Maine

Maine
State
State of Maine
Flag Seal
Nicknames: The Pine Tree State Vacationland [1]
Motto(s): " Dirigo" (Latin for "I lead", "I guide", or "I direct")
Anthem:State of Maine
Map of the United States with Maine highlighted
Country	United States
Before statehood	Part ofMassachusetts(District of Maine)
Admitted to the Union	March 15, 1820; 204 years ago(1820-03-15)(23rd)
Capital	Augusta
Largest city	Portland
Largest county or equivalent	Cumberland
Largest metroandurbanareas	Portland
Government
•Governor	Janet Mills(D)
•Senate President	Troy Jackson(D)[nb 1]
Legislature	State Legislature
•Upper house	Senate
•Lower house	House of Representatives
Judiciary	Maine Supreme Judicial Court
U.S. senators	Susan Collins(R) Angus King(I)
U.S. House delegation	1.Chellie Pingree(D) 2.Jared Golden(D)(list)
Area
• Total	35,385[2]sq mi (91,646 km2)
• Land	30,862 sq mi (80,005 km2)
• Water	4,523 sq mi (11,724 km2) 13.5%
• Rank	39th
Dimensions
• Length	320 mi (515 km)
• Width	205 mi (330 km)
Elevation	600 ft (180 m)
Highest elevation ( Mount Katahdin [3] [4] [nb 2])	5,270 ft (1,606.4 m)
Lowest elevation ( Atlantic Ocean [4])	0 ft (0 m)
Population (2020)
• Total	1,362,359
• Rank	42nd
• Density	43.8/sq mi (16.9/km2)
• Rank	38th
•Median household income	$56,277[5]
• Income rank	35th
Demonym	Mainer
Language
•Official language	None[6]
•Spoken language	English: 92.91% French: 3.93%[nb 3] Other: ≤ 3.16%
Time zone	UTC−05:00(Eastern)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−04:00(EDT)
USPS abbreviation	ME
ISO 3166 code	US-ME
Traditional abbreviation	Me.
Latitude	42° 58′ N to 47° 28′ N
Longitude	66° 57′ W to 71° 5′ W (45°N69°W / 45°N 69°W /45; -69)
Website	maine.gov

State symbols of Maine

List of state symbols
Flag of Maine
Seal of Maine
Motto	Dirigo
Slogan	The Way Life Should Be
Song	"State of Maine" "The Dirigo March" "The Ballad of the 20th Maine"
Living insignia
Bird	Black-capped chickadee
Butterfly	Pink-edged Sulphur
Cat breed	Maine Coon
Crustacean	Lobster
Fish	Landlocked Atlantic salmon
Flower	White pine cone and tassel
Fruit	Wild blueberry
Insect	Honey bee
Mammal	Moose
Plant	Wintergreen
Tree	White pine
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Moxie[8]
Food	Blueberry pie Whoopie pie
Fossil	Pertica quadrifaria
Gemstone	Tourmaline
Rock	Graniticpegmatite[9]
Ship	Bowdoin
Soil	Chesuncook soil
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2003
Lists of United States state symbols

Maine(/meɪn/^ⓘMAYN)^[10]is astatein theNew Englandregion of theUnited States, and the northeasternmost state in theLower 48. It bordersNew Hampshireto the west, theGulf of Maineto the southeast, and theCanadian provincesofNew BrunswickandQuebecto the northeast and northwest, respectively. Maine is the largeststatein New England by total area, nearly larger than the combined area of the remaining five states. Of the50 U.S. states, it is the12th-smallest by area, the9th-least populous, the13th-least densely populated, and the most rural.^[11]Maine'scapitalisAugusta, and itsmost populous cityisPortland, with a total population of 68,408, as of the2020 census.

The territory of Maine has been inhabited byIndigenous populations^[12]for about 12,000 years,^[13]after the glaciers retreated during thelast ice age. At the time of European arrival, severalAlgonquian-speaking nations governed the area and these nations are now known as theWabanaki Confederacy. The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 onSaint Croix Island, founded byPierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-livedPopham Colony, established by thePlymouth Companyin 1607. A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s, although the rugged climate and conflict with the localIndigenous peoplecaused many to fail. As Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived.LoyalistandPatriotforces contended for Maine's territory during theAmerican Revolution. During theWar of 1812, the largely undefended eastern region of Maine was occupied by British forces with the goal of annexing it toCanadavia theColony of New Ireland, but returned to the United States following failed British offensives on the northern border, mid-Atlantic and south which produced apeace treatythat restored the pre-war boundaries. Maine was part of theCommonwealth of Massachusettsuntil 1820 when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become a separate state. On March 15, 1820, under theMissouri Compromise, Maine wasadmitted to the Unionas the 23rd state.

Today, Maine is known for its jagged, rockyAtlantic Oceanand bayshore coastlines, mountains, heavilyforestedinterior, and its cuisine, particularlywild lowbush blueberriesandseafoodsuch aslobsterandclams. Coastal andDown East Mainehave emerged as important centers for thecreative economy,^[14]especially inthe vicinity of Portland, which has also broughtgentrificationto the city and its metropolitan area.^[15]

The earliest known inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including thePassamaquoddy,Maliseet,Penobscot,Androscoggin, and Kennebec. During the laterKing Philip's War, many of these peoples would merge in one form or another to become theWabanaki Confederacy, aiding theWampanoagofMassachusettsand theMahicanofNew York. Afterwards, many of these people were driven from their natural territories, but most of Maine's tribes continued, unchanged, until theAmerican Revolution. Before this point, however, most of these people were considered separate nations. Many had adapted to living in permanent,Iroquois-inspired settlements, while those along the coast tended to move from summer villages to winter villages on a yearly cycle. They would usually winter inland and head to the coasts by summer.^[16][17]

European contactwith what is now called Maine may have started around 1200 CE whenVikingsare believed to have interacted with the nativePenobscotin present-dayHancock County, most likely through trade. If confirmed, this would make Maine the site of the earliest European discovery in the entire US. About 200 years earlier, from the settlements inIcelandandGreenland, the Norsefirst identified Americaandattempted to settleareas such asNewfoundland, but failed to establish a permanent settlement. Archeological evidence suggests thatVikings in Greenlandreturned to North America for severalcenturiesafter the initial discovery to trade and collect timber, with the most relevant evidence being theMaine Penny, an 11th-century Norwegian coin found at a Native American dig site in 1954.^[18]

The first European confirmed settlement in modern-day Maine was in 1604 onSaint Croix Island, led by French explorerPierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. His party includedSamuel de Champlain, noted as an explorer. The French named the entire areaAcadia, including the portion that later became the state of Maine. ThePlymouth Companyestablished the first English settlement in Maine at thePopham Colonyin 1607, the same year as the settlement atJamestown, Virginia. The Popham colonists returned toBritainafter 14 months.^[19]

The French established twoJesuitmissions: one onPenobscot Bayin 1609, and the other onMount Desert Islandin 1613. The same year,Claude de La TourestablishedCastine. In 1625,Charles de Saint-Étienne de la TourerectedFort Pentagouetto protect Castine. The coastal areas of eastern Maine first became theProvince of Mainein a 1622 land patent. The part of western Maine north of theKennebec Riverwas more sparsely settled and was known in the 17th century as theTerritory of Sagadahock. A second settlement was attempted in 1623 by English explorer and naval CaptainChristopher Levettat a place calledYork, where he had been granted 6,000 acres (24 km²) byKing Charles Iof England.^[20]It also failed.

The 1622 patent of the Province of Maine was split at thePiscataqua Riverinto theProvince of New Hampshireto the south andNew Somersetshireto the north. A disputed 1630 patent split off the area around present-daySacoasLygonia. Justifying its actions with a 1652 geographic survey that showed an overlapping patent, theMassachusetts Bay Colonyhad seized New Somersetshire and Lygonia by force by 1658. TheTerritory of Sagadahockbetween theKennebec RiverandSt. Croix Rivernotionally becameCornwall County, Province of New Yorkunder a 1664 grant fromCharles II of Englandto hisbrother James, at the time theDuke of York. Some of this land was claimed byNew Franceas part ofAcadia. All of the English settlements in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Province of New York became part of theDominion of New Englandin 1686. All of present-day Maine was unified asYork County, Massachusettsunder a 1691 royal patent for theProvince of Massachusetts Bay.

Central Maine was formerly inhabited by theAndroscoggin tribeof theAbenaki nation, also known as Arosaguntacook. They were driven out of the area in 1690 duringKing William's War. They were relocated toSt. Francis, Canada, which was destroyed byRogers' Rangersin 1759, and is nowOdanak. The other Abenaki tribes suffered several severe defeats, particularly duringDummer's War, with the capture ofNorridgewockin 1724 and the defeat of thePequawketin 1725, which significantly reduced their numbers. They finally withdrew toCanada, where they were settled atBécancourandSillery, and later at St. Francis, along with other refugee tribes from the south.^[21]

Maine was much fought over by theFrench, English, and allied natives during the 17th and 18th centuries. These natives conducted raids against settlers and each other, taking captives for ransom or, in some cases, kidnapped for adoption byNative Americantribes. A notable example was the early 1692Abenakiraid on York, where about 100 English settlers were killed and another estimated 80 taken hostage.^[22]TheAbenakitook captives taken during raids ofMassachusettsinQueen Anne's Warof the early 1700s toKahnewake, a CatholicMohawkvillage nearMontreal, where some were adopted and others ransomed.^[23][24]

After the British defeated the French in Acadia in the 1740s, the territory from thePenobscot Rivereast fell under the nominal authority of theProvince of Nova Scotia, and together with present-day New Brunswick formed the Nova Scotia county ofSunbury, with its court of general sessions at Campobello. American and British forces contended for Maine's territory during the American Revolution and the War of 1812, with the British occupying eastern Maine in both conflicts via theColony of New Ireland.^[25][26]The territory of Maine was confirmed as part of Massachusetts when the United States was formed following theTreaty of Parisending the revolution, although the final border withBritish North Americawas not established until theWebster–Ashburton Treatyof 1842.

Maine was physically separate from the rest of Massachusetts. Longstanding disagreements over land speculation and settlements led to Maine residents and their allies in Massachusetts proper forcing an 1807 vote in the Massachusetts Assembly on permitting Maine to secede; the vote failed. Secessionist sentiment in Maine was stoked during theWar of 1812when Massachusetts pro-British merchants opposed the war and refused to defend Maine from British invaders. In 1819, Massachusetts agreed to permit secession, sanctioned by voters of the rapidly growing region the following year.

Formal secession from Massachusetts and admission of Maine as the 23rd state occurred on March 15, 1820, as part of theMissouri Compromise, which geographically restricted the spread ofslaveryand enabled the admission to statehood ofMissourithe following year, keeping a balance betweenslaveand free states.^[27][28][29]

Maine's original state capital was Portland, Maine's largest city, until it was moved to the more central Augusta in 1832. The principal office of theMaine Supreme Judicial Courtremains in Portland.

The20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, under the command of ColonelJoshua Lawrence Chamberlain, prevented theUnion Armyfrom being flanked atLittle Round Topby theConfederate Armyduring theBattle of Gettysburg.

FourU.S. Navyships have been namedUSSMaine, most famously thearmored cruiserUSSMaine(ACR-1), whose sinking by an explosion on February 15, 1898, precipitated theSpanish–American War.

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To the south and east is theGulf of Maine, and to the west is the state ofNew Hampshire. The Canadian province ofNew Brunswickis to the north and northeast, and the province ofQuebecis to the northwest. Maine is the northernmost and largest state in New England, accounting for almost half of the region's entire land area. Maine is the only state to border exactly one other American state. Approximately half the area of Maine lies on each side of the45th parallel northinlatitude.

Maine is the easternmost state in theContiguous United Statesboth in its extreme points and its geographic center. The town ofLubecis the easternmost organized settlement in the United States. Its Quoddy Head Lighthouse is also the closest place in the United States to Africa and Europe.Estcourt Stationis Maine's northernmost point, as well as the northernmost point in New England. (For more information seeextreme points of the United States)

Maine'sMoosehead Lakeis the largest lake wholly in New England, sinceLake Champlainis located betweenVermont,New York, andQuebec. A number of other Maine lakes, such asSouth Twin Lake, are described byThoreauinThe Maine Woods(1864).Mount Katahdinis the northern terminus of theAppalachian Trail, which extends southerly toSpringer Mountain,Georgia, and the southern terminus of the newInternational Appalachian Trailwhich, when complete, will run toBelle Isle,Newfoundland and Labrador.

Machias Seal IslandandNorth Rock, off the state's Downeast coast, are claimed by bothCanadaand the Maine town ofCutler, and are within one offour areas between the two countries whose sovereignty is still in dispute, but it is the only one of the disputed areas containing land. Also in this easternmost area in theBay of Fundyis theOld Sow, the largesttidalwhirlpoolin theWestern Hemisphere.

Maine is the least densely populated state east of theMississippi River. It is called thePine Tree State; over 80% of its total land is forested or unclaimed,^[30]the most forest cover of any U.S. state. In the wooded areas of the interior lies much uninhabited land, some of which does not have formal political organization into local units (a rarity in New England). TheNorthwest Aroostookunorganized territoryin the northern part of the state, for example, has an area of 2,668 square miles (6,910 km²) and a population of 10, or one person for every 267 square miles (690 km²).

Maine is in thetemperate broadleaf and mixed forestsbiome. The land near the southern and central Atlantic coast is covered by the mixedoaksof theNortheastern coastal forests. The remainder of the state, including theNorth Woods, is covered by theNew England–Acadian forests.^[31]

Maine has almost 230 miles (400 km) of ocean coastline (and 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of tidal coastline).^[32][33]West Quoddy Headin Lubec is the easternmost point of land in the 48 contiguous states. Along the famous rock-bound coast of Maine are lighthouses, beaches, fishing villages, and thousands of offshore islands, including theIsles of Shoalswhich straddle the New Hampshire border. There are jagged rocks and cliffs and many bays and inlets. Inland are lakes, rivers, forests, and mountains. This visual contrast of forested slopes sweeping down to the sea has been summed up by American poetEdna St. Vincent MillayofRocklandandCamden, in "Renascence":^[34]

All I could see from where I stood
Was three long mountains and a wood;
I turned and looked the other way,
And saw three islands in a bay.

—  Edna St. Vincent Millay, Renascence

Geologists describe this type of landscape as a "drowned coast", where a rising sea level has invaded former land features, creating bays out of valleys and islands out of mountain tops.^[35]A rise in land elevation due to the melting of heavy glacier ice caused a slight rebounding effect of underlying rock; this land rise, however, was not enough to eliminate all the effect of the rising sea level and its invasion of former land features.

Much of Maine's geomorphology was created by extended glacial activity at the end of thelast ice age. Prominent glacial features includeSomes Soundand Bubble Rock, both part of Acadia National Park on Mount Desert Island. Carved by glaciers, Somes Sound reaches depths of 175 feet (50 m). The extreme depth and steep drop-off allow large ships to navigate almost the entire length of the sound. These features also have made it attractive for boat builders, such as the prestigiousHinckley Yachts.

Bubble Rock, aglacial erratic, is a large boulder perched on the edge of Bubble Mountain inAcadia National Park. By analyzing the type of granite, geologists discovered that glaciers carried Bubble Rock to its present location from nearLucerne, 30 miles (48 km) away. TheIapetus Sutureruns through the north and west of the state, being underlain by the ancientLaurentian terrane, and the south and east underlain by theAvalonian terrane.

Acadia National Park is the only national park in New England. Areas under the protection and management of theNational Park Serviceinclude:^[36]

• Acadia National ParknearBar Harbor
• Appalachian National Scenic Trail
• Maine Acadian Culture inSt. John Valley
• Roosevelt Campobello International ParkonCampobello IslandinNew Brunswick, Canada, operated by both the U.S. and Canada, just across theFranklin Delano Roosevelt Bridgefrom Lubec
• Saint Croix Island International Historic SiteatCalais
• Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument

Lands under the control of the state of Maine include:

• Maine State Parks
• Maine Wildlife Management Areas (WMA)

Maine has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classificationDfb), with warm and sometimes humid summers, and long, cold and very snowy winters. Winters are especially severe in the northern and western parts of Maine, while coastal areas are moderated slightly by theAtlantic Ocean, resulting in marginally milder winters and cooler summers than inland regions. Daytime highs are generally in the 75–85 °F (24–29 °C) range throughout the state in July, with overnight lows in the high 50s°F (around 15°C). January temperatures range from highs near 30 °F (−1 °C) on the southern coast to overnight lows averaging below 0 °F (−18 °C) in the far north.^[37]

The state's record high temperature is 105 °F (41 °C), set in July 1911, at North Bridgton.^[38]Precipitation in Maine is evenly distributed year-round, but with a slight summer maximum in northern/northwestern Maine and a slight late-fall or early-winter maximum along the coast due to "nor'easters" or intense cold-season rain and snowstorms. In coastal Maine, the late spring and summer months are usually driest—a rarity across the Eastern United States. Maine has fewer days of thunderstorms than any other state east of theRockies, with most of the state averaging fewer than twenty days ofthunderstormsa year.Tornadoesare rare in Maine, with the state averaging two per year, although this number is increasing. Most severe thunderstorms and tornadoes occur in the southwestern interior portion of the state,^[39]where summer temperatures are often the warmest and the atmosphere is thus more unstable compared to northern and coastal areas.^[40]Maine rarely sees the direct landfall oftropical cyclones, as they tend to recurve out to sea or are rapidly weakening by the time they reach the cooler waters of Maine.

In January 2009, a new record low temperature for the state was set atBig Black Riverof −50 °F (−46 °C), tying the New England record.^[37]

Annual precipitation varies from 35.8 in (909 mm) inPresque Isleto 56.7 in (1,441 mm) in Acadia National Park.^[41]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Maine ^[42]

Location	July (°F)	July (°C)	January (°F)	January (°C)
Portland	78/59	26/15	31/13	−0/−10
Lewiston	81/61	27/16	29/11	−2/−12
Bangor	79/57	26/14	27/6	−2/−14
Augusta	79/60	26/15	27/11	−2/−11
Presque Isle	77/55	25/13	20/1	−6/−17

Maine exhibits a diverse range of flora and fauna across its varied landscapes, including forests, coastline, and wetlands. Forested areas consist primarily of coniferous and deciduous trees, such asbalsam fir,sugar maple, and its state tree, theEastern white pine.^[43]Coastal regions are characterized by hardysea milkwort,sea-blight,bayberry, and the invasiverugosa rose.^[44]

Maine's terrestrial fauna comprises mammals such asmoose,black bears, andwhite-tailed deer, along with smaller species likered squirrels,snowshoe hares, andraccoons. Maine has the largest populations of moose and black bears in the contiguous United States.^[45]Avian diversity is evident with migratory birds likepiping plovers,American oystercatcher, andnorthern harrier, as well as resident species likeblack-capped chickadees,blue jays, andbarred owls. Wetlands provide habitat for amphibians such asspotted salamanders,wood frogs, and toads. Freshwater habitats support fish species likebrook trout,landlocked salmon, and multiplegamefish, while marine life in offshore waters includesAtlantic puffins,harbor seals,minke whales, andlobster. Maine's abundance of lobster makes the state the largest producer of lobster in the United States.^[46][47]

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1790	96,540		—
1800	151,719		57.2%
1810	228,705		50.7%
1820	298,335		30.4%
1830	399,455		33.9%
1840	501,793		25.6%
1850	583,169		16.2%
1860	628,279		7.7%
1870	626,915		−0.2%
1880	648,936		3.5%
1890	661,086		1.9%
1900	694,466		5.0%
1910	742,371		6.9%
1920	768,014		3.5%
1930	797,423		3.8%
1940	847,226		6.2%
1950	913,774		7.9%
1960	969,265		6.1%
1970	992,048		2.4%
1980	1,124,660		13.4%
1990	1,227,928		9.2%
2000	1,274,923		3.8%
2010	1,328,361		4.2%
2020	1,362,359		2.6%
2023 (est.)	1,395,722		2.4%
Source: 1910–2020[48]

TheU.S. Census Bureauestimates that the population of Maine was 1,344,212 on July 1, 2019, a 1.19% increase since the2010 United States census.^[49]At the2020 census, 1,362,359 people lived in the state. The state's population density is 41.3 people per square mile, making it theleast densely populated stateeast of theMississippi River. As of 2010, Maine was also the most rural state in the Union, with only 38.7% of the state's population living within urban areas.^[50]As explained in detail under "Geography", there are large tracts of uninhabited land in some remote parts of the interior of the state, particularly in theNorth Maine Woods.

The mean population center of Maine is located inKennebec County, just east of Augusta.^[51]TheGreater Portland metropolitan areais the most densely populated with nearly 40% of Maine's population.^[52]This area spans three counties and includes many farms and wooded areas; the 2016 population of Portland proper was 66,937.^[53]

Maine has experienced a very slow rate of population growth since the 1990 census; its rate of growth (0.57%) since the 2010 census ranks 45th of the 50 states.^[54]In 2021 and 2022, however, Maine had the highest proportion of arriving residents to departing residents of any state in the country, with 1.8 arrivals for every departure.^[55]The modest population growth in the state has been concentrated in the southern coastal counties; with more diverse populations slowly moving into these areas of the state. However, the northern, more rural areas of the state have experienced a slight decline in population from 2010 to 2016.^[56]

As of 2020, Maine has the highest population age 65 or older in the United States.^[57]

According to the2010 census, Maine has the highest percentage of non-HispanicWhiteof any state, at 94.4% of the total population. In 2011, 89.0% of all births in the state were to non-Hispanic White parents.^[58]Maine also has the second-highest residential senior population.^[59]

According toHUD's 2022Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 4,411homelesspeople in Maine.^[60][61]

The table below shows the racial composition of Maine's population as of 2016.

Maine racial composition of population ^[62]

Race	Population (2016 est.)	Percentage
Total population	1,329,923	100%
White	1,260,476	94.8%
Black or African American	16,303	1.2%
American Indian and Alaska Native	8,013	0.6%
Asian	14,643	1.1%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander	211	0.0%
Some other race	3,151	0.2%
Two or more races	27,126	2.0%

According to the 2016American Community Survey, 1.5% of Maine's population were ofHispanic or Latinoorigin (of any race):Mexican(0.4%),Puerto Rican(0.4%),Cuban(0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (0.6%).^[62]The six largest ancestry groups were:English(20.7%),Irish(17.3%),French(15.7%),German(8.1%),American(7.8%) andFrench Canadian(7.7%).^[63]

People citing that they areAmericanare of overwhelmingly English descent, but have ancestry that has been in the region for so long (often since the 17th century) that they choose to identify simply as Americans.^{[64][65][66][67][68][69][excessive citations]}

Maine has the highest percentage ofFrench Americansof any state. Most of them are ofCanadianorigin, but in some cases have been living there since prior to theAmerican Revolutionary War. There are particularly high concentrations in the northern part of Maine inAroostook County, which is part of a cultural region known asAcadiathat goes over the border intoNew Brunswick. Along with theAcadianpopulation in the north, many French-Canadians came fromQuebecas immigrants between 1840 and 1930.

The upperSaint John Rivervalley area was once part of the so-calledRepublic of Madawaska, before the frontier was decided in theWebster-Ashburton Treatyof 1842. Over a quarter of the population of Lewiston,Waterville, andBiddefordare Franco-American. Most of the residents of theMid CoastandDown Eastsections are chiefly of British heritage. Smaller numbers of various other groups, includingIrish,Italian,Swedish^[70]andPolish, have settled throughout the state since the late 19th and early 20th centuryimmigrationwaves.

Note: Births in table do not sum to 100% because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother

Race	2013[71]	2014[72]	2015[73]	2016[74]	2017[75]	2018[76]	2019[77]	2020[78]	2021[79]	2022[80]
White:	11,950 (93.5%)	11,842 (93.2%)	11,805 (93.6%)	...	...	...	...	...	...	...
>Non-Hispanic White	11,774 (92.1%)	11,654 (91.8%)	11,563 (91.7%)	11,484 (90.4%)	10,958 (89.1%)	11,022 (89.5%)	10,401 (88.3%)	10,231 (88.7%)	10,619 (88.4%)	10,640 (88.0%)
Black	455 (3.6%)	450 (3.5%)	473 (3.7%)	411 (3.2%)	545 (4.4%)	546 (4.4%)	541 (4.6%)	514 (4.5%)	551 (4.6%)	679 (5.6%)
Asian	253 (2.0%)	248 (1.9%)	186 (1.5%)	192 (1.5%)	219 (1.8%)	202 (1.6%)	217 (1.8%)	195 (1.7%)	197 (1.6%)	163 (1.3%)
American Indian	118 (0.9%)	158 (1.2%)	143 (1.1%)	97 (0.7%)	88 (0.7%)	99 (0.8%)	96 (0.8%)	85 (0.7%)	71 (0.6%)	82 (0.7%)
Hispanic(of any race)	172(1.3%)	200(1.6%)	251(2.0%)	238(1.9%)	229(1.9%)	224(1.8%)	257(2.2%)	258(2.2%)	305(2.5%)	338(2.8%)
Maine Total	12,776(100%)	12,698(100%)	12,607(100%)	12,705(100%)	12,298(100%)	12,311(100%)	11,779(100%)	11,539(100%)	12,006(100%)	12,093(100%)

• Since 2016, data for births ofWhite Hispanicorigin are not collected, but included in oneHispanicgroup; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

In 2018, The top countries of origin for Maine's immigrants wereCanada, thePhilippines,Germany,IndiaandKorea.^[81]

Maine does not have an official language,^[6]but the most widely spoken language in the state is English. The 2010 census reported 92.91% of Maine residents aged five and older spoke only English at home. French-speakers are the state's chief linguistic minority; census figures show that Maine has the highest percentage of people speaking French at home of any state: 3.93% of Maine households are French-speaking, compared with 3.45% (including Cajun andCreole) inLouisiana, which is the second highest state.^[7]Spanish is the third-most-common language in Maine, after English and French.^[82]

According to thePew Research Centerin 2014, the religious affiliations of Maine were:Protestant37% (in particular:Evangelical Protestant14%,Mainline Protestant21%,Historical Black Protestant2%),AtheismorAgnosticism6%, Nothing in Particular 26%,Roman Catholic Church21%, other Christians 5%, non-Christian religions includingHinduism,Islam,BuddhismandBaháʼí7%, andPagansandUnitarians5%.

In 2014, the Roman Catholic Church was the largest religious denomination and theBaptists(7% Evangelical and 5% Mainline) were the state's largest Protestant denomination, followed by theMethodists(6%) and theCongregationalists(5%). The atheists and the agnostics are only 6% of the state, but 26% of Mainers said that they "Believe in God but they are Unaffiliated." Eighty-one percent of Mainers believed in God, while 3% did not know and 16% did not believe in God. Thirty-four percent of Mainers thought that religion was "very important" and 29% said that it was "important", while 21% said that religion was not important.^[84]

According to a survey through thePublic Religion Research Institutein 2020, approximately 62% of the population were Christian; the religiously unaffiliated slightly increased to 33% from the separate 2014 study by the Pew Research Center.^[85]In a 2022 study by the Public Religion Research Institute, 63% of the population were Christian, and 30% were religiously unaffiliated. Among the non-Christian population in 2022, 1% wereUnitarian Universalist, 5%Jewish, and 1%New Ager.

According to theAssociation of Religion Data Archivesin 2020, with Christianity as the dominant faith, the largest denominations by number of adherents were Catholicism (219,233 members), non-denominational Protestantism (45,364), and United Methodists (19,686).^[86]According to the same study, there were an estimated 16,894Muslimsin the state.

What is now Maine was originally inhabited mainly by four tribes - theMaliseetlived in the northern part, thePassamaquoddysettled the south-eastern part, thePenobscotinhabited central parts and theAbenakioccupied western parts, a small portion was also inhabited by thePennacook.^[87][88]Today there are fourfederally recognizedtribes in Maine, including theMi'kmaq Nation. Many inhabitants of Maine identify as being Native American alone (8,568 people in 2010 census and 7,885 in 2020 census) or Native American in combination with one or more other races (9,914 people in 2010 census and 25,617 in 2020).^[89]The largest tribes in Maine according to self-identification in 2010 census were the Passamaquoddy (2,609 people), the Micmac (2,459), the Penobscot (1,913), the Cherokee (1,230) and the Maliseet (1,051). 360 people self-identified as Abenaki.^[90]

Total employment (May 2024):

• 674,900^[91]

Total employer establishments (2021):

• 42,519^[92]

Maine's totalgross state productwas $91.1 billion in 2023.^[93]The state'sper capita personal incomefor 2023 was $63,117, ranking 30th in the nation, and its median gross income was $69,543.^[94][95]As of September 2022^[update], Maine's unemployment rate is 3.3%.^[96]As of September 2023, Maine'sminimum wageis $13.80.^[97]

Maine'sagriculturaloutputs include poultry, eggs, dairy products, cattle, wild blueberries, apples,maple syrup, andmaple sugar.Aroostook Countyis known for itspotatocrops. Potatoes make the state $166,672,000 a year.^[98]Commercial fishing, once a mainstay of the state's economy, maintains a presence, particularlylobsteringandgroundfishing. While lobster is the main seafood focus for Maine, the harvest of both oysters and seaweed are on the rise. In 2015, 14% of the Northeast's total oyster supply came from Maine. In 2017, the production of Maine's seaweed industry was estimated at $20 million per year. The shrimp industry of Maine is on a government-mandated hold. With an ever-decreasing Northern shrimp population, Maine fishermen are no longer allowed to catch and sell shrimp. The hold began in 2014 and is expected to continue until 2021.^[99]Western Maine aquifers and springs are a source of bottled water for companies likePoland Spring.

Maine's industrial outputs consist chiefly of paper, lumber and wood products, electronic equipment, leather products, food products, textiles, and bio-technology. Naval shipbuilding and construction remain key as well, withBath Iron Worksin Bath andPortsmouth Naval Shipyardin Kittery.

Brunswick Landing, formerlyNaval Air Station Brunswick, is also in Maine. Formerly a large support base for the U.S. Navy, theBRACcampaign initiated the Naval Air Station's closing, despite a government-funded effort to upgrade its facilities. The former base has since been changed into a civilian business park, as well as a new satellite campus forSouthern Maine Community College.^[100]

Maine is the top U.S. producer oflow-bush blueberries. Preliminary data from theUSDAfor 2012 also indicate Maine was the largest blueberry producer of the major blueberry producing states, with a total production of 91,100,000 lbs.^[102]This data includes both low (wild) andhigh-bush (cultivated) blueberries.

Tourism and outdoor recreation play a major and increasingly important role in Maine's economy. The state is a popular destination for sporthunting(particularly deer, moose, and bear),sport fishing,snowmobiling,skiing, boating,campingandhiking, among other activities. Along with the tourist and recreation-oriented economy, Maine has developed a burgeoningcreative economy, most notably centered in theGreater Portlandvicinity.^[14]

Historically, Maine ports played a key role in national transportation. Beginning around 1880, Portland's rail link andice-free portmade it Canada's principal winter port, until the aggressive development ofHalifax, Nova Scotia in the mid-20th century. In 2013, 12,039,600short tonspassed into and out of Portland by sea,^[103]which places it 45th of U.S. water ports.^[104]Portland International Jetporthas been expanded, providing the state with increased air traffic from carriers such asJetBlueandSouthwest Airlines.

Maine has very few large companies that maintain headquarters in the state, and that number has fallen due to consolidations and mergers, particularly in thepulp and paper industry. Some of the larger companies that do maintain headquarters in Maine includeCovetrusin Portland,Fairchild Semiconductorin South Portland,IDEXX Laboratoriesin Westbrook,Hannaford Bros. Co.in Scarborough, andL.L.BeaninFreeport. Maine is also the home of theJackson Laboratory, the world's largest non-profit mammalian genetic research facility and the world's largest supplier of genetically purebred mice.

Maine has anincome taxstructure containing two brackets, 6.5 and 7.95 percent of personal income.^[105]Before July 2013, Maine had four brackets: 2, 4.5, 7, and 8.5 percent.^[106]Maine's generalsales taxrate is 5.5 percent. The state also levies charges of nine percent on lodging and prepared food and ten percent on short-term auto rentals.^[107]Commercial sellers of blueberries, a Maine staple, must keep records of their transactions and pay the state 1.5 cents per pound ($1.50 per 100 pounds) of the fruit sold each season. Allrealand tangiblepersonal propertylocated in the state of Maine is taxable unless specifically exempted by statute. The administration of property taxes is handled by the local assessor in incorporated cities and towns, while property taxes in the unorganized territories are handled by the State Tax Assessor.

Maine has a long-standing tradition of being home to many shipbuilding companies, such asBath Iron Worksand thePortsmouth Naval Shipyard. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Maine was home to many shipyards that produced wooden sailing ships. The main function of these ships was to transport either cargos or passengers overseas. One of these yards was located inPennellville Historic Districtin what is nowBrunswick, Maine. This yard, owned by the Pennell family, was typical of the many family-owned shipbuilding companies of the time period. Other such examples of shipbuilding families were the Skolfields and the Morses. During the 18th and 19th centuries, wooden shipbuilding of this sort made up a sizable portion of the economy.

Maine receivespassenger jetservice at its two largest airports, thePortland International Jetportin Portland, and theBangor International Airportin Bangor. Both are served daily by many majorairlinesto destinations such as New York,Atlanta, andOrlando.Essential Air Servicealso subsidizes service to a number of smaller airports in Maine, bringing smallturbopropaircraft to regional airports such as theAugusta State Airport,Hancock County-Bar Harbor Airport,Knox County Regional Airport, and theNorthern Maine Regional Airport at Presque Isle. These airports are served by regional providers such asCape AirwithCessna 402s, andCommutAirwithEmbraer ERJ-145aircraft.

Many smaller airports are scattered throughout Maine, serving onlygeneral aviationtraffic. TheEastport Municipal Airport, for example, is a city-owned public-use airport with 1,200 general aviation aircraft operations each year from single-engine and ultralight aircraft.^[108]

Interstate95(I-95) travels through Maine, as well as its easterly branchI-295and spursI-195,I-395and the unsignedI-495(the Falmouth Spur). In addition,U.S. Route1(US1) starts inFort Kentand travels toFlorida. The eastern terminus of the eastern section ofUS2starts in Houlton, near the New Brunswick, Canada border toRouses Point, New York, atUS11.US2Aconnects Old Town and Orono, primarily serving theUniversity of Mainecampus.US201andUS202flow through the state. US2,Maine State Route 6(SR6), andSR9are often used by truckers and other motorists of theMaritime Provincesen routeto other destinations in the United States or as a short cut toCentral Canada.

TheDowneasterpassenger train, operated byAmtrak, provides passenger service between Brunswick and Boston'sNorth Station, with stops in Freeport, Portland,Old Orchard Beach, Saco, andWells. TheDowneastermakes five daily trips.^[109]

Freight service throughout the state is provided by a handful of regional and shortline carriers:Pan Am Railways(formerly known as Guilford Rail System), which operates the formerBoston and MaineandMaine Centralrailroads;St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad;Maine Eastern Railroad;Central Maine and Quebec Railway; andNew Brunswick Southern Railway.

The International Marine Terminal inPortlandprovides shipping container transport. In 2021 an estimated 36,700 shipping containers moved through the terminal. In 2017, a total of 17,515 shipping containers were transported. The Icelandic shipping companyEimskipopened its United States headquarters in Portland in 2013. Its ships stop in Portland once a week in a route that includes Atlantic Canada and Iceland with connections to northern Europe and Asia.^[110]In 2015, the terminal moved 10,500 containers. The Maine Port Authority in 2016 began a $15.5 million expansion and improvement of the terminal. The Maine Port Authority leased the International Marine Terminal from the city of Portland in 2009.^[111]

TheMaine Constitutionstructures Maine's state government, composed of three co-equal branches—the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The state of Maine also has three Constitutional Officers (the Secretary of State, the State Treasurer, and the State Attorney General) and one Statutory Officer (the State Auditor).

Thelegislative branchis theMaine Legislature, a bicameral body composed of theMaine House of Representatives, with 151 members, and theMaine Senate, with 35 members. The Legislature is charged with introducing and passing laws.

Theexecutive branchis headed by theGovernor of Maine(currentlyJanet Mills). The Governor is elected every four years; no individual may serve more than two consecutive terms in this office. The currentattorney general of MaineisAaron Frey. As with otherstate legislatures, the Maine Legislature can by a two-thirds majority vote from both the House and Senate override a gubernatorial veto. Maine is one of seven states that do not have a lieutenant governor.

The highest court in the state'sjudicial branchis theMaine Supreme Judicial Court. The lower courts are the District Court,Superior Courtand Probate Court. All judges except for probate judges serve full-time, are nominated by the Governor, and confirmed by the Legislature for terms of seven years. Probate judges serve part-time and are elected by the voters of each county for four-year terms.

In a 2020 study, Maine was ranked as the 14th easiest state for citizens to vote in.^[112]In 2012, Maine became one of the first U.S. states to establishmarriage rights for same-sex couples.^[113]

Maine politics are dynamic in nature, with parties loosely hung together, governors often winning by pluralities rather than majorities, and significant turnover both in members and parties inlegislative districts. In his 2010 articleMaine's Paradoxical Politics, Kenneth Palmer suggests that "Maine's political leaders find themselves ascentrists, primarily because they want to find practical solutions to difficult problems."^[114]

The results of the elections are oftenvaried. Maine is seen as a blue-leaningswing state, with unusually high support forindependent candidates.The Republican Partyhave won Maine in 11 out of the past 20 presidential elections, and the governorship has been won byDemocratsand independents three times each, and Republicans four times, since 1974.^[115]

Maine usesranked choice votingin primary elections for state and federal offices, as well as in general elections for federal offices. Ranked choice voting was adopted by voters in a2016 referendum.^[116]

Maine is divided into political jurisdictions designated ascounties. Since 1860 there have been 16 counties in the state, ranging in size from 370 to 6,829 square miles (958 to 17,700 km²).

Maine counties

County name	County seat	Year founded	Population 2020 Census	Percent of total	Area (sq. mi.)	Percent of total
Androscoggin	Auburn	1854	111,139	8.16%	497	1.44%
Aroostook	Houlton	1839	67,105	4.93%	6,829	19.76%
Cumberland	Portland	1760	303,069	22.25%	1,217	3.52%
Franklin	Farmington	1838	29,456	2.16%	1,744	5.05%
Hancock	Ellsworth	1789	55,478	4.07%	1,522	4.40%
Kennebec	Augusta	1799	123,642	9.08%	951	2.75%
Knox	Rockland	1860	40,607	2.98%	1,142	3.30%
Lincoln	Wiscasset	1760	35,237	2.59%	700	2.03%
Oxford	Paris	1805	57,777	4.24%	2,175	6.29%
Penobscot	Bangor	1816	152,199	11.17%	3,556	10.29%
Piscataquis	Dover-Foxcroft	1838	16,800	1.23%	4,377	12.67%
Sagadahoc	Bath	1854	36,699	2.69%	370	1.07%
Somerset	Skowhegan	1809	50,477	3.71%	4,095	11.85%
Waldo	Belfast	1827	39,607	2.91%	853	2.47%
Washington	Machias	1790	31,095	2.28%	3,255	9.42%
York	Alfred	1636	211,972	15.56%	1,271	3.68%
Total counties: 16			Total 2020 population: 1,362,359		Total state area: 34,554 square miles (89,494 km2)

An organized municipality has a form of elected local government which administers and provides local services, keeps records, collects licensing fees, and can pass locally bindingordinances, among other responsibilities of self-government. The governmental format of most organized towns andplantationsis the town meeting, while the format of most cities is the council-manager form. As of 2022^[update]the organized municipalities of Maine consist of 23cities, 430towns, and 30plantations. Collectively these 483 organized municipalities cover less than half of the state's territory. Maine also has three^{[contradictory]}Reservations:Indian Island, Indian Township Reservation, and Pleasant Point Indian Reservation.^[117]

• The largest municipality in Maine, by population, is the city of Portland (pop. 68,408).
• The smallest city by population is Eastport (pop. 1,288).
• The largest town by population is Brunswick (pop. 21,756).
• The smallest town by population isFrye Island, a resort town which reported zero year-round population in the 2000 Census; one plantation,Glenwood Plantation, also reported a permanent population of zero.
• In the 2000 census, the smallest town aside from Frye Island wasCentervillewith a population of 26, but since that census, Centerville voted to disincorporate and therefore is no longer a town. The next smallest town with a population listed in that census isBeddington(pop. 60 at the 2020 census).
• The largest municipality by land area is the town ofAllagash, at 128 square miles (332 km²).
• The smallest municipality by land area isMonhegan Island, at 0.86 square miles (2.2 km²). The smallest municipality by area that is not an island isRandolph, at 2.23 square miles (6 km²).

Unorganized territory(UT) has no local government. Administration, services, licensing, and ordinances are handled by the state government as well as by respective county governments who have townships within each county's bounds. The unorganized territory of Maine consists of more than 400 townships (in Maine, towns are incorporated, townships are unincorporated), plus many coastal islands that do not lie within any municipal bounds. The UT land area is slightly over half the entire area of the State of Maine. Year-round residents in the UT number approximately 9,000 (about 1.3% of the state's total population), with many more people staying there only seasonally. Only four ofMaine's sixteen counties(Androscoggin, Cumberland, Waldo and York) are entirely incorporated, although a few others are nearly so, and most of the unincorporated area is in the vast and sparsely populatedGreat North Woods of Maine.^[118]

Throughout Maine, many municipalities, although each separate governmental entities, nevertheless form portions of a much larger population base. There are many such population clusters throughout Maine, but some examples from the municipalities appearing in the above listing are:

• Portland, South Portland,Cape Elizabeth, Westbrook, Scarborough, andFalmouth
• Lewiston and Auburn
• Bangor,Orono,Brewer,Old Town, andHampden
• Biddeford, Saco andOld Orchard Beach
• Brunswick andTopsham
• Waterville,Winslow,Fairfield, andOakland
• Presque IsleandCaribou^[120]

There are thirty institutions ofhigher learningin Maine.^[121]These institutions include theUniversity of Maine, which is the oldest, largest and onlyresearch universityin the state. UMaine was founded in 1865 and is the state's onlyland grantandsea grantcollege. The University of Maine is located in the town ofOronoand is the flagship of Maine. There are also branch campuses inAugusta,Farmington,Fort Kent,Machias, andPresque Isle.^[122]

Bowdoin Collegeis a liberal arts college founded in 1794 in Brunswick, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the state.Colby Collegein Waterville was founded in 1813 making it the second oldest college in Maine.^[123]Bates Collegein Lewiston was founded in 1855 making it the third oldest institution in the state and the oldestcoeducationalcollege in New England.^[124]The three colleges collectively form theColby-Bates-Bowdoin Consortiumand are ranked among the best colleges in the United States; often placing in the top 10% of all liberal arts colleges.^{[125][126][127]}

Maine's per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was 21st in the nation in 2012, at $12,344.^[128]

The collegiate system of Maine also includes numerousbaccalaureatecolleges such as: theMaine Maritime Academy(MMA),College of the Atlantic,Unity College, andThomas College. There is only one medical school in the state, (University of New England'sCollege of Osteopathic Medicine) and only one law school (TheUniversity of Maine School of Law). There is one art school in the state,Maine College of Art, along with a private graduate school,Institute for Doctoral Studies in the Visual Arts, which offers aDoctor of Philosophyto visual artists.

TheMaine Community College System, founded in 1985 also serves "to provide associate degree, diploma and certificate programs directed at the educational, career and technical needs of the State's citizens and the workforce needs of the State's employers."^[129]This system includesSouthern Maine Community College(SMCC),York County Community College(YCCC),Central Maine Community College(CMCC),Eastern Maine Community College(EMCC),Kennebec Valley Community College(KVCC),Northern Maine Community College(NMCC), andWashington County Community College(WCCC).^[130]

Private schools in Maine are funded independently of the state and its furthered domains. Private schools are less common than public schools. A large number of private elementary schools with under 20 students exist, but most private high schools in Maine can be described as "semi-private".

Maine also has Vocational Schools, such as theBiddeford Regional Center of Technology^[131]and Sanford Regional Technical Center^[132]that teach trades such as welding, construction and vehicle repair to students.

Maine was a center of agriculture before it achieved statehood. Prior to colonization,Wabanakinations farmed large crops of corn and other produce in southern Maine.^[133]

Maine was a center of grain production in the 1800s, until grain production moved westward. However, in the early 2000s the local food movement spurred renewed interested in locally grown grains. In 2007, the Kneading Conference was founded. In, 2012, theSkowhegangrist mill Maine Grains opened.^[134][135]The revival of grain farming and milling in Maine has led to the creation of other businesses, including bakeries and malthouses.^[136]

Maine has many vegetable farms and other small, diversified farms. In the 1960s and 1970s, the book "Living the Good Life" byHelen NearingandScott Nearingcaused many young people to move to Maine and engage in small-scale farming and homesteading. Theseback-to-the-landmigrants increased the population of some counties.^[137]

Maine is home to theMaine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Associationand had 535 certified organic farms in 2019.^[138]

Maine has multiple fairs and festivals that are held annually, which includeLa Kermesse, a celebration of the state'sFrenchandFrench Canadianheritage, theFryeburg Fair, theCumberland Fair, theUnion Fair, theCommon Ground Country Fair, a number ofOld Home Days festivals, and a number ofPortland Food Festivals.^{[139][140][141]}

Along with the growth of the local food movement over the last several decades, Maine has received national recognition for its food and restaurant scene.Portlandwas namedBon Appetitmagazine's Restaurant City of the Year in 2018.^[142]In 2018, HealthIQ.com named Maine the 3rd most vegan-friendly state.^[143]Biddefordwas selected byFood & Winein 2022 as one of America's next great food cities.^[144]

Maine food shares many ingredients withWabanaki cuisine, including corn, beans, squash, wild blueberries, maple syrup, fish, and seafood.^[145]By 1902, theMaine Italian sandwichhad been invented in Portland. Sandwich shops across Maine serve the sandwiches.^[146]Baked beans are a common dish in Maine, served at community suppers where the beans are sometimes cooked underground in a bean hole. In New England, Maine baked beans are one of two well-known regional styles of baked beans, the other beingBoston baked beans. Maine baked beans use thicker skinned, native bean varieties such like Marafax, soldier, and yellow-eye beans.^[147]From 1913 until 2021, baked beans were canned on the Portland waterfront at theB&M Baked Beans factory.

• Maine Celtics,basketball,NBA G League
• Portland Sea Dogs,minor league baseball,Double-A Northeast
• Maine Mariners,ice hockey,ECHL

• Portland Hearts of Pine,soccer,USL League One, to begin play in 2025

• Portland Phoenix FC,soccer,Premier Developmental League
• Maine Roller Derby, roller derby,Women's Flat Track Derby Association

• Maine Black Bears^[148]
• Husson University^[149]

• York County Community College^[150]
• University of Maine at Augusta^[151]

Maine maintains some vernacular and terminology that is unique in comparison to the rest of the country.^[152]Some of these include:

• "From away" - A non-native person of Maine.^[153]
• "Upta camp" - Going to a more out-of-the-way, rustic place.^[153]Popularized byBob Marleyafter his special of the same name.^[154][155]
• "Ayuh" - An affirmative response, like "Yes".^[153]

Citizens of Maine are often known as Mainers.^[156]The term Downeaster may be applied to residents of the northeast coast of the state. The term Mainiac is considered by some to be derogatory, but is embraced with pride by others,^[157]and is used for a variety of organizations and for events such as the YMCA Mainiac Sprint Triathlon & Duathlon.^[158]

• Index of Maine-related articles
• Outline of Maine
• Maine portal
• New England portal
• United States portal

• Maine government
• Maine Office of TourismSearch for tourism-related businesses
• Visit Maine (agriculture)Maine fairs, festivals, etc.—Agricultural Dept.

• Maine State Guide, from the Library of Congress
• U.S. EIAEnergy Profile for Maine—economic, environmental and energy data
• U.S. Geological SurveyReal-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Maine
• U.S. Dept. of AgricultureMaine State Facts—agricultural
• U.S. Census BureauQuick facts on Maine
• Portland MagazineEditorial on Maine news, events, and people

• MaineatCurlie
• Maine Historical Society
• Old USGS maps of Maine.
• 1860 Map of Maineby Mitchell.
• 1876 Panoramic Birdseye View of Portlandby Warner at LOC.,
• Geographic data related toMaineatOpenStreetMap

Preceded by Alabama

List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Admitted on March 15, 1820 (23rd)

Succeeded by Missouri