament	North East Fife
List of places UK Scotland 56°20′25″N2°47′44″W / 56.3404°N 2.7955°W /56.3404; -2.7955

St Andrews(Latin:S. Andrea(s);^[3]Scots:Saunt Aundraes;^[4]Scottish Gaelic:Cill Rìmhinn, pronounced [kʰʲɪʎˈrˠiː.ɪɲ])^[5]is a town on the east coast ofFifein Scotland, 10 miles (16 kilometres) southeast ofDundeeand 30 miles (50 kilometres) northeast ofEdinburgh. St Andrews had a recorded population of 16,800 as of 2011^[update], making it Fife's fourth-largest settlement and45th most populous settlement in Scotland.

The town is home to theUniversity of St Andrews, the third oldest university in theEnglish-speaking worldand the oldest in Scotland.^[6]It was ranked as the best university in the UK by the 2022 Good University Guide, which is published byThe TimesandThe Sunday Times.^[7][8]According to other rankings, it is ranked as one of the best universities in the United Kingdom.^[9][10]

The town is named afterSaint AndrewtheApostle. The settlement grew to the west ofSt Andrews Cathedral, with the southern side of the Scores to the north and theKinness Burnto the south. The burgh soon became the ecclesiastical capital of Scotland, a position which was held until theScottish Reformation. The famouscathedral, the largest in Scotland, now lies in ruins.

St Andrews is also known globally as the "home of golf". This is in part because ofThe Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, founded in 1754, which until 2004 exercised legislative authority over the game worldwide (except in the United States and Mexico). It is also because the famousOld CourseofSt Andrews Links(acquired by the town in 1894) is the most frequent venue forThe Open Championship, the oldest ofgolf's fourmajor championships. Visitors travel to St Andrews in great numbers for several courses ranked amongst the finest in the world, as well as for the sandy beaches.

The Martyrs Memorial, erected to the honour ofPatrick Hamilton,George Wishart, and other martyrs of theReformationepoch, stands at the west end of the Scores on a cliff overlooking the sea. The civil parish has a population of 18,421 (in 2011).^[11]

The town also contains numerous museums, a botanic garden and an aquarium.

The earliest recorded name of the area isCennrígmonaid. This isOld Gaelicand composed of the elementscenn(head, peninsula),ríg(king) andmonaid(moor). This becameCell Rígmonaid(cellmeaning church) and was Scoticised toKilrymont. The modern Gaelic spelling isCill Rìmhinn. It is likely that theGaelicname represents an adaptation of aPictishform*Penrimond.^[12]The nameSt Andrewsderives from the town's claim to be the resting place of bones of the apostleAndrew. According to legend,St Regulus(or Rule) brought the relics to Kilrymont, where a shrine was established for their safekeeping and veneration while Kilrymont was renamed in honour of the saint.^[13]This is the origin of a third name for the townKilrule.

Its name may also be notable for the lack ofapostrophe; this is due to the fact that the name of the town predates the introduction of the apostrophe into theEnglish languagefrom French in the 16th century.

The first inhabitants who settled on the estuary fringes of the riversTayandEdenduring the mesolithic (middle Stone Age) came from the plains in Northern Europe between 10,000 and 5,000 BCE.^[18]This was followed by the nomadic people who settled around the modern town around 4,500 BCE as farmers clearing the area of woodland and building monuments.^[18]

In the mid-eighth century a monastery was established by the Pictish kingOengus I, traditionally associated with the relics ofSaint Andrew, a number of bones supposed to be the saint's arm, kneecap, three fingers and a tooth believed to have been brought to the town by St Regulus.^[19]In AD 877, kingCausantín mac Cináeda(Constantine I) built a new church for the Culdees at St Andrews and later the same year was captured and executed (or perhaps killed in battle) after defending against Viking raiders.^[20]

In AD 906, the town became the seat of the bishop of Alba, with the boundaries of the see being extended to include land between theRiver ForthandRiver Tweed.^[21]In 943Constantine IIabdicated and took the position of abbot of the monastery of St Andrews.^[22]

The establishment of the present town began around 1140 byBishop Roberton an L-shaped hill, possibly on the site of the ruinedSt Andrews Castle.^[23]According to a charter of 1170, the new burgh was built to the west of the Cathedral precinct, along Castle Street and possibly as far as what is now known as North Street.^[19]This means that the lay-out may have led to the creation of two new streets (North Street and South Street) from the foundations of the newSt Andrews Cathedralfilling the area inside a two-sided triangle at its apex.^[19]The northern boundary of the burgh was the southern side of the Scores (the street between North Street and the sea) with the southern by the Kinness Burn and the western by the West Port.^[24]The burgh of St Andrews was first represented at the great council atScone Palacein 1357.^[24]

St Andrews, in particular the large cathedral built in 1160, was the most important centre of pilgrimage in medieval Scotland and one of the most important in Europe. Pilgrims from all over Scotland came in large numbers hoping to be blessed, and in many cases to be cured, at the shrine of Saint Andrew. The presence of the pilgrims brought about increased trade and development.^[25]Recognised as the ecclesiastical capital of Scotland, the town now had vast economic and political influence within Europe as a cosmopolitan town.^[26]The Scottish Parliament met in the town in 1304, when KingEdward I, in his capacity as overlord of Scotland, came to be received byBishop William de Lamberton.^[27]As many as 130 landowners turned up to witness the event ranging from Sir John of Cambo to Sir William Murray of Fort.^[28]

In 1559, the town fell into decay after the violentScottish Reformationand theWars of the Three Kingdomslosing the status of ecclesiastical capital of Scotland.^[29]Even the University of St Andrews was considering relocating toPertharound 1697 and 1698.^[26]Under the authorisation of thebishop of St Andrews, the town was made a burgh of barony in 1614.Royal Burghwas then granted as a charter by KingJames VIin 1620.^[30][31]In the 18th century, the town was still in decline, but despite this the town was becoming known for having links 'well known to golfers'.^[26]By the 19th century, the town began to expand beyond the original medieval boundaries with streets of new houses and town villas being built.^[26]Today, St Andrews is served by education, golf and the tourist and conference industry.^[26]

In 1951,The Masque of St. Andrews, which dramatised important events in the town's history, was staged in the Cathedral grounds as part of theFestival of Britain.^[32]

St Andrews is represented by several tiers of elected government. Prior to 1975 the town was governed by a burgh council, aprovostandbaillies. From 1975, St Andrews was administered byNorth East Fife District CouncilandFife Regional Council. North East Fife District was abolished in 1996 when Fife Council became the unitary authority. Fife Council, based inGlenrothes, is now theexecutive,deliberativeandlegislativebody responsible forlocal governance.^[33]TheScottish Parliamentis responsible fordevolved matterssuch aseducation,healthandjusticewhilereserved mattersare dealt with by theParliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.^[33]

The Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council, meeting on the first Monday of the month in the Council Chamber ofSt Andrews Town Hall, forms the lowest tier of governance whose statutory role is to communicate local opinion to local and central government. The current Chair is Mrs Penelope Fraser. The Chair uses the honorary title of Provost of St Andrews on official and ceremonial occasions, this ancient title having been revived to mark the 400th Anniversary of the granting of Royal Burgh status to St Andrews in 1620 by King James VI & I.

In the early days of the United Kingdom, following implementation of theunion of 1707, St Andrews elected oneMember of Parliament(MP) to the United Kingdom Parliament.^[34]Following the implementation of theReform Act 1832St Andrews Burgh merged withAnstrutherfor the purposes of electing one MP to the United Kingdom Parliament.^[34]Following implementation of theRedistribution of Seats Act 1885, there was one MP sitting for St Andrews Burgh (which would include Anstruther Easter, Anstruther Wester,Crail, Cupar,Kilrennyand Pittenweem).^[34]

St Andrews now forms part of theNorth East Fifeconstituency, electing oneMember of Parliament(MP) to theHouse of Commonsof the Parliament of the United Kingdom by the first past the post system. The constituency is represented byWendy Chamberlain,MPof theScottish Liberal Democrats. For the purposes of theScottish Parliament, St Andrews forms part of theNorth East Fifeconstituency. The North East Fife Scottish Parliament (orHolyrood) constituency created in 1999 is one of nine within the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region. Each constituency elects oneMember of the Scottish Parliament(MSP) by the first past the post system of election, and the region elects seven additional members to produce a form of proportional representation. The seat was won at the2016 Scottish Parliament ElectionbyWillie Rennie, for theScottish Liberal Democrats.^[35][36]

St Andrews compared according toUK Census 2001 ^{[37] [38] [39] [40]}

	St Andrews	Fife	Scotland
Total population	14,209	349,429	5,062,011
Foreign born	11.60%	1.18%	1.10%
Over 75 years old	10.51%	7.46%	7.09%
Unemployed	1.94%	3.97%	4.0%

According to the 2001 census, St Andrews had a total population of 14,209.^[37]The population increased to around 16,680 in 2008^[41]and 16,800 in 2012^[1]The demographic make-up of the population is much in line with the rest of Scotland. The age group from 16 to 29 forms the largest portion of the population (37%).^[37]The median age of males and females living in St Andrews was 29 and 34 years respectively, compared to 37 and 39 years for those in the whole of Scotland.^[37]

The place of birth of the town's residents was 87.78% United Kingdom (including 61.80% from Scotland), 0.63% Republic of Ireland, 4.18% from other European Union countries, and 7.42% from elsewhere in the world.^[37]The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 23.94% in full-time employment, 8.52% in part-time employment, 4.73% self-employed, 1.94% unemployed, 31.14% students with jobs, 9.08% students without jobs, 13.24% retired, 2.91% looking after home or family, 2.84% permanently sick or disabled, and 1.67% economically inactive for other reasons.^[39]

St Andrews, whose economy stands at £660 million, relies heavily on tourism and education. In 2016, one out of every five jobs in St Andrews is related to tourism.^[42]

St Andrews is often considered as an expensive destination. In 2016, St Andrews was reported to be home to the "Most Expensive Street in Scotland", with average house prices in The Scores in excess of 2 million pounds.^[43]

St Andrews has atemperatemaritime climate, which is relatively mild despite its northerlylatitude. Winters are not as cold as one might expect, considering thatMoscowandLabradorlie on the same latitude. Daytime temperatures can fall below freezing and average around 4 °C (39 °F). However, the town is subject to strong winds. Night-time frosts are common; however, snowfall is more rare. The nearest official Met Office weather station for which data are available is at Leuchars, about3+1⁄4miles (5.2 kilometres) northwest of St Andrews town centre.

The absolute maximum temperature is 31.3 °C (88.3 °F), recorded in July 2022. In a typical year, the warmest day^[44]should reach 26.1 °C (79.0 °F) and a total of 2 days^[45]should record a temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above. The warmest calendar month (since 1960) was July 2006,^[46]with a mean temperature of 16.8 °C (62.2 °F) (mean maximum of 21.6 °C (70.9 °F), mean minimum of 11.9 °C (53.4 °F))

The absolute minimum temperature (since 1960) stands at −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) recorded during February 1972,^[47]although in an 'average' year, the coldest night should only fall to −8.3 °C (17.1 °F).^[48]Typically, just short of 60 nights a year will experience an air frost. The coldest calendar month (since 1960) was December 2010,^[49]with a mean temperature of −0.8 °C (30.6 °F) (mean maximum 1.9 °C (35.4 °F), mean minimum −3.5 °C (25.7 °F) )

Rainfall, at little more than 650 mm per year makes St Andrews one of the driest parts of Scotland, shielded from Atlantic weather systems by several mountain ranges. Over 1 mm of rain is recorded on just under 117 days of the year.

Sunshine, averaging in excess of 1,500 hours a year is amongst the highest for Scotland, and comparable to inland parts of Southern England. St Andrews is about the furthest north annual levels of above 1500 hours are encountered.

All averages refer to the 1971–2000 observation period.

TheSt Andrews Railwayprovided a connection to the mainEdinburgh to Aberdeen LineatLeuchars railway station. This service was ended in 1969. TheSt Andrews Rail Linkproject aims at realising a new high-speed twin-cord mainline rail link via Cupar to the south and west and via Leuchars to the north.^[51]

Nowadays, the only public transport to reach trains at Leuchars or to connect other towns inFifeis theStagecoachbus station located near the town centre. Stagecoach's Route 99 (and its alternate routes 99A, 99B, 99C, 99D) connects St Andrews toDundeeviaLeucharswith buses up to every ten minutes. Moffat & Williamson operates Route 92 (and 92A, 92B, 92C) on a lesser frequency from Balmullo via Leuchars station to St Andrews before looping the town.^[52]There are also some local bus service that links the town centre toSt Andrews Community Hospitalin the south.

St Andrews Bus Station provides frequent bus services to most towns inFifeand the nearby city ofDundeevia Leuchars, and less frequent services to further destinations likeEdinburghandStirling. Travellers fromEdinburgh Airportmay take Route 747 to Halbeath Park & Ride then take X59/X24 to St Andrews. Otherwise, they have to travel to central Edinburgh for train or bus services.

Dundee Airport, about 15 miles north of the town, has flights that connect withLondon-CityandBelfast-Cityprovided byLoganair.

RoadsA91,A915,A917,A918andB939traverse the town at different locations.

Local news and television programmes are provided byBBC ScotlandandSTV North. Television signals are received from either theAngusorDurrisTV transmitters.^[53][54]

Local radio stations areBBC Radio Scotland,Kingdom FM,Forth 1,Greatest Hits Radio Edinburgh, Lothians, Fife and Falkirk, and St Andrews Radio, a community based station which broadcast from theUniversity of St Andrews.^[55]

The St Andrews Citizen is the town's local newspaper^[56]including student newspapers which are published from theUniversity of St Andrews, The Saint and The Stand.^[57][58]

St Andrews was once bounded by several "ports" (theLowland Scotsword for a town gate). Two are still extant: So'gait port (South Street, now called West Port) and the Sea Yett (as The Pends terminates to the harbour). The West Port is one of few surviving town "Ports" in Scotland^[59]and is ascheduled monument.^[60]The towers were influenced by those seen at the base of the Netherbow Port inEdinburgh.^[61]The central archway which displays semi-octagonal "rownds" and "battling" is supported by corbelling and neatly moulded passageways. Side arches and relief panels were added to the port, during the reconstruction between 1843 and 1845.^[61]

The Category A listed^[62]Holy Trinity(also known as the Holy Trinity Parish Church or "town kirk") is the most historic church in St Andrews.^[63]The church was initially built on land, close to the south-east gable of the cathedral, around 1144, and was dedicated in 1234 by BishopDavid de Bernham. It then moved to a new site on the north side of South Street between 1410 and 1412 by bishop Warlock.^[61][63]Much of the architecture feature of the church was lost in the re-building by Robert Balfour between 1798 and 1800.^[64]The church was later restored to a (more elaborately decorated) approximation of its medieval appearance between 1907 and 1909 by MacGregor Chambers.^[61][65]

To the east of the town centre, lie the ruins ofSt Andrews Cathedral.^[66]This was at one time Scotland's largest building, originated in the priory of Canons Regular founded by Bishop Robert Kennedy. St Rule's Church, to the south-east of the medieval cathedral is said to date from around 1120 and 1150, being the predecessor of the cathedral.^[67]The tall square tower, part of the church, was built to hold the relics ofSt Andrewand became known as the first cathedral in the town.^[67][68]After the death of Bishop Robert Kennedy, a new cathedral was begun in 1160 by Bishop Arnold (his successor) on a site adjacent to St Rule's Church.^[67][68]Work on the cathedral was finally completed and consecrated in 1318 byBishop William de LambertonwithRobert the Bruce(1306–29) present at the ceremony.^[67][68]The cathedral and associated buildings, including St Rule's Church, are protected as a scheduled monument.^[69]

The ruins ofSt Andrews Castleare situated on a cliff-top to the north of the town.^[70][71]The castle was first erected around 1200 as the residence, prison and fortress of the bishops of the diocese. Several reconstructions occurred in subsequent centuries, most notably due to damage incurred in theWars of Scottish Independence.

The castle was occupied, besieged and stormed duringThe Rough Wooingand was severely damaged in the process.

The majority of the castle seen today dates to between 1549 and 1571. The work was commissioned byJohn Hamilton (archbishop of St Andrews)in a renaissance style which made the building a comfortable, palatial residence while still remaining well-fortified.^[70]After the Reformation, the castle passed to several owners, who could not maintain its structure and the building deteriorated into a ruin. The castle is now a scheduled monument administered byHistoric Environment Scotland.^[72]

Theapseof theDominicanfriary,Blackfriars, can still be seen on South Street (between Madras College and Bell Street).^[73]Other defunct religious houses that existed in the medieval town, though less visible, have left traces, as for instance theleper hospitalatSt Nicholas farmhouse(The Steading) between Albany Park and the East Sands leisure centre.^[74]

Today, St Andrews is home to one secondary school, one private school and three primary schools.^[75]Canongate Primary School, which opened in 1972 is located off the Canongate, beside theSt Andrews Botanic Garden. The school roll was recorded in February 2008 as 215.^[76]Lawhead Primary School, which opened in 1974 is on the western edge of the town. The school roll was recorded in September 2009 as 181.^[77]Greyfriars Primary School is a Roman Catholic school located in the southern part of the town.

Madras Collegeis the sole secondary school in the town. The school which opened to pupils in 1833 was based on a Madras system – founded and endowed by Andrew Bell (1755–1832), a native of the town.^[78][79]Prior to the opening, Bell was interested in the demand for a school which was able to teach both poor and privileged children on one site.^[78]The high reputation of the school meant that many children came from throughout Britain to be taught there, often lodging with masters or residents in the town.^[78]The school was located on two campuses – Kilrymont, (which opened in 1967) and South Street (incorporating the original 1833 building). Pupils in S1-S3 are served by Kilrymont and S4-S6 by South Street.^[80]

Plans to build a replacement for Madras College on a single site have been ongoing since 2006. Originally, the school was in negotiations with theUniversity of St Andrewsfor a joint new build at Lang Lands on land owned by the university. The plans, which were scrapped in August 2011, would have seen the school share the university's playing fields.^[81]In October 2011, a scoring exercise drawn up by the council to decide the best location for the new Madras College was put before parents, staff and the local community to ask for their views. A £40-million redevelopment of the Kilrymont building proved to be most popular and was officially given the go-ahead in November 2011.^[82][83]This decision was met with controversy from parents, staff and the local community.^[83]Following a decision from a group of senior councillors to analyse the other potential sites than push ahead with the controversial redevelopment, The new Building was finished in 2021.^[83][84]In August 2020, it was reported that the college will sell its Kilrymont site and built a replacement school at Langlands.^[85]

The private school known asSt Leonards Schoolwas initially established as the St Andrews School for girls company in 1877. The present name was taken in 1882 when a move to St Leonards House was made.^[86]The school is now spread across thirty acres between Pends Road and Kinnesburn.^[86]A private school for boys was also set up in 1933 asNew Park. The operations of the school merged with the middle and junior sections of St Leonards to become St Leonards-New Park in 2005.^[86]

TheUniversity of St Andrews, which is thethird oldest English-speaking universityand theoldest university in Scotland, was founded between 1410 and 1413.^[87]A charter for the university was issued by BishopHenry Wardlawbetween 1411 and 1412 and this was followed byAvignon Pope Benedict XIIIgranting university status to award degrees to students in 1413.^[61][87]The school initially started out as a society for learned men in the fields of canon law, the arts and divinity.^[87]The chapel and college of St John the Evangelist became the first building to have ties with the university in 1415.^[61]The two original colleges to be associated with the university were St Salvator in 1450 by BishopJames Kennedyand St Leonard in 1512 by archbishopAlexander Stewartand priorJames Hepburn.^[61]

St Andrews is known widely as the "home of golf".^[88]According to the earliest surviving document from 1552, the "playing at golf" on the links adjacent to the "water of eden" was granted permission by Archbishop Hamilton.^[88]The most famous golf course in the town is the Old Course, purchased by the town council in 1894.^[89]The course which dates back to medieval times, is anOpen Championshipcourse – which was first staged in 1873 and will host the 2022 Open Championship.^[90][26][91]Famous winners at St Andrews have included:Old Tom Morris(1861, 1862, 1867 and 1874),Bobby Jones(1927 and 1930British Amateur),Jack Nicklaus(1970 and 1978) andTiger Woods(2000 and 2005).^[91][92]According toJack Nicklaus, "if a golfer is going to be remembered, he must win at St Andrews".^[91]There are seven golf courses in total – Old, New, Jubilee, Eden, Strathtyrum, Balgove and the Castle – surrounding the western approaches of the town.^[89][91]The seventh golf course (the Castle) was added in 2007 atKinkell Braes, designed by David McLay Kidd.^[91]

Other leisure facilities in the town include a canoe club, a senior football club (St Andrews United), a rugby club (known asMadras Rugby Club), tennis club, university sports centre, and a links golf driving range. The East Sands Leisure Centre, which opened in 1988, sits on the outskirts of the town as the town's swimming pool with gym facilities.

West Sands Beach in St Andrews, Scotland,^{[93][94][95][96]}served as the set for the opening scene in the movieChariots of Fire.^{[95][96][97][98]}This scene was reenacted during the2012 Olympicstorch relay.^[99][100]The beach was also featured in the2012 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony^[101][102]

The 2-mile-long (3 km) beach is adjacent to the famous St Andrews Links golf course.^[103]Sand dunes on the beach, which have long protected the golf course, are themselves in danger of eroding away, and are the subject of a restoration project.^[104]

TheByre Theatrewas founded in 1933 by Charles Marford, an actor (found in the Who's Who of 1921) and Alexander B. Paterson, a local journalist and playwright, with help from a theatre group made up from members of Hope Park Church, St Andrews. The third and current building was opened in 2001 by SirSean Connery. Its main auditorium is named after A.B. Paterson. There is also a second 60-seat performance space named after the late golf photographer, Lawrence Levy. The theatre is said to be haunted by the benevolent ghost of Charles Marford, one of its founders.

The Lade Braes Walk is a scenic public footpath of about1+1⁄2miles (2.5 kilometres) that follows the route of a medieval millladethrough St Andrews.^[105]The walk starts in the town centre near Madras College and runs roughly westward, through Cockshaugh Park to Law Mill.^[106]The lade's function was to transport water from a higher upstream point on the Kinness Burn to thewater millin the grounds ofSt Andrews Cathedral Priorywhere it arrived at an elevated level simply by following the contours of the land. It may have been built before 1144.^[107]In the late 19th century, the lade was covered over and the area from Cockshaugh Park to Law Mill was landscaped and planted with trees.^[108]The remains of Law Mill, its grain drying kiln andwater wheelare a category Clisted building.^[109]A Brae is an old Scots word for the high ground adjoining a river bank.^[110]

TheSt Andrews Museumis a municipal museum focusing on the history of the town of St Andrews in St Andrews established in 1991 it is located in Kinburn Park. It holds a collection of objects of historical value that are related to the town from the earliest times up to the twentieth century.^[111]It is located in the historic Kinburn house named after theBattle of Kinburnduring the Crimean War.

TheMuseum of the University of St Andrewsis a small museum dedicated to the history of the University of St Andrews. The museum, which is free to enter, looks at the university's foundation, student life at the university, and innovative ideas and inventions associated with staff, students, and alumni. The museum also shows a range of temporary exhibitions on different themes. Highlights of the displays include the university's three medieval maces, which are rare examples of ornate ceremonial University maces from the 15th century, and a large astrolabe dating from 1575.^[112]

Seemain article

TheSt Andrews Botanic Gardenis an 18-acrebotanical gardenin the Canongate suburb to the south of the town. It contains more than 8000 species of native and exotic plants. These are laid out in zones of woodland, meadow, shrubbery, herbaceous bedding, a large rockery and a series of ponds. There are also vegetable and herb gardens, and several large greenhouses, one of which contains abutterfly house. There is an entrance fee for most visitors with some exceptions (e.g. juniors, students or faculties of the University of St Andrews).^[113]

The St Andrews Aquarium is located on the cliff foot of the Scores overlooking West Sands. The family-owned establishment features a variety of tropical and native fish species, alongside penguins, marmosets, meerkats, and seals, which have multiple daily feeding sessions.^[114]

As of St. Andrew's Day 2015, the town is formally twinned with the French medieval town ofLoches, with which it had previously shared a cultural exchange for over two decades.^[115]

The following people and military units have received theFreedom of the City and Royal Burghof St Andrews.

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2020)

• Benjamin Franklin: 1759.^[116]
• Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin: 19 July 1902.^[117]
• Edward, Prince of Wales(later Edward VIII).^[118]
• Robert Tyre Jones Jr.: 1958.^[119]
• Jack Nicklaus: 11 July 2022.^[120]

• RAF Leuchars: 1968.

• All Saints Church, St Andrews
• Bishop of St Andrews
• Celtic art– Pictish stones at St Andrews.
• The New Picture House
• St Nicholas Hospital, St Andrews
• St Andrews Community Hospital
• University of St Andrews
• St Andrews Botanic Garden
• List of town defences in Scotland

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• Browne, Sarah."'A Veritable Hotbed of Feminism': Women's Liberation in St Andrews, Scotland, c. 1968–c. 1979".Twentieth Century British History23.1 (2012): 100–123.doi:10.1093/tcbh/hwq058.
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• Herkless, John, and Robert Kerr Hannay.The Archbishops of St. Andrews(W. Blackwood, 1907)online.
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• Rhodes, Bess.Riches and Reform: Ecclesiastical Wealth in St Andrews, c. 1520–1580(Brill, 2019).
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• List of Attractions around St Andrews in order to walk round with Maps and Information
• Royal Burgh of St Andrews Community Council
• St Andrews Links
• Engraving of aview of St AndrewsbyJames Fittlerin the digitised copy ofScotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland, 1804 atNational Library of Scotland
• The Lade Braes
• St Andrews EuroWalk - online self-guided walking tour of the town