Sheffield

Sheffield
City
Central Sheffield skyline at night Town Hallin the Peace Gardens Moor Market Sheffield Cathedral St Paul's Place Sheffield City Hallon Barker's Pool Winter Garden
Coat of arms
Sheffield Location within South Yorkshire
Area	122.5 km2(47.3 sq mi)
Population	556,500 (2021 census)
•Density	4,543/km2(11,770/sq mi)
Demonym	Sheffielder
OS grid reference	SK355875
Metropolitan borough	Sheffield
Metropolitan county	South Yorkshire
Region	Yorkshire and the Humber
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Areas of the city (2011 census BUASD)	List Beauchief and Greenhill Birley Brightside Broomhill Burngreave Castle Chapel Green City Centre Darnall Dore Ecclesall Firth Park Hallam Handsworth Heeley Hillsborough Intake Manor Mosborough Nether Edge Nether Green Netherthorpe Norton Owlerton Park Hill Parson Cross Sharrow Stannington Stocksbridge(Town) Walkley Wybourn
Post town	SHEFFIELD
Postcode district	S1-S17, S20, S35-36
Dialling code	0114
Police	South Yorkshire
Fire	South Yorkshire
Ambulance	Yorkshire
UK Parliament	Penistone and Stocksbridge Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough Sheffield Central Sheffield Hallam Sheffield Heeley Sheffield South East
Website	sheffield.gov.uk
List of places UK England Yorkshire 53°22′51″N01°28′13″W / 53.38083°N 1.47028°W /53.38083; -1.47028

Sheffieldis acity^[a]in theNorth, whose name derives from theRiver Sheafwhich runs through it. The city serves as the administrative centre of theCity of Sheffield. It ishistoricallypart of theWest Riding of Yorkshireand some of its southern suburbs were transferred fromDerbyshireto the city council. It is the largest settlement in North Midlands.^[1][2][3]

The city is in the eastern foothills of thePenninesand the valleys of theRiver Donwith its four tributaries: theLoxley, thePorter Brook, theRivelinand theSheaf. Sixty-one per cent of Sheffield's entire area is green space and a third of the city lies within thePeak Districtnational parkand is the fifth largest city in England.^[4]There are more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens in the city,^[4]which is estimated to contain around 4.5 million trees.^[5]The city is 29 miles (47 km) south ofLeedsand 32 miles (51 km) east ofManchester.

Sheffield played a crucial role in theIndustrial Revolution, with many significant inventions and technologies having developed in the city. In the 19th century, the city saw a huge expansion of its traditional cutlery trade, whenstainless steelandcrucible steelwere developed locally, fuelling an almost tenfold increase in the population. Sheffield received itsmunicipal charterin 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in these industries in the 1970s and 1980s, coinciding with the collapse of coal mining in the area. The Yorkshireridingsbecame counties in their own right in 1889, theWest Riding of Yorkshirecounty was disbanded in 1974. The city then became part of the county ofSouth Yorkshire; this has been made up of separately-governedunitary authoritiessince 1986. The 21st century has seen extensiveredevelopmentin Sheffield, consistent with other British cities. Sheffield'sgross value added(GVA) has increased by 60% since 1997, standing at £11.3 billion in 2015. The economy has experienced steady growth, averaging around 5% annually, which is greater than that of the broader region of Yorkshire and the Humber.^[6]

Sheffield had a population of 556,500 at the 2021 census, making it the second largest city in theYorkshire and the Humberregion. TheSheffield Built-up Area, of which the Sheffield sub-division is the largest part, had a population of 685,369 also including the town ofRotherham. Thedistrict borough, governed from the city, had a population of 566,242 at the mid-2019 estimate, making it the7thmost populous district in England. It is one of eleven British cities that make up theCore Cities Group.^[7]In 2011, the unparished area had a population of 490,070.^[8]

The city has a long sporting heritage and is home both to the world's oldest football club,Sheffield F.C.,^[9]and the world's oldest football ground,Sandygate. Matches between the two professional clubs,Sheffield UnitedandSheffield Wednesday, are known as theSteel City derby. The city is also home to theWorld Snooker Championshipand theSheffield Steelers, the UK's first professional ice hockey team.

The nameSheffield, has its origins inOld Englishand derives from the name of a principal river in the city, theRiver Sheaf. This name, in turn, is a corruption ofshedorsheth, which refers to adivideorseparation.^[10][11]The second half of the name Sheffield refers to a field, or forest clearing.^[12]Combining the two words, it is believed that the name refers to anAnglo-Saxonsettlement in a clearing by the confluence of theRiver Donand River Sheaf.^[13]

The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have been inhabited since at least the lateUpper Paleolithic, about 12,800 years ago.^[14]The earliest evidence of human occupation in the Sheffield area was found atCreswell Cragsto the east of the city. In theIron Agethe area became the southernmost territory of thePenninetribe called theBrigantes. It is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several hill forts in and around Sheffield.^[15]

Following the departure of the Romans, the Sheffield area may have been the southern part of theBrittonickingdom ofElmet, with the rivers Sheaf and Don forming part of the boundary between this kingdom and the kingdom ofMercia.^[16]Gradually,Angliansettlers pushed west from the kingdom ofDeira. A Britonnic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements calledWalesand Waleswood close to Sheffield.^[17]The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the second half of the first millennium, and are ofAnglo-SaxonandDanishorigin.^[15]In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms ofMerciaandNorthumbria. TheAnglo-Saxon Chroniclereports thatEanred of Northumbriasubmitted toEgbert of Wessexat the hamlet ofDore(now a suburb of Sheffield) in 829,^[18]a key event in the unification of the kingdom of England under theHouse of Wessex.^[19]

After theNorman conquest of England,Sheffield Castlewas built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city.^[20]By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known asCastle Square,^[21]and Sheffield subsequently grew into a smallmarket town. In the 14th century, Sheffield was already noted for the production ofknives, as mentioned inGeoffrey Chaucer'sThe Canterbury Tales,^[22]and by the early 1600s it had become the main centre ofcutlerymanufacture in England outside London, overseen by theCompany of Cutlers in Hallamshire.^[23]From 1570 to 1584,Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle andSheffield Manor.^[24]

During the 1740s, a form of thecrucible steelprocess was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible.^[25]In about the same period, a technique was developed for fusing a thin sheet of silver onto a copper ingot to produce silver plating, which became widely known asSheffield plate.^[26]These innovations spurred Sheffield's growth as an industrial town,^[27]but the loss of some important export markets led to a recession in the late 18th and early 19th century. The resulting poor conditions culminated in acholeraepidemic that killed 402 people in 1832.^[15]The population of the town grew rapidly throughout the 19th century; increasing from 60,095 in 1801 to 451,195 by 1901.^[15]TheSheffield and Rotherham railwaywas constructed in 1838, connecting the two towns. The town was incorporated as aboroughin 1842, and was grantedcity statusbyletters patentin 1893.^[28][29]The influx of people also led to demand for better water supplies, and a number of new reservoirs were constructed on the outskirts of the town.

The collapse of the dam wall of one of these reservoirs in 1864 resulted in theGreat Sheffield Flood, which killed 270 people and devastated large parts of the town.^[30]The growing population led to the construction of many back-to-back dwellings that, along with severe pollution from the factories, inspiredGeorge Orwellin 1937 to write: "Sheffield, I suppose, could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in theOld World".^[31]

The Great Depressionhit the city in the 1930s, but as international tensions increased and theSecond World Warbecame imminent; Sheffield's steel factories were set to work manufacturing weapons and ammunition for the war effort. As a result, the city became a target for bombing raids, the heaviest of which occurred on the nights of 12 and 15 December 1940, now known as theSheffield Blitz. The city was partially protected by barrage balloons managed fromRAF Norton.^[32]More than 660 people died and many buildings were destroyed or left badly damaged, including the Marples Hotel, which was hit directly by a 500lb bomb, killing over 70 people.^[33]

In the 1950s and 1960s, many of the city's slums were demolished, and replaced with housing schemes such as thePark Hill flats. Large parts of the city centre were also cleared to make way for a new system of roads.^[15]In February 1962, the city was devastated by theGreat Sheffield Gale; winds of up to 97 mph (156 km/h) killed four people and damaged 150,000 houses, more than two-thirds of the city's housing stock at the time.^[34]Increased automation and competition from abroad resulted in theclosure of many steel mills. The 1980s saw the worst of this run-down of Sheffield's industries, along with those of many other areas of the UK.^[35]The building of theMeadowhall Centreon the site of a former steelworks in 1990 was a mixed blessing, creating much-needed jobs but hastening the decline of the city centre. Attempts to regenerate the city were kick-started when the city hosted the 1991World Student Games, which saw the construction of new sporting facilities such as theSheffield Arena,Don Valley Stadiumand thePonds Forgecomplex.^[15]

Sheffield is changing rapidly as new projects regenerate some of the more run-down parts of the city. One such, theHeart of the City Project, has initiated a number of public works in the city centre: thePeace Gardenswere renovated in 1998, theMillennium Galleriesopened in April 2001, theWinter Gardenswere opened in May 2003, and a public space to link these two areas, theMillennium Square, was opened in May 2006. Additional developments included the remodelling ofSheaf Square, in front of the refurbished railway station: the square contains "The Cutting Edge", a sculpture designed by Si Applied Ltd^[36]and made from Sheffield steel. Recent development known as the 'Heart of the City' includes the restoration of the listed Leah's Yard complex.^[37]

Sheffield was particularly hard hit during the2007 United Kingdom floodsand the2010 'Big Freeze'. Many landmark buildings such as Meadowhall and theHillsborough Stadiumflooded due to being close to rivers that flow through the city. In 2010, 5,000 properties in Sheffield were identified as still being at risk of flooding. In 2012 the city narrowly escaped another flood, despite extensive work by the Environment Agency to clear local river channels since the 2007 event. In 2014 Sheffield Council's cabinet approved plans to further reduce the possibility of flooding by adopting plans to increase water catchment on tributaries of the River Don.^[38][39][40]Another flood hit the city in 2019, resulting in shoppers being contained in Meadowhall Shopping Centre.^[41][42]

Between 2014 and 2018, there weredisputesbetween the city council and residents over the fate of the city's 36,000 highway trees. Around 4,000 highway trees have since been felled as part of the 'Streets Ahead'Private Finance Initiative(PFI) contract signed in 2012 by the city council,Amey plcand theDepartment for Transportto maintain the city streets.^[43]The tree fellings have resulted in many arrests of residents and other protesters across the city even though most felled trees in the city have been replanted, including those historically felled and not previously replanted.^[44]The protests eventually stopped in 2018 after the council paused the tree felling programme as part of a new approach developed by the council for the maintenance of street trees in the city.^[45]

In May 2022, Sheffield was named a "Tree City of the World" in recognition of its work to sustainably manage and maintain urban forests and trees.^[46]This honour was given before the release of the independent inquiry's report on the so-called "Sheffield Chainsaw Massacre". The report concluded that "thousands of healthy and loved trees were lost. Many more could have been" and was critical of Sheffield City Council. The latter issued this statement on receipt of the report: "the council has already acknowledged that it got many things wrong in the handling of the street-trees dispute, and we wish to reiterate our previous apologies for our failings".^[47]

Sheffield is governed at the local level bySheffield City Counciland is led by Councillor Tom Hunt (Assumed office 16 May 2023).^[48]It consists of 84 councillors elected to represent 28wards: three councillors per ward. Following the2024 local elections, the distribution of council seats isLabour36,Liberal Democrats27, theGreen Party14,Conservative0 andIndependent7. The city also has aLord Mayor; though now simply a ceremonial position, in the past the office carried considerable authority, with executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council. The position of Lord Mayor is elected on an annual basis.

For much of its history the council was controlled by the Labour Party, and was noted for itsleftistsympathies; during the 1980s, when Sheffield City Council was led byDavid Blunkett, the area gained the epithet the "Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire".^[49]However, the Liberal Democrats controlled the Council between 1999 and 2001 and took control again from 2008 to 2011.

The majority of council-owned facilities are operated by independent charitable trusts.Sheffield International Venuesruns many of the city's sporting and leisure facilities, includingSheffield Arenaand theEnglish Institute of Sport, Sheffield.Museums Sheffieldand theSheffield Industrial Museums Trusttake care of galleries and museums owned by the council.^[50][51]

The city of Sheffield is part of the widerSouth Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority, headed by mayorOliver Coppardsince 2022. Thecombined authoritycovers the former 1974–1986South Yorkshire County Councilarea which functions either went to local or regional authorities.

In 2004, as part of theMoving Forward:The Northern Waydocument,^[52]city regions were created in a collaboration with the three northernregional development agencies. These became independentLocal enterprise partnershipsin 2011.

The area's partnership retains the Sheffield City Region name, covering the South Yorkshire authorities, as well asBolsover District,Borough of Chesterfield,Derbyshire Dales,North East DerbyshireandBassetlaw District. In 2014, theSheffield City Region Combined authoritywas formed by the South Yorkshirelocal authoritieswith the other councils as non-constituent members and the partnership integrated with the authority structure. In September 2020, the authority changed to its current name.^[53]

The city returns five members of parliament to theHouse of Commons, with a sixth, the Member of Parliament forPenistone and Stocksbridgerepresenting parts of Sheffield and Barnsley.^[54]The former Deputy Prime MinisterNick Cleggwas an MP for Sheffield, representingSheffield Hallamfrom2005until he was unseated2017, when the seat returned a Labour MP for the first time in its history.^[55]

Sheffield is located at53°22′59″N1°27′57″W / 53.38297°N 1.4659°W /53.38297; -1.4659. It lies directly besideRotherham, from which it is separated largely by theM1 motorway. AlthoughBarnsley Metropolitan Boroughalso borders Sheffield to the north, the town itself is a few miles further away. The southern and western borders of the city are shared withDerbyshire; in the first half of the 20th century Sheffield extended its borders south into Derbyshire, annexing a number of villages,^[56]includingTotley,Doreand the area now known asMosboroughTownships.

Sheffield is a geographically diverse city.^[57]It nestles in the eastern foothills of thePennines,^[58]between the main upland range andPeak District National Parkto the west, and the lower-lyingSouth Yorkshire Coalfieldto the east. It lies at the confluence of five rivers:Don,Sheaf,Rivelin,LoxleyandPorter. As such, much of the city is built on hillsides with views into the city centre or out to the countryside. Blake Street, in the S6 postcode area, is the third steepest residential street in England, with a gradient of 16.6°.^[59]The highest point in the City of Sheffield is 548 m (1,798 ft) nearHigh StonesandMargery Hill.^[60]The city's lowest point is just 29 m (95 ft) above sea level nearBlackburn Meadows. However, 79% of the housing in the city is between 100 and 200 m (330 and 660 ft) above sea level^[61]and the highest residential street is Redmires Lane at 302 m (991 ft).^[62]This variation of altitudes across Sheffield has led to frequent claims, particularly among locals, that the city was built on Seven Hills. As this claim is disputed, it likely originated as a joke referencing theSeven Hills of Rome.^[63][64]

Estimated to contain around 4.5 million trees,^[5]Sheffield has more trees per person than any other city in Europe and is considered to be one of the greenest cities in England and the UK,^[65][66]which was further reinforced when it won the 2005Entente Floralecompetition. With more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens, it has over 170 woodlands (covering 10.91 sq mi or 28.3 km²), 78 public parks (covering 7.07 sq mi or 18.3 km²) and 10 public gardens. Added to the 52.0 sq mi (134.7 km²) of national park and 4.20 sq mi (10.9 km²) of water this means that 61% of the city isgreenspace. Despite this, about 64% of Sheffield householders live further than 300 m (328 yd) from their nearest greenspace, although access is better in less affluent neighbourhoods across the city.^[4][67]Sheffield also has a very wide variety ofhabitat, comparing favourably with any city in the United Kingdom: urban, parkland and woodland, agricultural and arable land, moors, meadows and freshwater-based habitats. There are six areas within the city that are designated assites of special scientific interest.^[68]

The present city boundaries were set in 1974 (with slight modification in 1994), when the formercounty boroughof Sheffield merged withStocksbridgeUrban Districtand two parishes from theWortley Rural District.^[4]This area includes a significant part of the countryside surrounding the main urban region. Roughly a third of Sheffield lies in thePeak District National Park. No other English city had parts of a national park within its boundary,^[69]until the creation in March 2010 of theSouth Downs National Park, part of which lies withinBrighton and Hove.

According to theKöppen classification, Sheffield has atemperateoceanic climate(Cfb) like the rest of the United Kingdom. The uplands of thePenninesto the west can create a cool, gloomy and wet environment, but they also provide shelter from the prevailing westerly winds, casting a "rain shadow" across the area.^[70]Between 1971 and 2000 Sheffield averaged 824.7 mm (32.47 in) of rain per year; December was the wettest month with 91.9 mm (3.62 in) and July the driest with 51.0 mm (2.01 in). July was also the hottest month, with an average maximum temperature of 20.8 °C (69.4 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in the city of Sheffield was 39.4 °C (102.9 °F), on 19 July 2022.^[71]The average minimum temperature in January and February was 1.6 °C (34.9 °F),^[72]though the lowest temperatures recorded in these months can be between −10 and −15 °C (14 and 5 °F), although since 1960, the temperature has never fallen below −9.2 °C (15.4 °F),^[73]suggesting that urbanisation around the Weston Park site during the second half of the 20th century may prevent temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F) occurring.

The coldest temperature to be recorded was −8.2 °C (17.2 °F) in 2010.^[74](Note: The official Weston Park Weather Station statistics, which can also be viewed atSheffield Central Library, has the temperature at −8.7 °C (16.3 °F), recorded on 20 December, and states that to be the lowest December temperature since 1981.) The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city of Sheffield atWeston Park, since records began in 1882, is −14.6 °C (5.7 °F), registered in February 1895.^[75]The lowest daytime maximum temperature in the city since records began is −5.6 °C (21.9 °F), also recorded in February 1895.^{[citation needed]}More recently, −4.4 °C (24.1 °F) was recorded as a daytime maximum at Weston Park, on 20 December 2010 (from the Weston Park Weather Station statistics, which also can be viewed at Sheffield Central Library.) On average, through the winter months of December to March, there are 67 days during which ground frost occurs.^[70]

The Weston Park Weather station, established in 1882, is one of the longest running weather stations in the United Kingdom. It has recorded weather for more than 125 years, and a 2008 report showed that the climate of Sheffield is warming faster than it has at any time during this period, with 1990 and 2006 being the hottest years on record.^[81]In collaboration with theStockholm Environment Institute, Sheffield developed acarbon footprint(based on 2004–05 consumption figures) of 5,798,361tonnesper year. This compares to the UK's total carbon footprint of 698,568,010 tonnes per year. The factors with the greatest impact are housing (34%), transport (25%), consumer (11%), private services (9%), public services (8%), food (8%) and capital investment (5%).^[82]Sheffield City Council has signed up to the10:10campaign.^[83]

Sheffield is within agreen beltregion that extends into the wider surrounding counties, and is in place to reduceurban sprawl, prevent the towns and areas in theSheffield built-up areaconurbation from further convergence, protect the identity of outlying communities, encouragebrownfieldreuse, and preserve nearby countryside. This is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas, and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building.^[84][85]The main urban area and larger villages of the borough are exempt from the green belt area, but surrounding smaller villages, hamlets and rural areas are 'washed over' with the designation. A subsidiary aim of the green belt is to encourage recreation and leisure interests,^[84]with many rural landscape features and facilities included.

Sheffield is made up of many suburbs and neighbourhoods, many of which developed from villages orhamletsthat were absorbed into Sheffield as the city grew.^[15]These historical areas are largely ignored by the modern administrative and political divisions of the city; instead it is divided into 28 electoralwards, with each ward generally covering 4–6 areas.^[86]These electoral wards are grouped into sixparliamentary constituencies. Sheffield is largelyunparished, butBradfieldandEcclesfieldhave parish councils, andStocksbridgehas a town council.^[87]

Population Change

Year	Pop.	±%
1801	60,095	—
1821	84,540	+40.7%
1841	134,599	+59.2%
1861	219,634	+63.2%
1881	335,953	+53.0%
1901	451,195	+34.3%
1921	543,336	+20.4%
1941	569,884	+4.9%
1951	577,050	+1.3%
1961	574,915	−0.4%
1971	572,794	−0.4%
1981	530,844	−7.3%
1991	528,708	−0.4%
2001	513,234	−2.9%
2011	551,800	+7.5%
2019	584,028	+5.8%
[88]

TheUnited Kingdom Census 2001reported a resident population for Sheffield of 513,234, a 2% decline from the 1991 census.^[89]The city is part of the widerSheffield urban area, which had a population of 640,720.^[90]In 2011the racial composition of Sheffield's population was 84%White(81%White British, 0.5%White Irish, 0.1%RomaniorIrish Traveller, 2.3%Other White), 2.4% ofmixed race(1.0% White and Black Caribbean, 0.2% White and Black African, 0.6% White and Asian, 0.6% Other Mixed), 8%Asian(1.1%Indian, 4%Pakistani, 0.6%Bangladeshi, 1.3%Chinese, 1.0% Other Asian), 3.6%Black(2.1% African, 1%Caribbean, 0.5%Other Black), 1.5%Araband 0.7% of other ethnic heritage.^{[91][failed verification]}In terms of religion, 53% of the population are Christian, 6% are Muslim, 0.6% are Hindu, 0.4% are Buddhist, 0.2% are Sikh, 0.1% are Jewish, 0.4% belong to another religion, 31% have no religion and 7% did not state their religion.^[92]The largestquinarygroup is 20- to 24-year-olds (9%) because of the large university student population.^[93]

TheIndustrial Revolutionserved as a catalyst for considerable population growth and demographic change in Sheffield. Large numbers of people were driven to the city as thecutleryand steel industries flourished. The population continued to grow until the mid-20th century, at which point, due to industrial decline, the population began to contract. However, by the early 21st century, the population had begun to grow once again.

The population of Sheffield peaked in 1951 at 577,050, and has since declined steadily. However, the mid-2007 population estimate was 530,300, representing an increase of about 17,000 residents since 2001.^[94]

Although a city, Sheffield is informally known as "thelargest village in England",^[95][96][97]because of a combination of topographical isolation and demographic stability.^[95]It is relatively geographically isolated, being cut off from other places by a ring of hills.^[98][99]Local folklore insists that, like Rome, Sheffield was built "on seven hills".^[99]The land surrounding Sheffield was unsuitable for industrial use,^[95]and now includes several protectedgreen beltareas.^[100]These topographical factors have served to restrict urban spread,^[100]resulting in a relatively stable population size and a low degree of mobility.

Labour profile
Total employee jobs	255,700
Full-time	168,000	65.7%
Part-time	87,700	34.3%
Manufact. & Construct.	40,300	15.7%
Manufacturing	31,800	12.4%
Construction	8,500	3.3%
Services	214,900	84.1%
Distribution, hotels & restaurants	58,800	23.0%
Transport & communications	14,200	5.5%
Finance, IT, other business activities	51,800	20.2%
Public admin, education & health	77,500	30.3%
Other services	12,700	5.0%
Tourism-related	18,400	7.2%

After many years of decline, the Sheffield economy is going through a strong revival. The 2004Barclays BankFinancial Planning study^[101]revealed that, in 2003, the Sheffield district of Hallam was the highest ranking area outside London for overall wealth, the proportion of people earning over £60,000 a year standing at almost 12%. A survey byKnight Frank^[102]revealed that Sheffield was the fastest-growing city outside London for office and residential space and rents during the second half of 2004. This can be seen in a surge of redevelopments, including theCity Lofts Towerand accompanyingSt Paul's Place, Velocity Living and the Moor redevelopment,^[103]the forthcomingNRQand theWinter Gardens,Peace Gardens,Millennium Galleriesand many projects completed under theSheffield Oneredevelopment agency. The Sheffield economy grew from £5.6 billion in 1997 (1997GVA)^[104]to £9.2 billion in 2007 (2007 GVA).^[105]

The "UK Cities Monitor 2008" placed Sheffield among the top ten "best cities to locate a business today", the city occupying third and fourth places respectively for best office location and best newcall centrelocation. The same report places Sheffield in third place regarding "greenest reputation" and second in terms of the availability of financial incentives.^[106]

Sheffield has an international reputation for metallurgy and steel-making.^[107]The earliest official record of cutlery production, for which Sheffield is particularly well known, is from 1297 when a tax return for 'Robert the Cutler' was submitted.^[108]A key reason for Sheffield's success in the production of cutlery lies in its geographic makeup. The abundance of streams in the area provided water power and the geological formations in theHope Valley, in particular, provided sufficient grit stones for grinding wheels.^[108]In the 17th century, theCompany of Cutlers in Hallamshire, which oversaw the booming cutlery industry in the area and remains to this day, was established and focused on markets outside the Sheffield area, leading to the gradual establishment of Sheffield as a respected producer of cutlery.^[108]this gradually developed from a national reputation into an international one.^[108]

Playing a crucial role in theIndustrial Revolution, the city became an industrial powerhouse in the 18th century, and was dubbed "Steel City".^[109]Many innovations in these fields have been made in Sheffield, for exampleBenjamin Huntsmandiscovered thecrucible techniquein the 1740s at his workshop inHandsworth.^[110]This process was rendered obsolete in 1856 byHenry Bessemer's invention of theBessemer converter.Thomas BoulsoverinventedSheffield plate(silver-plated copper) in the early 18th century.

Stainless steelwas invented byHarry Brearleyin 1912, bringing affordablecutleryto the masses.^[109][111]The work ofF. B. Pickeringand T. Gladman throughout the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s was fundamental to the development of modern high-strength low-alloy steels.^[112]Further innovations continue, with new advanced manufacturing technologies and techniques being developed on theAdvanced Manufacturing Park, situated just over the boundary in the borough of Rotherham, by Sheffield's universities and other independent research organisations.^[113]Organisations located on the AMP include the Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC, a research partnership between theBoeing Companyand theUniversity of Sheffield), Castings Technology International (CTI),The Welding Institute(TWI),^[114]Rolls-Royce plcandMcLaren Automotive.

Forgemasters, founded in 1805, is the sole remaining independentsteel worksin the world and dominates the north-east of Sheffield around theLower Don Valley.^[115]The firm has a global reputation for producing the largest and most complex steel forgings and castings and is certified to produce critical nuclear components, with recent projects including theRoyal Navy'sAstute-classsubmarines.^[116]The firm also has the capacity for pouring the largest single ingot (570 tonnes) in Europe and is currently in the process of expanding its capabilities.^[117]In July 2021 Forgemasters was bought outright by the UKMinistry of Defencefor £2.56 million, with the intention of investing a further £400 million over the next decade.^[118]The decision was based on the important role Forgemasters plays in the construction of the UK nuclear submarine fleet as well other vessels for theRoyal Navy.^[118]

While iron and steel have long been the main industries of Sheffield,coal mininghas also been a major industry, particularly in the outlying areas, and thePalace of Westminsterin London was built usinglimestonefromquarriesin the nearby village ofAnston.

Sheffield has a large public sector workforce, numbering 77,500 workers. During the period 1995 – 2008 (a period of growth for the city and many others in the UK), the number of jobs in the city increased by 22% and 50% of these were in the public sector.^[119]Major public sector employers include theNational Health Service, The University of Sheffield,Sheffield Hallam University, and numerous government departments and agencies including theHome Office(Visas & Immigration),Department for Education&Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. Recently developed offices in St Paul's Place andRiverside Exchangeplay host to the aforementioned government departments.

Sheffield City Council, which is also a major public sector employer in the city, employs over 8,000 people, spread across four different sections (known as portfolios). Sheffield City Council is also theLocal Education Authority(LEA) and as such manages all states schools and their associated staff. As part of its mandate to provide public services, Sheffield City Council maintains contracts with three private contractors –Amey,Veolia&Capita(contract ending in 2020). Together, these contractors provide additional employment in the city.

Sheffield is a major retail centre, and is home to manyHigh Streetanddepartment storesas well as designer boutiques.^[120]The main shopping areas in the city centre are onThe Moorprecinct,Fargate,Orchard Squareand theDevonshire Quarter. Department stores in the city centre includeMarks and SpencerandAtkinsons. Sheffield's main market was onceCastle Market, built above the remains of the castle. This has since been demolished.^[121]Sheffield Moor Marketopened in 2013 and became the main destination for fresh produce. The market has 196 stalls and includes local and organic produce, as well as international fusion cuisine such as Russian, Jamaican and Thai.^[122]In March 2021 it was announced that the Sheffield branch ofJohn Lewiswould close due to falling sales and a move to online shopping, which had increased because of theCOVID-19 pandemic. John Lewis received £3 million of public funding from Sheffield City Council in 2020 to keep the local store open.^[123]The localDebenhamsbranches are expected to re-open after the lifting of the 2021 COVID-19 lockdown restrictions, but only to clear existing stock, after which it is expected the stores will close.^[124][125]

With the decline in high street shopping around the UK, efforts have been made to rejuvenate Sheffield City Centre and improve the retail and leisure offering. Major developments includeLeopold Square,The Moor, St Paul's Place (a mixed use development) and theHeart of the CityI & II projects. In March 2022 Sheffield City Council announced that a new leisure hub would be constructed at the southern end of Fargate. The £300,000 hub will feature cafes, shops and large screen TVs for sports events.^[126]The development is also related to other efforts to rejuvenate the Fargate area, such as a new mixed-use events and coworking hub at 20–26 Fargate, also overseen by Sheffield City Council.^[127]

Meadowhallshopping centre, located to the North East of Sheffield close to the boundary withRotherhamand next to theM1 motorway, is a major regional shopping destination and currently rankedeleventh largestin the UK with a floorspace of 1,500,000 sq ft (140,000 m²). Attracting over 30 million visitors a year (up from 19 million in its first year), the centre hosts 270 shops, 37 restaurants and a cinema.^[128][129]Many nationally renowned brands have a presence at the centre includingMarks & Spencer,Hugo BossandJaeger. The centre is connected to the city centre by rail,Supertramand bus services.^[128]Prior to the opening of Meadowhall, the site was occupied for East Hecla (steel) works, a major employer in the north-east of the city. The opening of Meadowhall in 1990 marked the beginning of major rejuvenation in theLower Don Valleyas the steel industry contracted. In a 2010 survey of forecast expenditure at retail centres in the United Kingdom, Meadowhall was ranked 12th andSheffield City Centre19th.^[130]

To the South of Meadowhall shopping centre is Meadowhall Retail Park, a 190,500 sq ft (17,700 m²) retail park with 13 retail and food units.^[131]Next to the retail park is the SheffieldIKEAstore, opened in 2017. The opening ceremony was attended by dignitaries including the Swedish Ambassador to the UK.^[132]The Sheffield store was the 20th opened in the UK and led to the creation of 480 new local jobs.

The second largest shopping centre in Sheffield isCrystal Peaks, located in the south-east of the city, alongside Drakehouse Retail Park. Both the shopping centre and the retail park opened in 1988 and now attract around 11 million visitors a year.^[133]In total there are 101 retailers (including eateries) at Crystal Peaks and Drakehouse, including a range high street brands. Crystal Peaks also includes a travel interchange which serves as the hub for bus travel in the east and south-east of Sheffield.

Beyond the city centre there are numerous other leisure and shopping areas. To the south-west of the city centre isEcclesall Road, a major thoroughfare connecting the south-western suburbs to the city centre and lined with bars, restaurants and cafes, as well as housing.^[134]The area has a large student community owing to the presence of the Sheffield Hallam University Collegiate Campus adjacent to Ecclesall Road. The leisure section of the road is approximately 1.6 mi (2.5 km) long, with the south-western end becoming Ecclesall Road South and a predominantly residential area. Another popular shopping and leisure area isLondon Road, to the south of the city centre. The road is famous for its multicultural community which has led to an abundance of international cuisines being served at restaurants along the road. To the west of the city centre isBroomhill, a student-centric neighbourhood which also caters for school students as well local university students and NHS staff. To the north-west of the city centre areHillsborough, a large retail and sports hub, andStocksbridgeFox Valley, a modern leisure and retail centre built on a brownfield industrial site.^[135]

In the late 2010s and early 2020s several new developments began to the north of the city centre in theKelham Island Quarter, an increasingly popular mixed-use development. The area has become known for its independent cafes, restaurants and pubs and has seen significant residential development in recent years.

Tourism plays a major role in the city's economy on account ofnumerous attractions– namely the Peak District, sports events (in particular, theSnooker World Championships) and musical festivals (such asTramlines). In 2019, the tourism industry in Sheffield was valued at £1.36 billion and supported 15,000 jobs.^[136]

In 2012,Sheffield City Region Enterprise Zonewas launched to promote development in a number of sites in Sheffield and across the wider region. In March 2014 additional sites were added to the zone.^[137]

Motorways near the city are theM1andM18.^[138]Sheffield Parkwayconnects the city centre to the motorways. The M1 skirts the city's north-east and crossingTinsley Viaductnear Rotherham. The M18 branches from the M1 close to Sheffield, linking the city withDoncasterand ending atGoole. TheA57andA61 roadsare the majortrunk roadsthrough Sheffield.^[138]These run east–west and north–south respectively, crossing in the city centre, from where the other major roads generally radiate spoke-like. An innerring road, mostly constructed in the 1970s and extended in 2007 to form a complete ring,^[139]allows traffic to avoid the city centre, and anouter ring roadruns to the east, south-east and north, nearer the edge of the city, but does not serve the western side of Sheffield.^[138]

Sheffield Interchangeis the city's bus main hub; other bus stations are atHalfway,HillsboroughandMeadowhall. After deregulation in 1986,^[140]there were multiple new service providers. Current providers areFirst South Yorkshire,Stagecoach Yorkshire,TM Travel,Hulleys of Baslowand Sheffield Community Transport. First South Yorkshire, is the largest bus operator.^[141][142]There is also theBus Rapid Transit Northroute between Sheffield andMaltbyvia Rotherham. It was planned as two routes: the Northern route to Rotherham via Meadowhall andTempleborough, and the southern route via the developing employment centre and Waverley.^[143]The northern route opened in September 2016; it involved an 800m Tinsley Road Link to be built between Meadowhall and the A6178 road.^[144]Yorkshire Terrier, Andrews and the parent companyYorkshire Tractionformerly operated in the city and were taken-over byStagecoach Sheffield.^[145]Stagecoach Groupalso operates theSupertramand has an integrated ticketing system with buses and tram.^[146]

Coachservices running through Sheffield are operated byNational Expressand to a lesser extentMegabusandFlixbus. National Express services call atSheffield Interchange, Meadowhall Interchange and Meadowhead Bus Stop. Megabus and Flixbus services only call at Meadowhall. National Express services 564, 560, 350, 320, 310 and 240 call at Sheffield, as do others on a less frequent basis.^[147]The 560/564 service is a direct connection to LondonVictoria Coach Stationvia Chesterfield andMilton Keynes, operating 12 times a day in both directions. The 350 and 240 services connect Sheffield toManchester AirportandHeathrow/GatwickAirports respectively.^[148]Two Megabus services, the M12 and M20, call at Sheffield en route to London fromNewcastle upon TyneandInvernessrespectively.^[149]

Although hilly, Sheffield is compact and has few major trunk roads, thereforecycling in Sheffieldis a popular method of transport. It is on theTrans-Pennine Trail, aNational Cycle Networkroute running from West to East fromSouthportin Merseyside toHornseain theEast Riding of Yorkshireand North to South fromLeedsin West Yorkshire toChesterfieldin Derbyshire.^[150]There are many cycle routes going along country paths in the woods surrounding the city, and an increasing number of cycle lanes in the city itself.

Train services in Sheffield are operated byEast Midlands Railway,CrossCountry,TransPennine ExpressandNorthern. Major railway routes throughSheffield stationinclude theMidland Main Line(to London via the East Midlands), theCross Country Route(which runs between eastern Scotland and south-west England) and the lines linking Liverpool and Manchester withHullandEast Anglia.^[151]With the redevelopment ofLondon St Pancrascompleted, Sheffield has a direct connection tocontinental Europe, via theEast Midlands Railway, to St Pancras and theEurostarto France and Belgium.^[152]East Midlands Railway also operates three premium trains: theMaster Cutler, theSheffield Continentaland theSouth Yorkshireman.

High Speed 2had been planned to serve a city centre station in Sheffield as a spur from the main eastern HS2 line. It was scheduled to be operational by 2033, with four trains an hour, reducing journey times to London and Birmingham to 1 hour 19 minutes and 48 minutes respectively.^[153]In November 2021, the UK government published theIntegrated Rail Plan for the North and Midlandswhich announced HS2's eastern spur route (between the East Midlands and Leeds, including Sheffield) had been cancelled. The document announced upgrades to the Midland Mainline, with HS2 trains able to run on this upgraded and electrified route.^[154]

There are several local rail routes running along the city's valleys and beyond, connecting it with other parts ofSouth Yorkshire,West Yorkshire,Nottinghamshire,LincolnshireandDerbyshire. These local routes include thePenistone Line, theDearne Valley Line, theHope Valley Lineand theHallam Line. As well as the main stations ofSheffieldand Meadowhall, there are five suburban stations atChapeltown,Darnall,WoodhouseandDore & Totley.^[155]As part of improvements to rail services along the Hope Valley Line between Sheffield and Manchester, a new platform, station facilities and track are being built at Dore & Totley Station with the expanded station due to open in 2023.^[156]

TheSheffield Supertram(not derived from theprevious tramways), opened in 1994 and was operated byStagecoach. The opening was shortly after the similarMetrolinkscheme in Greater Manchester. The Supertram network consists of 37 mi (60 km) of track and four lines (with all lines running via the city centre): from Halfway toMalin Bridge(Blue Line), from Meadowhall toMiddlewood(Yellow Line), from Cathedral toHerdings Park(Purple Line),^[157]and the fromCathedraltoRotherham Parkgate(Black Line). The system contains both on-street and segregated running, depending upon the section and line. The Black Line opened in 2018,^[158]withtram-trains; these are trams that are able to share a line with conventional heavy rail trains between Sheffield and Rotherham.

In March 2024, control of the network passed to the South Yorkshire Combined Mayoral Authority.^[159]

TheSheffield & South Yorkshire Navigation(S&SY) is a system of navigable inland waterways (canalsand canalised rivers) in Yorkshire andLincolnshire.^[160]Chiefly based on theRiver Don, it runs for a length of 43 mi (69 km) and has 29locks. It connects Sheffield,RotherhamandDoncasterwith theRiver TrentatKeadbyand (via theNew Junction Canal) theAire & Calder Navigation.^[161]The terminus of the canal is atVictoria Quays, a redevelopment mixed-used area adjacent to Park Square in Sheffield City Centre.

The closest airports are inLeeds Bradford,Humberside,East Midlands(within an hour's drive of the city),Manchester(hourly direct service byTransPennine Express).

Due to the topographical nature of the city, Sheffield was not served by its own airport. In May 1990,Sheffield Development Corporationentered into an agreement with A. F. Budge (Mining) Ltd for the construction and operation of the airport and the development of adjacent land. In 1997,Sheffield City Airportwas opened on land close to the M1 and the Sheffield Parkway. The airport was operated on STOLPORT model similar toLondon City Airportand operated a limited range of short range business focused flights to destinations in theBritish Islesand theNetherlands. The airport fell into decline with the growth of low cost airlines in the late 1990s and the last scheduled flight took place in 2002. The airport closed and lost itsCivil Aviation Authoritylicense in 2008.^[162]

Doncaster Sheffield Airport(also known as Robin Hood Airport) then became the closest international airport to Sheffield, located 18 mi (29 km) from the city centre. It opened on 28 April 2005 on the formerRAF Finningleysite and was served mainly by charter and budget airlines, with about one million passengers a year.^[163]Destinations had included the Canary Islands, Balearics, Greece, Turkey, Poland and the Baltic countries withTUI AirwaysandWizz Airoperating from the airport. A link road, called the Great Yorkshire Way, connects Doncaster Sheffield Airport to the M18 motorway, reducing the journey time from Sheffield city centre from 40 to 25 minutes.^[164]The airport closed in 2022. In June 2023 South Yorkshire's mayorOliver Coppardhanded Doncaster council £3.1 million to help the council build a case for legal action in pursuit of a compulsory purchase order, which it believes will cost up to £6.25 million.^{[165][166][167]}

Within the city of Sheffield there are two universities, 141 primary schools and 28 secondary schools.^[168]

Sheffield's museums are managed by two distinct organisations.Museums Sheffieldmanages theWeston Park Museum(a Grade II* listed Building),Millennium GalleriesandGraves Art Gallery.^[169]These museums constitute the oldest extant museums in the city, with Graves Art Gallery and Weston Park Museum being gifted to the city by industrialist philanthropists in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Millennium Galleries, being established in the early 2000s, is one of the newest museums and constitutes part of the Heart of the City development, connecting directly to the Winter Garden and Millennium Square. All three museums host a broad range of exhibits which reflect Sheffield's history and numerous other themes, including exhibitions on loan from other major galleries and museums.

Sheffield Industrial Museums Trustmanages the museums dedicated to Sheffield's industrial heritage of which there are three.^[170]Kelham Island Museum(located just to the North of the city centre) is located on the site of a 19th-century iron foundry and showcases the city's history of steel manufacturing and includes a range of important historical artifacts, including a preservedBessemer Converter(which won an Engineering Heritage Award in 2004 from theInstitution of Mechanical Engineers), munitions and mechanical components from WW2 aircraft (Including a crankshaft from aSpitfirewhich, during the early stages of the war, could only be produced in Sheffield) and a fully functional 12,000 horsepower steam engine dating to the 19th century.^[171]The museum is an Anchor Point for the ERIH,The European Route of Industrial Heritage.Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet(in the south of the city) is a Grade I listed building and aScheduled Ancient Monument.^[172]Shepherd Wheel(in the south-East of the city) is a former water-powered grindingworkshop, Grade II listed and aScheduled Ancient Monument.^[173]Also there areSheffield Archives.

In August 2022 the Yorkshire Natural History Museum opened on Holme Lane in Sheffield. Many of the exhibits come from the collection of James Hogg and feature a collection of Jurassic marine life, such asammonites,belemnites,plesiosaursandichthyosaurs, many of which were collected from the Lias of the Yorkshire Coast. The museum has Europe's first publicly accessible fossil preparation and conservation laboratory with ultrasonic preparation facilities, an acid preparation laboratory, 3D scanning, CT scanning and 3D printing.^[174][175]On the opening day palaeontologist Dean Lomax exmined one of the fossils on display and declared it to be the oldest example of a vertebrate embryo found in Britain and the oldest complete ichthyosaur embryo ever found in Britain.^[176]

There are also a number of independent museums in the city including theNational Videogame Museumand theNational Emergency Services Museum, as well as the University of Sheffield'sTurner Museum of Glass.

The city's universities arethe University of Sheffieldand Sheffield Hallam University. The two combined bring about 60,000 students to the city every year.^[177]The University of Sheffield is the city's oldest university. It was established in 1897 as University College Sheffield and gained university status in 1905. Its history traces back to Sheffield Medical School found in 1828, Firth College in 1879 and Sheffield Technical School in 1884. The university is one of the originalred brick universitiesand is a member of theRussell Group.

Sheffield Hallam University (SHU) is a university on two sites in Sheffield. City Campus is located in the city centre, close to Sheffield railway station, andCollegiate CrescentCampus is about 2 mi (3.2 km) away, adjacent toEcclesall Roadin south-west Sheffield. Sheffield Hallam University's history goes back to 1843 with the establishment of the Sheffield School of Design. During the 1960s several independent colleges (including the School of Design) joined to become Sheffield Polytechnic (Sheffield City Polytechnic from 1976) and was finally renamed Sheffield Hallam University in 1992.

Sheffield has three mainfurther educationproviders:The Sheffield College,Longley Park Sixth FormandChapeltown Academy.The Sheffield Collegeis organised on a federal basis and was originally created from the merger of six colleges around the city: Sheffield City (formerly Castle),^[178]Olive Grove and Eyre Street near the city centre, Hillsborough and Fir Vale, serving the north of the city and Peaks to the south.^[179]

Launched by thecoalition governmentin 2010, theUniversity Technical Collegeprogram was designed to foster greater interest inSTEMsubjects amongst students aged 14 to 18. Sheffield currently hosts two UTCs,UTC Sheffield City CentreandUTC Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park. All UTCs, including those in Sheffield, are sponsored by the Baker Dearing Educational Trust,^[180]established byLord Baker. The two UTCs in Sheffield are also sponsored and supported by Sheffield Hallam University. Whilst the UTCs are equivalent to regular secondary schools and sixth forms, their governance structure and curriculum are different, owing to their status as free schools and focusing on STEM, as opposed to a broader curriculum.

There are 137 primary schools, 26 secondary schools – of which 10 havesixth forms: (High Storrs,King Ecgberts,King Edward VII,Silverdale,Meadowhead,Tapton,Notre Dame Catholic HighandAll Saints Catholic High^[181]) – and a sixth-form college,Longley Park Sixth Form.^[182]The city's five independent private schools includeBirkdale Schooland theSheffield High School.^[183]There are also 12 special schools and a number of Integrated Resource Units in mainstream schools which are, along with all other schools, managed by Sheffield City Council.^[184]All schools are non-selective, mixed sex schools (apart fromSheffield High Schooland Al-Mahad Al-Islami, both all-girls schools).^[184][185]The Early Years Education and Childcare Service of Sheffield City Council manages 32 nurseries and children's centres in the city.^[184]

Sheffield is home to a centre of multicultural events, institutions, and places of worship. Some of the city's most notable buildings include its mainChurch of EnglandDiocese of Sheffield'scathedralon Church Street and theRoman CatholicDiocese of Hallam'scathedralon Norfolk Row.

The city also has other churches includingSt Vincent's Church,St Matthew's Church,St Paul's Church,St Paul's Church and Centre,Victoria HallandChrist Church. Other places of worship include theMadina Mosque,Sheffield & District Reform Jewish Congregationand Kingfield Synagogue.

Sheffield has a long sporting heritage, and the city claims to be the birthplace of professionalassociation football.^[186]In 1857 a collective ofcricketersformed the world's first-ever official football club,Sheffield F.C.,^[187]and the world's second-ever,Hallam F.C., who also play at theworld's oldest football ground^[188]in the suburb ofCrosspool. Sheffield and Hallam are today Sheffield's two major non-league sides, although Sheffield now play just outside the city in nearbyDronfield, Derbyshire. Sheffield and Hallam contest what has become known as the Sheffield derby. By 1860 there were 15 football clubs in Sheffield, with the first ever amateur league and cup competitions taking place in the city.^[189]

Sheffield is best known for its two professional football teams,Sheffield United, nicknamedThe Blades, andSheffield Wednesday, nicknamedThe Owls. United, who play atBramall Lanesouth of the city centre, compete in thePremier Leagueand Wednesday, who play atHillsboroughin the north-west of the city, compete in theEFL Championship. The two clubs contest theSteel City Derby, which is considered by many to be one of the most fierce football rivalries in English Football.^[190]

In the pre-war era, both Wednesday and United enjoyed large amounts of success and found themselves two of the country's top clubs; Sheffield Wednesday have been champions of the Football League four times – in1902–03,1903–04,1928–29and1929–30, whilst Sheffield United have won it once, in1897–98. During the 1970s and early 1980s the two sides fell from grace, with Wednesday finding themselves in theThird Divisionby the mid-70s and United as far as theFourth Divisionin1981. Wednesday once again became one of England's high-flying clubs following promotion back to theFirst Divisionin1984, winning theLeague Cup in 1991, competing in theUEFA Cup in 1992–93, and reaching the final of both theLeague CupandFA Cupin thesame season.

United and Wednesday were both founding members of theFA Premier Leaguein 1992, but The Blades were relegated in1994. The Owls remained until2000. Both clubs had gone into decline in the 21st century, Wednesday twice relegated toLeague Oneand United suffering the same fate in2011, despite a brief spell in the Premier League in2006–07. United was promoted to the Premier League in 2019 under manager, and Sheffield United Fan, Chris Wilder. Despite being written off by most football pundits, and declared favourites for relegation from the Premier League, United exceeded expectations and finished in the top half of the table in the 2019–20 season. In the 2020–21 season, United sat at the bottom of the Premier League table by the conclusion of the season and were relegated.

Sheffield was the site of the deadliest sports venue disaster in the United Kingdom, theHillsborough disasterin 1989, when 97Liverpoolsupporters were killed in a stampede and crush during anFA Cupsemi-final at the venue.

Rotherham United, who play in the Championship, did play their home games in the city between 2008 and 2012, having moved to play at Sheffield'sDon Valley Stadiumin 2008 following a dispute with their previous landlord at their traditional home ground ofMillmoor, Rotherham. However, in July 2012, the club moved to the new 12,000 seatNew York Stadiumin Rotherham. There are also facilities for golf,climbingand bowling, as well as a newly inaugurated national ice-skating arena (IceSheffield).

Sheffield EaglesRLFC are the city's professionalrugby leagueteam and play their matches atSheffield Olympic Legacy Stadium. They currently play in the second tier of the professional league, theChampionshipand won back to back titles in 2012 and 2013. Their most successful moment came in 1998, when, against all the odds they defeatedWiganin the Challenge Cup final, despite being huge underdogs. The team then hit troubled times before reforming in 2003. Since then they have played their rugby in the Championship (second tier). In 2011, they made the playoffs finishing in fifth place. They made the Grand Final, by defeatingLeigh, who were huge favourites in a playoff semi final. In the final, they were comprehensively beaten byFeatherstone Rovers. Sheffield also put in a bid to be a host city for the2013 Rugby League World Cup, but their bid was unsuccessful.

Sheffield Giantsare anAmerican footballteam who play in theBAFA National LeaguesPremier Division, the highest level of British American Football.

Sheffield is home to theSheffield Steelersprofessional ice hockey team who play out of the 9.300 seaterSheffield Arenaand are known as one of the top teams in the UK, regularly selling out the arena. They have the 28th highest average attendance rating in Europe, and the highest in the UK. They play in the 10 team professionalElite Ice Hockey League. Sheffield is also home to the semi-professional ice hockey team Sheffield Steeldogs who play in the NIHL.

TheSheffield Ice Hockey Academyalso are based in Sheffield, and play out ofIceSheffield, competing in theEIHAJunior North Leagues and have had one player,Liam Kirk, become the first born and trained British player to be drafted into the NHL, when he was drafted in theNHL Entry Draft189th overall in 2018 by theArizona Coyotes. TheNational Hockey League'sStanley Cupwas made in Sheffield in 1892. Sheffield is also home to theSheffield Steel Rollergirls, a roller derby team.

Many of Sheffield's sporting facilities were built for theWorld Student Games, which the city hosted in 1991, including Sheffield Arena and thePonds Forgeinternational diving and swimming complex. Ponds Forge is also the home of Sheffield City Swimming Club, a local swimming club competing in theSpeedoleague. The formerDon Valley International Athletics Stadium, once the largest athletics stadium in the UK, was also constructed for the Universiade games.^[191]

Following the closure and demolition of Don Valley Stadium in 2013, The Sheffield Olympic Legacy Park was established and constructed on the same site, adjacent to the English Institute for Sport. The park is designed to a collaborative project with input from numerous stakeholders including both universities in Sheffield, the English Institute of Sport Sheffield, the NHS and private medical companies.^[192]A key part of this collaboration is Sheffield Hallam University's £14 million Advanced Well-being Research Centre (AWRC), which was established along similar lines to the University of Sheffield'sAdvanced Manufacturing Research Centre's (AMRC's).^[192]The site also includes teaching facilities, a stadium and research & innovation facilities.^[192]

TheSheffield Ski Villagewas the largest artificialskiresort in Europe, before being destroyed in a series of suspected arson attacks in 2012 and 2013. The city also has six indoor climbing centres and is home to a significant community of professional climbers, including Britain's most successful competitive climberShauna Coxsey. Sheffield was the UK's first National City of Sport and is now home to theEnglish Institute of Sport – Sheffield, where British athletes trained for the 2012 Olympics.^[193]

Sheffield also has close ties withsnooker, with the city'sCrucible Theatrebeing the venue for theWorld Snooker Championships.^[194]The English Institute of Sport hosts most of the top fencing competitions each year, including the National Championships for Seniors, Juniors (U20's) and Cadets (U17's) as well as the 2011 Senior European Fencing Championships. The Englishsquashopen is also held in the city every year. The International Open and World Matchplay Championshipbowlstournaments have both been held atPonds Forge.^[195]The city also hosts theSheffield Tigersrugby union,Sheffield Sharks, American Football team theSheffield Giants, basketball,Sheffield University Bankershockey,Sheffield Steelersice hockeyandSheffield Tigersspeedwayteams. Sheffield also has many golf courses all around the city.

Sheffield was selected as a candidate host city by theFootball Association (FA)as part of theEnglish 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bidon 16 December 2009.^[196]Hillsborough Stadiumwas chosen as the proposed venue for matches in Sheffield.^[197]The bid failed.

Sheffield hosted the finish of Stage 2 of the2014 Tour de France. Within the City limits and located just 4 km (2.5 mi) from the finish, was the ninth and final climb of the stage, the Category 4 Côte de Jenkin Road. The one point in theKing of the Mountainscompetition was claimed byChris FroomeofTeam Sky. The climb was just 0.8 km (0.5 mi) long at an average gradient of 10.8%. The stage was won by the eventual overall winner,Vincenzo NibaliofAstana Pro Team.^[198]

IceSheffield, an Ice Rink with 2Olympic sized rinks, was opened in May 2003, and is home to the Sheffield Steeldogs, Sheffield Ice Hockey Academy, and Sutton Sting amongst other teams. It is the host to the yearly EIHA Conference Tournament, EIHA Nationals, and Sheffield Junior Tournament.

TheSheffield Half Marathonis held annually.^[199]It has thousands of participants every year.

Weston Park Museumis a museum telling the stories of Sheffield and its people. The museum was originally opened in 1875.^[200]

Bishops' Housewas built in 1500 and is aGrade II listed buildingwhich is now a museum.^[201]

TheSheffield Walk of Famein the City Centre honours famous Sheffield residents past and present in a similar way to the Hollywood version.^[202]Sheffield also had its own Ferris Wheel known as theWheel of Sheffield, located atop Fargate shopping precinct. The Wheel was dismantled in October 2010 and moved to London's Hyde Park.^[203]

Heeley City Farm andGraves Parkare home to Sheffield's two farm animal collections, both of which are fully open to the public.^[204][205]Sheffield also has its own zoo; the Tropical Butterfly House, Wildlife & Falconry Centre.^[206]

There are about1,100 listed buildings in Sheffield(including the whole of theSheffield postal district).^[207]Of these, only five are Grade I listed. Sixty-seven are Grade II*, but the overwhelming majority are listed as Grade II.^[208]Compared to other English cities, Sheffield has few buildings with the highest Grade I listing:Liverpool, for example, has26 Grade Ilisted buildings. This situation led the noted architecture historianNikolaus Pevsner, writing in 1959, to comment that the city was "architecturally a miserable disappointment", with no pre-19th-century buildings of any distinction.^[209]By contrast, in November 2007, Sheffield's Peace and Winter Gardens beat London's South Bank to gain theRoyal Institute of British Architects' Academy of Urbanism "Great Place" Award, as an "outstanding example of how cities can be improved, to make urban spaces as attractive and accessible as possible".^[210]In the summer of 2016 a public art event across the city occurred called theHerd of Sheffieldwhich raised £410,000 for theSheffield Children's Hospital.^[211]

Sheffield has a reputed 4.5 million trees^[5]and is considered to be one of the greenest cities in England and the UK.^[212][66]There are many parks and woods throughout the city and beyond. Containing more than 250 parks, woodlands and gardens, there are around 78 public parks and 10 public gardens in Sheffield,^[4]including 83 managed parks (13 'City' Parks, 20 'District' Parks and 50 'Local' Parks) located throughout the city.^[213]Included in the city parks category are 3 of Sheffield's 6 public gardens (theSheffield Botanical Gardens, thePeace Gardensand Hillsborough Walled Gardens, with theSheffield Winter Gardens,Beauchief Gardensand Lynwood Gardens being the separate entities).

The Sheffield Botanical Gardens are on a 19-acre site located to the south-west of the city centre and date back to 1836. The site includes a large, Grade II listed, Victorian eraglasshouse. The Peace Gardens, neighboured next to theTown Halland forming part of the Heart of the City project, occupy a 0.67 hectares (1.7 acres) site in the centre of the city. The site is dominated by its water features, principal among which is the Goodwin Fountain. Made up of 89 individual jets of water, this fountain lies at the corner of the quarter-circle shaped Peace Gardens and is named afterStuart Goodwin, a notable Sheffield industrialist. Since their redevelopment in 1998, the Peace gardens have received a number of regional and national accolades.^[214]Hillsborough Walled Garden is located inHillsborough Park, to the north-west of the city centre. The gardens date back to 1779 and have been dedicated to the victims of theHillsborough Disastersince the redevelopment of the gardens in the early 1990s.^[215]The Winter Garden, lying within theHeart of the City, is a large wood framed, glass skinnedgreenhousehousing some 2,500 plants from around the world.^[216]

Also within the city there are a number ofnature reserveswhich when combined occupy 1,600 acres (6.5 km²) of land.^[217]There are also 170woodlandareas within the city, 80 of which are classed as ancient.^[217]

The south-west boundary of the city overlaps with thePeak District National Park, the first national park in England (est. 1951).^[218]As a consequence, several communities actually reside within both entities. The Peak District is home to many notable, natural, features and also human-made features such asChatsworth House, the setting for the BBC seriesPride and Prejudice.^[219]

Sheffield City Councilhas created a new chain of parks spanning the hillside behindSheffield Station. The park, known as Sheaf Valley Park, has an open-air amphitheatre and will include an arboretum.^[220]The site was once home to a medieval deer park, latterly owned by theDuke of Norfolk.^[220]

Sheffield has two large theatres, theLyceum Theatreand theCrucible Theatre, which together with the smallerStudio Theatremake up the largest theatre complex outside London, located inTudor Square.^[221]The Crucible Theatre, a grade II listed building, is the home (since 1977) of theWorld Snooker Championships, which sees most of Tudor Square and the adjoining Winter Garden used for side events, and hosts many well-known stage productions throughout the year from local, national and international performance groups. The theatre was awarded the Barclays 'Theatre of the Year Award' in 2001. Between 2007 and 2009, the theatre underwent a £15 million refurbishment during which time major internal and external improvements were carried out. The Lyceum, which opened in 1897, serves as a venue for touringWest End productionsand operas byOpera North, as well as locally produced shows. Sheffield also has theMontgomery Theatre, a small 420 seater theatre located a short distance from Tudor Square, opposite the town hall on Surrey Street.^[222]There are also a large number of smaller amateur theatres scattered throughout the city.

Sheffield made the shortlist for the first city to be designatedUK City of Culture, but in July 2010 it was announced thatDerryhad been selected.^[223]

Sheffield has a number ofpubsthroughout the city. West Street, running through the heart of theWest Enddistrict of the city centre, is home to pubs, bars and clubs and attracts student visitors. Recent additions to the city's leisure scene includeLeopold Square, situated just off the northern end of West Street andMillennium Square, which are home to several restaurants offering international cuisine. Aagrah, an Indian restaurant in the square which servesKashmiri cuisine, was prior to 2014 voted "Best Restaurant Group in the UK" at theBritish Curry Awards.^[224]

Sheffield was once home to a number of historically important nightclubs in the early dance music scene of the 1980s and 1990s,Gatecrasher Onewas one of the most popular clubs in the North of England until its destruction by fire on 18 June 2007.^[225]

Sheffield has a thriving poetry and spoken word scene: from Wordlife's events across the city to the sustained work of Sheffield Authors; from the vibrant monthly arts night, Verse Matters, at the Moor Theatre Deli to the longstanding work of The Poetry Business, there are always opportunities for new and experienced writers to get writing and to share their work.

The city is home to thirteenmorris danceteams – thought to be one of the highest concentration of sides in the country. Nearly all forms of the dance are represented in the city, includingCotswold(Five Rivers Morris,^[226]Pecsaetan Morris,^[227]Harthill Morris,^[228]Lord Conyer's Morris Men,^[229]Sheffield City Morris,^[230]William Morris^[231]),border(Boggart's Breakfast^[232]),North West(Yorkshire Chandelier,^[233]Silkstone Greens,^[234]Lizzie Dripping^[235]),rapper(Sheffield Steel Rapper^[236]) andLongsword.

Sheffield hosts a number of festivals, including theFestival of Debate, the Grin Up North Sheffield Comedy Festival,^[237]theSensoria Music & Film Festivaland theTramlines Festival.

The Tramlines Festival was launched as an annual music festival in 2009,^[238]it is held at Hillsborough Park (the main stage) and at venues throughoutSheffield City Centre, and features local and national artists.^[239]

A number of major music acts, includingJoe Cocker,Ace,Def Leppard,Paul Carrack,Arctic Monkeys,Bring Me the Horizon,65daysofstatic,Rolo Tomassi,While She Sleeps,PulpandMoloko, hail from the city.^{[240][241][242][243]}Indiebandthe Long Blondesoriginated from the city,^[244]as part of what theNMEdubbed theNew Yorkshirescene.^[245]

Sheffield has been home to several bands and musicians, with a number ofsynth-popand otherelectronicbands originating from the city.^[246]These includedthe Human League,Heaven 17,ABC,Thompson Twinsand the moreindustriallyinclinedCabaret VoltaireandClock DVA. This electronic tradition has continued:technolabelWarp Recordswas a central pillar of theYorkshire Bleeps and Bassscene of the early 1990s, and has gone on to become one of the UK's oldest and best-loved dance music labels.^{[citation needed]}More recently, other popular genres of electronic music such asbassline househave originated in the city.^[247]

In 1999 theNational Centre for Popular Music, a museum dedicated to the subject ofpopular music, was opened in the city.^[248]It was not as successful as was hoped, however, and later evolved to become a live music venue; then in February 2005, the unusual steel-covered building became thestudents' unionfor Sheffield Hallam University.^[249]Live music venues in the city includeLeadmill, theBoardwalk, The Cremorne,Corporation, theCity Hall, theUniversity of Sheffield Students' Union, the Studio Theatre at theCrucible Theatre, theO2 Academy Sheffieldand The Grapes.^{[250][251][252][253][254][255]}

The city is home to several orchestras and choirs, such as theSheffield Symphony Orchestra, theSheffield Philharmonic Orchestra, theSheffield Chamber Orchestra, theCity of Sheffield Youth Orchestra, theSheffield Philharmonic Chorusand theChorus UKcommunity choir.^{[256][257][258][259]}It is also home toMusic in the Round, a charitable organisation that exists to promote chamber music.

Sheffield has a folk music, song and dance community. Singing and music sessions occur weekly in pubs around the city and it also hosts the annual Sheffield Sessions Festival.^[260]The University of Sheffield runs a number of courses and research projects dedicated to folk culture.^[261]

The tradition of singing carols in pubs around Christmas is still kept alive in the city. The Sheffield Carols, as they are known locally, predate modern carols by over a century and are sung with alternative words and verses.^[262]Although there is a core of carols that are sung at most venues, each particular place has its own mini-tradition. The repertoire at two nearby places can vary widely, and woe betide those who try to strike up a 'foreign' carol. Some are unaccompanied, some have a piano or organ, there is a flip chart with the words on in one place, a string quartet (quintet, sextet, septet) accompanies the singing at another, some encourage soloists, others stick to audience participation, a brass band plays at certain events, the choir takes the lead at another.^[263]

Sheffield was shortlisted to host the2023 Eurovision Song Contest,^[264]which took place between 9 and 13 May 2023 inLiverpool.

Sheffield has two commercial newspapers,The StarandSheffield Telegraph, both published byJPIMedia, which took over the assets ofJohnston Press PLC.The Starhas been published daily since 1897; theSheffield Telegraph, now a weekly publication, originated in 1855.^[265]

Sheffield has its own TV station;Sheffield Live TV, a not-for-profit company which began broadcasting on 23 September 2014.^[266]SLTV has been awarded a 12-year licence to provide the digital terrestrial broadcasting service.^{[267][268][269]}Regional broadcastersBBC YorkshireandYorkshire Televisionalso cover the city. Television signals are received from eitherTapton HillorEmley MoorTV transmitters.^[270][271]Five local radio stations broadcast in the city. The professional services areBBC Radio Sheffield, the independentHits Radio South Yorkshire(formerlyHallam FM) and its sister stationGreatest Hits Radio South Yorkshire. Sheffield is also home to twoFMlicensedcommunity radiostations:Sheffield Liveon 93.2, andBurngreave Community Radioon 103.1.

Sheffield Hospital Radio (Hospital Broadcasting Sheffield) broadcasts a 24-hour service to the Royal Hallamshire, Jessop Wing, Northern General and Weston Park Hospital and also offers a dedicated patient visiting service. The charity is operated by volunteers from studios at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital and is provided free to bedside terminals via Hospedia and on medium wave 1431am from a transmitter at the Northern General Hospital.^[272]

The films and playsThe Full Monty,Threads,Looks and Smiles,When Saturday Comes,Whatever Happened to Harold Smith?,The History BoysandFour Lionsare set in the city.^[273]F.I.S.T.,Kill List,'71andThe Princess Bridealso include several scenes filmed in Sheffield and a substantial part ofAmong Giants^[274]was filmed in the city. The documentary festivalSheffield Doc/Festhas been run annually since 1994 at theShowroom Cinema,^[275]and in 2007 Sheffield hosted theAwards of the International Indian Film Academy.^[276]The 2018 series ofDoctor Who, which features thePark Hillestate and other Sheffield locations, premiered in Sheffield.^[277]A follow-up series of the same name, to the 1997 filmThe Full Monty, which released onDisney+in 2023 was filmed in Sheffield^[278]and Manchester^[279]between 2022 and 2023. Furthermore, scenes inHBOminiseriesThe Regime,starringKate WinsletandHugh Grant, were filmed in Sheffield as well as inWentworth Woodhouse, a stately home in neighbouringRotherham.^[280]

Valley Centertainment, located in theDon Valley, is the main out of town leisure complex in Sheffield. It opened in the 1990s and was built on land previously occupied bysteel millsacross the road from what is now Sheffield Arena. It is anchored by a 20 screenCineworldcomplex which is the largest in the chain and contains the onlyIMAXscreens and4DXscreen in Sheffield.^[281]Other features of the complex include abowling alley, several chain restaurants, an indoor play area as well as indoorlaser tag. Sheffield has five other cinema complexes, four of which are in the city centre and a one at Meadowhall –Odeon Sheffield, situated on Arundel Gate in the city centre,The Light, located on The Moor and opened in 2017 as part of the regeneration project, andVue, located within Meadowhall Shopping Centre, are the three other mainstream cinemas in the city. TheShowroom, an independent cinema showing non-mainstream productions, is located inSheaf Square, close toSheffield station. In 2002 the Showroom was voted as the best Independent cinema in the country byGuardianreaders.^[282]ACurzon Cinemascomplex is based in the former Sheffield Banking Company building, located just off Arundel Gate. The cinema features4K resolutionprojectors and was opened in January 2015.^[283][284]In 2020 adrive-in cinemaopened at the Don Valley Bowl.^[285]

Sheffield is policed bySouth Yorkshire Police(aterritorial police force) whose headquarters are in the city. Sheffield constitutes one of its four District commands (Barnsley, Doncaster and Rotherham being the other three).^[286]The force polices an area of approximately 600 sq mi (1,554 km²) and is the 13th largest force inEngland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Oversight of South Yorkshire Police is conducted by the Police and Crime Commissioner,Alan Billings.

Medical services in Sheffield are provided by three NHS Foundation Trusts:

• Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
• Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust
• Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust

Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare to people (primarily adults) throughout Sheffield and South Yorkshire. The trusts title includes the word 'teaching' because it undertakes training of medical students at the University of Sheffield and has strong links to Sheffield Hallam University as well. The trust has two campuses: The West Campus containing theRoyal Hallamshire Hospital, the Jessop Wing (maternity wing),Weston Park Hospital(specialist cancer treatment) andCharles Clifford Dental Hospital. TheNorthern General Hospitalis the second 'campus' and is a large facility in the northern suburbs of Sheffield, containing the city's A&E department. Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare for children within the city of Sheffield, South Yorkshire and the UK as a whole.^[287]On 12 June 2020, 66 confirmed deaths caused by thecoronaviruswere reported in theCrabtree and Fir Vale districtin the three months up to May 2020. TheOffice for National Statisticssaid this was the highest number of coronavirus deaths of any area of England and Wales.^{[citation needed]}

Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust provides mental health services, services for people with learning disabilities, substance misuse services, long term neurological conditions, as well as a consortium of GP practises.^[288]The Sheffield Institute for Motor Neurone Disease (also known as Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience – SITraN) has been developed by the University of Sheffield.^[289]

Ambulances are provided by theYorkshire Ambulance Service, which itself is an NHS trust.^[290]Fire services in Sheffield are provided bySouth Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service. For the purposes of fire-fighting and rescue, Sheffield is divided into East and West sub-divisions.^[291]

Sheffield City Councilis responsible for running fifteen libraries within the city and the Hospital Library Service at Weston Park Hospital. A further sixteen are run by community and volunteer groups with over 1,000 volunteers trained by Sheffield City Council.^[292][293]The largest isSheffield Central Librarywhich is collocated withGraves Art Galleryon Surrey Street, inSheffield City Centre. The Sheffield Central Library also contains the Local Studies Library with 30,000 items related to local history.

Domestic waste services in Sheffield are provided byVeolia Environmental Services^{[broken anchor]}under contract from and on behalf of the council. Council owned/run buildings are maintained byKier Group Sheffieldin partnership with the council.^[294][295]

Sheffield has a District Energy system that exploits the city's domestic waste, byincineratingit and converting the energy from it to electricity. It also provides hot water, which is distributed through over 25 mi (40 km) of pipes under the city, via two networks. These networks supply heat and hot water for many buildings throughout the city. These include not only cinemas, hospitals, shops and offices, but also universities (Sheffield Hallam University and the University of Sheffield), and residential properties.^[296]Energy generated in a waste plant produces 60megawattsof thermal energy and up to 19megawattsof electrical energy from 225,000tonnesof waste.^[297]

The Sheffield International Linking Committee promotes Sheffield overseas, especially with sixsister cities:^[298]

• Chengdu,Sichuan, China
• Anshan,Liaoning, China
• Bochum,North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
• Donetsk,Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine
• Estelí,Estelí Department, Nicaragua
• Khmelnytskyi,Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine^[299]

A further four cities have a Friendship Agreement with Sheffield:

• Kawasaki,Kanagawa, Japan
• Kitwe,Copperbelt Province, Zambia
• Kotli,Pakistan-administered Kashmir
• Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, United States – This is mainly due to both cities' link with the manufacturing ofsteel, with both cities being known as "Steel City".

Two roads in Sheffield have been named after sister cities; a section of the A6102 in Norton is named Bochum Parkway; and a road inHackenthorpeis named Donetsk Way. Likewise in Bochum, Germany, there is a major road called the Sheffield-Ring.

The following people and military units have received theFreedom of the Cityof Sheffield.^[300][301]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2022)

• Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk: 25 October 1899.
• Sir Frederick Mappin: 25 October 1899.
• Sir Henry Stephenson: 25 October 1899.
• Field Marshal1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum: 13 August 1902.
• Sir Marcus Samuel: 10 June 1903.
• William Morris Hughes: 26 May 1916.
• Field MarshalJan Christian Smuts: 10 October 1917.
• Admiral of the FleetSir John Jellicoe: 10 October 1917.
• David Lloyd George: 13 August 1919.
• Field MarshalSir Douglas Haig: 13 August 1919.
• Admiral of the FleetSir David Beatty: 13 August 1919.
• William Ferguson Massey: 10 August 1921.
• Sir William Edwin Clegg: 21 April 1922.
• William Lyon Mackenzie King: 9 November 1923.
• Stanley Bruce: 9 November 1923.
• Sir Samuel Roberts: 30 July 1924.
• Robert Styring: 30 July 1924.
• William Farewell Wardley: 30 July 1924.
• Sir Henry Coward: 24 March 1926.
• Joseph Gordon Coates: 30 November 1926.
• James Ramsay MacDonald: 4 December 1929.
• John George Graves: 4 December 1929.
• Sir Henry Stephenson: 4 December 1929.
• Cecil Henry Wilson: 4 December 1929.
• Richard Bedford Bennett: 29 October 1930.
• James Henry Scullin: 29 October 1930.
• Leonard Hedley Burrows: 6 June 1939.
• Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield: 6 June 1939.
• Harry Brearley: 6 June 1939.
• Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill: 6 October 1943.
• Frank Thraves: 7 March 1945.
• Harold Warters Jackson: 7 March 1945.
• Alfred James Bailey: 7 March 1945.
• Arthur James Blanchard: 7 March 1945.
• A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough: 1 October 1947.
• Derek Dooley: 7 April 1993.
• Richard Caborn: 9 May 2023.^[302]

• A Battery (The Chestnut Troop) Royal Horse Artillery1st Regiment Royal Horse Artillery: 7 November 2001.
• 38th (City of Sheffield) Signal Regiment(Volunteers): 7 November 2001.
• 212 (Yorkshire) Field HospitalRAMC(Volunteers): 7 November 2001.
• TheDuke of Wellington's Regiment(West Riding): 7 November 2001.
• 106 (West Riding) Field Squadron103 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Field Squadron: 6 March 2002.
• TheYorkshire Regiment: 6 September 2006.
• 64 (City of Sheffield) Signal Squadron37th Signal Regiment: 18 October 2014.

• List of metropolitan areas in Europe
• List of people from Sheffield
• List of companies in Sheffield
• People of Sheffield
• Sheffield Gang Wars
• Street names of Sheffield
• Timeline of Sheffield history
• Blackburn Meadows power station
• Neepsend power station

• Official website
• Sheffieldin theDomesday Book
• South Yorkshire Historic Environment Characterisation