Audiology

Audiology(fromLatinaudīre, "to hear"; and fromGreek-λογία,-logia) is a branch of science that studies hearing, balance, and related disorders.^[1][2]Audiologists treat those with hearing loss and proactively prevent related damage.^[3]By employing various testing strategies (e.g. behavioralhearing tests, otoacoustic emission measurements, and electrophysiologic tests), audiologists aim to determine whether someone has normal sensitivity to sounds.^[4]If hearing loss is identified, audiologists determine which portions of hearing (high, middle, or lowfrequencies) are affected, to what degree (severity of loss), and where the lesion causing the hearing loss is found (outer ear,middle ear,inner ear,auditory nerveand/orcentral nervous system). If an audiologist determines that ahearing lossor vestibular abnormality is present, they will provide recommendations for interventions or rehabilitation (e.g.hearing aids,cochlear implants, appropriate medical referrals).

In addition to diagnosing audiologic and vestibular pathologies, audiologists can also specialize in rehabilitation oftinnitus,hyperacusis,misophonia,auditory processing disorders,cochlear implantuse and/orhearing aiduse. Audiologists can provide hearing health care from birth to end-of-life.

An audiologist is ahealth care providerspecializing in identifying, diagnosing, treating, and monitoring disorders of theauditoryandvestibular systems. Audiologists are trained to diagnose, manage and/or treathearing,tinnitus, or balance problems. They dispense, manage, and rehabilitatehearing aidsand assess candidacy for and map hearing implants, such ascochlear implants,middle ear implantsandbone conduction implants. They counsel families through a new diagnosis of hearing loss in infants, and help teach coping and compensation skills to late-deafened adults. They also help design and implement personal andindustrialhearing safety programs,newborn hearing screening programs,^[5]school hearing screening programs, and provide special or custom fittedear plugsand otherhearing protectiondevices to help prevent hearing loss. Audiologists are trained to evaluate peripheral vestibular disorders originating from pathologies of the vestibular portion of theinner ear. They also provide treatment for certain vestibular and balance disorders, such asBenign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV). In addition, many audiologists work as auditory or acoustic scientists in a research capacity.

Audiologists are trained in anatomy and physiology, hearing aids, cochlear implants, electrophysiology, acoustics, psychophysics and psychoacoustics, neurology, vestibular function and assessment, balance disorders, counseling and communication options such as sign language. Audiologists may also run a neonatal hearing screening program which has been made compulsory in many hospitals in US, UK and India. An audiologist usually graduates with one of the following qualifications: BSc, MSc(Audiology),AuD, STI,PhD, orScD, depending on the program and country attended. In 2018, a report by CareerCast found the occupation of audiologist to be the third least stressful job surveyed.^[6]

The use of the termsaudiologyandaudiologistin publications has been traced back only as far as 1946. The creator of the term remains unknown, but Berger^[7]identified possible originators as Mayer BA Schier, Willard B Hargrave, Stanley Nowak,Norman Canfield, orRaymond Carhart. In a biographical profile byRobert Galambos,Hallowell Davisis credited with coining the term in the 1940s, saying the then-prevalent term "auricular training" sounded like a method of teaching people how to wiggle their ears.^[8]The first US university course for audiologists was offered by Carhart atNorthwestern University, in 1946.^[9]

Audiology was born of interdisciplinary collaboration. The substantial prevalence ofhearing lossobserved in the veteran population afterWorld War IIinspired the creation of the field as it is known today. TheInternational Society of Audiology(ISA) was founded in 1952 to "…facilitate the knowledge, protection and rehabilitation of human hearing" and to "…serve as an advocate for the profession and for the hearing impaired throughout the world." It promotes interactions among national societies, associations and organizations that have similar missions, through the organization of a biannual world congress, through the publication of the scientific peer-reviewedInternational Journal of Audiology^[10]and by offering support to theWorld Health Organization's efforts towards addressing the needs of the hearing impaired and deaf community.

TheInternational Society of AudiologymaintainsGlobal Audiology, which is a portal inWikiversitythat provides information of audiology education and practice around the world. Summary information is provided below:

InAustralia, Audiologists must hold a Master of Audiology, Master of Clinical Audiology, Master of Audiology Studies or alternatively a bachelor's degree from overseas certified by the private agency Vocational Education, Training and Assessment Services (VETASSESS). Although audiologists in Australia are not required to be a member of any professional body, audiology graduates can undergo a clinical training program or internship leading to accreditation with Audiology Australia (AudA) or the Australian College of Audiology (ACAud) which involves supervised practice and professional development, and typically lasts one year.

To provide rehabilitative services to eligible pensioners, war veterans, and children and young adults under the age of 26 as part of the Hearing Services Program, an audiologist must hold a qualified practitioner (QP) number which can be sought by first obtaining accreditation.^[11]

InBrazil, audiology training is part of speech pathology and audiology undergraduate, four-year courses. TheUniversity of São Paulowas the first university to offer a bachelor's degree, and it started operations in 1977. At the federal level, the recognition of the educational programs and the profession of speech pathologist and audiologist took place on December 9, 1981, signed by President João Figueiredo (law no. 6965). The termsaudiologyandaudiologistcan be tracked in Brazilian publications since 1946. The work of audiologists in Brazil was described in 2007.^[12]

In Canada, a masters of science (MSc) is the minimum requirement to practice audiology in the country. The profession is regulated in New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia, where it is illegal to practice without being registered as a full member in the appropriate provincial regulatory body.^[13]

A BSc (Hons) in audiology and speech language pathology is required.

To practice audiology, professionals need to have either a bachelor's or a master's degree in audiology and be registered with Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI).

Three Malaysian educational institutions offer degrees in audiology.

There are currently five routes to becoming a registered audiologist:

• FdSc in hearing aid audiology
• BSc in audiology
• MSc in audiology
• Fast-track conversion Diploma for those with a BSc in another relevant science subject, available at Southampton, Manchester, UCL, London, and Edinburgh
• BSc(Hons) in clinical physiology (audiology) available atGlasgow Caledonian University(all applicants must be NHS employees)

In the United States, audiologists are regulated by state licensure or registration in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Starting in 2007, the doctor of audiology (AuD) became the entry-level degree for clinical practice for some states, with most states expected to follow this requirement very soon, as there are no longer any professional programs in audiology which offer the master's degree. Minimum requirements for the AuD degree include a minimum of 75 semester hours of post-baccalaureate study, meeting prescribed competencies, passing a national exam offered by Praxis Series of the Educational Testing Service, and practicum experience that is equivalent to a minimum of 12 months of full-time, supervised experience. Most states have continuing education renewal requirements that must be met to stay licensed. Audiologists can also earn certification from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association or through the American Board of Audiology (ABA). Currently, there are over 70 AuD programs in the United States.

In the past, audiologists have typically held a master's degree and the appropriate healthcare license. However, in the 1990s the profession began to transition to a doctoral level as a minimum requirement. In the United States, starting in 2007, audiologists were required to receive a doctoral degree (AuDorPhD) in audiology from an accredited university graduate or professional program before practicing.^[14]All states require licensing, and audiologists may also carry national board certification from the American Board of Audiology or a certificate of clinical competence in audiology (CCC-A) from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.

In Pakistan, a master's or doctoral degree in audiology is required to practice this profession. This medical degree must come from a recognised institute, most of which are government, otherwise the person didn't get the license to practice the audiology.Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC)issues the practicing license to all the medical students. Besides these, the person who provides the medical instruments to these doctors should also have the certificate of accreditation, issued by thePakistan National Accreditation Council (PNAC).

The exercise of audiologist profession in Portugal necessarily imply the qualifications degree in audiology or legally equivalent as defined in Decree-Law 320/99 of August 11 Article 4.

In South Africa, there are currently five institutions offering training in audiology. The institutions offer different qualifications that make one eligible for practicing audiology in South Africa. The qualifications are as follows, I) B. Audiology, II) BSc. Audiology, III) B. Communication Pathology (Audiology), and IV) B. Speech Language Pathology and Audiology (BSLP&A). All practicing audiologists are required to be registered with the Health Professional Council of South Africa (HPCSA).

Audiology in Turkey started in 1968 as an audiology master's degree program at Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ear, Nose and Throat. The program, which was carried out as Audiology until 1989, has been revised since this year and continued as "Audiology and Speech Disorders" Master's and Doctoral education. The first undergraduate program was opened in 2011, and as of 2011, Audiologist has become a profession defined and officially recognized by the state of the Republic of Turkey.

• Global Audiology-International Society of Audiology.