Ivy League

Ivy League

Association	NCAA
Founded	1954
Commissioner	Robin Harris[1](since 2009)
Sports fielded	33 men's: 17 women's: 16
Division	Division I
Subdivision	FCS
No. of teams	8
Headquarters	Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.
Region	Northeast
Official website	ivyleague.com
Locations
Location of the eight Ivy League universities

TheIvy Leagueis an American collegiateathletic conferenceof eightprivateresearch universitiesin theNortheastern United States. It participates in theNational Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA)Division I, and infootball, in theFootball Championship Subdivision(FCS). The termIvy Leagueis used more broadly to refer to the eight schools that belong to the league, which are globally-renowned as elite colleges associated withacademic excellence,highly selective admissions, and socialelitism.^{[2][3][4][5][6]}The term was used as early as 1933, and it became official in 1954 following the formation of the Ivy League athletic conference.^[7]

The eight members of the Ivy League areBrown University,Columbia University,Cornell University,Dartmouth College,Harvard University,University of Pennsylvania,Princeton University, andYale University. The conference headquarters are inPrinceton, New Jersey. All of the "Ivies" except Cornell were founded during thecolonial periodand therefore make up seven of the ninecolonial colleges. The other two colonial colleges, Queens College (nowRutgers University) and theCollege of William & Mary, became public institutions.

Ivy League schools are some of the most prestigious universities in the world.^[8]All eight universities place in the top 18 of the 2024U.S. News & World ReportNational Universities ranking.^[9]U.S. Newshas named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university^[a]every year since 2001: as of 2020^[update], Princeton eleven times, Harvard twice, and the two schools tied for first five times.^[10]In the 2022–2023U.S. News & World ReportBest Global University Ranking, five Ivies rank in the top 20: Harvard (#1), Columbia (#7), Yale (#11), Penn (#15), and Princeton (#16)—ranks thatU.S. Newssays are based on "indicators that measure their academic research performance and their global and regional reputations."^[11]All eight Ivy League schools are members of theAssociation of American Universities, the most prestigious alliance of American research universities.^[12]

Undergraduate enrollments range from about 4,500 to about 15,000,^[13]larger than mostliberal arts collegesand smaller than moststate university systems. Total enrollment, which includes graduate students, ranges from approximately 6,600 at Dartmouth to over 20,000 at Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, and Penn. Ivy Leaguefinancial endowmentsrange from Brown's $6.9 billion^[14]to Harvard's $53.2 billion,^[15]thelargest financial endowmentof any academic institution in the world.^[16]

The Ivy League is similar to other groups of universities in other countries, such asOxbridge^[17]inEngland, theC9 League^[18]inChina, and theImperial Universities^[19]inJapan.

Ivy League universities have some of the largest universityfinancial endowmentsin the world, allowing the universities to provide abundant resources for their academic programs, financial aid, and research endeavors. As of 2021, Harvard University had an endowment of $53.2 billion, the largest of any educational institution.^[15]Each university attracts millions of dollars in annual research funding from both the federal government and private sources.

Institution	Location	Undergraduates	Postgraduates	Endowment[20]	Academic staff	Year founded	Team name	Colors
Brown University	Providence, Rhode Island	7,349	3,347	$6.20 billion	736[21]	1764	Bears
Columbia University in the City of New York	New York, New York	8,148[b]	21,987	$13.64 billion	4,370[24]	1754	Lions
Cornell University	Ithaca, New York	15,503	10,097	$10.04 billion	2,908	1865	Big Red
Dartmouth College	Hanover, New Hampshire	4,556	2,205	$7.93 billion	943	1769	Big Green
Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts[c]	7,153	14,495	$49.50 billion	4,671[25]	1636	Crimson
University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	9,962	13,469	$20.96 billion	4,464[26]	1740	Quakers
Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey	5,321	3,157	$34.06 billion	1,172	1746	Tigers
Yale University	New Haven, Connecticut	6,536	8,031	$40.75 billion	4,140	1701	Bulldogs

Before the 2000s, many of the Ivy League championships for men's and women's cross country, indoor and outdoor track & field, and swimming & diving were formatted as invitationals that many schools across the eastern United States would attend. In other sports such as fencing, wrestling, men's and women's ice hockey, and men's and women's rowing, all of the Ivy League schools were members of other single-sport conferences and the top performing Ivy League team would be crowned the champion.

TheUnited States Military Academyand theUnited States Naval Academywere members of the Ivy League in many sports and were crowned as Ivy League champions while competing with Ivy League teams. Both schools ended up departing from the conference in the early 2000s to align with their current conference, thePatriot League.

Institution	Founded as	Founded	Chartered	First instruction	Founding affiliation
Harvard University	Harvard College[27]	1636	1650	1642	Nonsectarian, founded byCalvinistCongregationalists
Yale University	Collegiate School	1701	1701[28]	1702	Calvinist (Congregationalist)
Princeton University	College of New Jersey	1746	1746[29]	1747	Nonsectarian,[30]founded by CalvinistPresbyterians[30]
Columbia University	King's College	1754	1754[31]	1754	Church of England
University of Pennsylvania	College of Philadelphia[32]	1740 or 1749 or 1755[d]	1755	1755	Nonsectarian,[37]founded byChurch of England/Methodistmembers[38][39]
Brown University	College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations	1764	1764	1765[40]	Baptist, founding charter promises "no religious tests" and "full liberty of conscience"[41]
Dartmouth College	Dartmouth College	1769	1769[42]	1769	Calvinist (Congregationalist)
Cornell University	Cornell University	1865	1865	1868[43]	Nonsectarian

Note:Six of the eight Ivy League universities consider their founding dates to be simply the date that they received their charters and thus became legal corporations with the authority to grant academic degrees. Harvard University uses the date that the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally allocated funds for the creation of a college. Harvard was chartered in 1650, although classes had been conducted for approximately a decade by then. The University of Pennsylvania initially considered its founding date to be 1750; this is the year which appears on the first iteration of the university seal.^[44]Later in Penn's early history, the university changed its officially recognized founding date to 1749, which was used for all of the nineteenth century, including a centennial celebration in 1849. In 1899, Penn's board of trustees formally adopted a third founding date of 1740, in response to a petition from Penn's General Alumni Society. Penn was chartered in 1755, the same year collegiate classes began. "Religious affiliation" refers to financial sponsorship, formal association with, and promotion by, a religious denomination. All of the schools in the Ivy League are private and not currently associated with any religion.

"Planting theivy" was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the 1800s. In 1893, an alumnus toldThe Harvard Crimson, "In 1850, class day was placed upon the University Calendar ... the custom of planting the ivy, while the ivy oration was delivered, arose about this time."^[45]At Penn, graduating seniors started the custom of planting ivy at a university building each spring in 1873 and that practice was formally designated as "Ivy Day" in 1874.^[46]Ivy planting ceremonies are recorded atYale University,Simmons College, andBryn Mawr Collegeamong other schools.^[47][48][49]Princeton's "Ivy Club" was founded in 1879.^[50]

The first usage ofIvyin reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriterStanley Woodward(1895–1965).

A proportion of our eastern ivy colleges are meeting little fellows another Saturday before plunging into the strife and the turmoil.

—  Stanley Woodward,New-York Tribune, October 14, 1933, describing the football season^[51]

The first known instance of the termIvy Leagueappeared inThe Christian Science Monitoron February 7, 1935.^[7][52][53]Several sportswriters and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from thecolonial era, together with theUnited States Military Academy(West Point), theUnited States Naval Academy, and a few others. These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. At this time, however, none of these institutions made efforts to form an athletic league.

A commonfolk etymologyattributes the name to theRoman numeralfor four (IV), asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members. TheMorris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Originshelped to perpetuate this belief. The supposed "IVLeague" was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a fourth school that varies depending on who is telling the story.^[54][55][56]However, it is clear that Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, and Yale met on November 23, 1876, at the so-called Massasoit Convention to decide on uniform rules for the emerging game of American football, which rapidly spread.^[57]

Seven out of the eight Ivy League schools areColonial Colleges: institutions of higher education founded prior to theAmerican Revolution. Cornell, the exception to this commonality, was founded immediately after theAmerican Civil War. These seven colleges served as the primary institutions of higher learning inBritish America'sNorthernandMiddle Colonies. During the colonial era, the schools' faculties and founding boards were largely drawn from other Ivy League institutions. Also represented were British graduates from theUniversity of Cambridge, theUniversity of Oxford, theUniversity of St. Andrews, and theUniversity of Edinburgh.

The influence of these institutions on the founding of other colleges and universities is notable. This included the Southern public college movement which blossomed in the decades surrounding the turn of the 19th century when Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia established what became the flagship universities of their respective states. In 1801, a majority of the first board of trustees for what became theUniversity of South Carolinawere Princeton alumni. They appointedJonathan Maxcy, a Brown graduate, as the university's first president.Thomas Cooper, an Oxford alumnus and University of Pennsylvania faculty member, became the second president of the South Carolina college. The founders of theUniversity of Californiacame from Yale, henceBerkeley's colors areYale Blueand California Gold.^[58]Stanford Universityhas, since its earliest days, been nicknamed the "Cornell of the West": more than half of Stanford's initial faculty, as well as its first two presidents, had connections to Cornell as alumni or faculty.^[59]

A plurality of the Ivy League schools have identifiableProtestantroots. Harvard, Yale, and Dartmouth all held early associations with theCongregationalists. Princeton was financed byNew LightPresbyterians, though originally led by a Congregationalist. Brown was founded by Baptists, though the university's charter stipulated that students should enjoy "full liberty of conscience." Columbia was founded by Anglicans, who composed 10 of the college's first 15 presidents. Penn and Cornell were officially nonsectarian, though Protestants were well represented in their respective founding. In the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off totheological seminaries, but a denominational tone and religious traditions including compulsory chapel often lasted well into the twentieth century.

"Ivy League" is sometimes used as a way of referring to an elite class, even though institutions such as Cornell University were among the first in the United States to reject racial and gender discrimination in their admissions policies. This dates back to at least 1935.^[60]Novels and memoirs attest this sense, as a social elite; to some degree independent of the actual schools.^[61][62]

In 1870, the nation's first formal athletic league was created in 1870 with the formation of theRowing Association of American Colleges(RAAC), composed exclusively of Ivy League universities. RAAC hosted a national championship in rowing from 1870 to 1894.

The firstHarvard vs Yalerugby football contest was held in 1875, two years after the inauguralPrinceton–Yalerugby football contest. Harvard athlete Nathaniel Curtis challengedYale's captain, William Arnold to a rugby-style game.^[63][64]Program for the "Foot Ball Match", Harvard v Yale, the first intercollegiate game. It is considered the first rugby game between Ivy League teams. The game was played atHamilton Park, a venue inNew Haven, Connecticut(located at the intersection of Whalley Avenue and West Park Avenue^[65]). The two teams played with 15 players (rugby) on a side instead of 11 (soccer) as Yale would have preferred.

In 1881,Penn,Harvard College,Haverford College, Princeton University (then known as College of New Jersey), and Columbia University (then known as Columbia College) formed TheIntercollegiate Cricket Association,^[66]whichCornell Universitylater joined.^[67]Penn won The Intercollegiate Cricket Association championship 23 times, including 18 solo victories and three shared with Haverford and Harvard, one shared with Haverford and Cornell, and one shared with just Haverford, during the 44 years that the Intercollegiate Cricket Association existed from 1881 through 1924.^[68]

In 1895, Cornell, Columbia, and Penn founded theIntercollegiate Rowing Association, which remains the oldest collegiate athletic organizing body in the US. To this day, the IRA Championship Regatta determines the national champion in rowing and all of the Ivies are regularly invited to compete.

A basketball league was later created in 1902, when Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Yale, and Princeton formed theEastern Intercollegiate Basketball League; they were later joined by Penn and Dartmouth.

In 1906, the organization that eventually became theNational Collegiate Athletic Associationwas formed, primarily to formalize rules for the emerging sport of football. But of the 39 original member colleges in the NCAA, only two of them (Dartmouth and Penn) later became Ivies. In February 1903, intercollegiate wrestling began when Yale accepted a challenge from Columbia, published in the Yale News. The dual meet took place prior to a basketball game hosted by Columbia and resulted in a tie.

Two years later, Penn and Princeton also added wrestling teams, leading to the formation of the student-run Intercollegiate Wrestling Association, now theEastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association(EIWA), the first and oldest collegiate wrestling league in the US.^[69]

Though schools now in Ivy League (such as Yale and Columbia) played against each other in the 1880s, it was not until 1930 that Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Penn, Princeton and Yale formed theEastern Intercollegiate Baseball League; they were later joined by Harvard, Brown, Army and Navy. Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League, there was an "unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on athletic relations". The earliest reference to the "Ivy colleges" came in 1933, whenStanley Woodwardof theNew York Herald Tribuneused it to refer to the eight current members plus Army.^[7]In 1935, theAssociated Pressreported on an example of collaboration between the schools:

The athletic authorities of the so-called "Ivy League" are considering drastic measures to curb the increasing tendency toward riotous attacks on goal posts and other encroachments by spectators on playing fields.

—  The Associated Press,The New York Times^[70]

Despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent.Romeyn Berry, Cornell's manager of athletics, reported the situation in January 1936 as follows:

I can say with certainty that in the last five years—and markedly in the last three months—there has been a strong drift among the eight or ten universities of the East which see a good deal of one another in sport toward a closer bond of confidence and cooperation and toward the formation of a common front against the threat of a breakdown in the ideals of amateur sport in the interests of supposed expediency. Please do not regard that statement as implying the organization of an Eastern conference or even a poetic "Ivy League". That sort of thing does not seem to be in the cards at the moment.^[71]

Within a year of this statement and having held month-long discussions about the proposal, on December 3, 1936, the idea of "the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that theColumbia Daily Spectator,The Cornell Daily Sun,The Dartmouth,The Harvard Crimson,The Daily Pennsylvanian,The Daily Princetonianand theYale Daily Newswould simultaneously run an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time", encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics.^[72]Part of the editorial read as follows:

The Ivy League exists already in the minds of a good many of those connected with football, and we fail to see why the seven schools concerned should be satisfied to let it exist as a purely nebulous entity where there are so many practical benefits which would be possible under definite organized association. The seven colleges involved fall naturally together by reason of their common interests and similar general standards and by dint of their established national reputation they are in a particularly advantageous position to assume leadership for the preservation of the ideals of intercollegiate athletics.^[73]

The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States. Rowing teams from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U.S. colleges onLake Winnipesaukee,New Hampshire, on August 3, 1852. Harvard's team, "The Oneida", won the race and was presented with trophy black walnut oars from then-presidential nominee GeneralFranklin Pierce. The proposal to create an athletic league did not succeed. On January 11, 1937, the athletic authorities at the schools rejected the "possibility of aheptagonalleague in football such as these institutions maintain in basketball, baseball and track." However, they noted that the league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration."^[74]

The integration of athletics followed a similar pattern to the overall integration of the Ivy League's in the 19th and early 20th century. There was no active policy that would discriminate against incorporating Black student athletes into the athletic coalition. Harvard has the earliest record of breaking the color barrier in athletics after recruitingWilliam Henry Lewisto theirfootball teamin 1892.^[76]Dartmouth followed suit, with Black athletes integrating onto their football teams in 1904.^[77]Brown integrated their football team shortly after, in 1916.^[78]Cornell would follow suit in 1937.

Penn had black students on their track and field team as early as 1903 (John Baxter Taylor, Jr., the first black athlete in the U.S. to win a gold medal in the Olympics) and a black student was named captain of the track team in 1918.^[80]Columbia's track and field team would be integrated in 1934.^[81]Basketball would become integrated at Yale in 1926,^[82]at Princeton in 1947.^[83]

In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the firstIvy Group Agreement, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for thefootballteams.^[84]The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions:

The members of the Group reaffirm their prohibition of athletic scholarships. Athletes shall be admitted as students and awarded financial aid only on the basis of the same academic standards and economic need as are applied to all other students.^[85]

In 1954, the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports, effective with the 1955–56 basketball season. This is generally reckoned as the formal formation of the Ivy League. As part of the transition, Brown, the only Ivy that had not joined the EIBL, did so for the 1954–55 season. A year later, the Ivy League absorbed the EIBL. The Ivy League claims the EIBL's history as its own. Through the EIBL, it is the oldest basketball conference in Division I.^[86][87]

As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities' undergraduate programs remained open only to men, with Cornell the only one to have been coeducational from its founding (1865) and Columbia being the last (1983) to become coeducational. Before they became coeducational, many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearbySeven Sisterswomen's colleges, including weekend visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle. This was the case not only atBarnard CollegeandRadcliffe College, which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard, but at more distant institutions as well. The movieAnimal Houseincludes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meetSmithandMount Holyokewomen, a drive of more than two hours. As noted by Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra, "The 'Seven Sisters'was the name given to Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke,Vassar,Bryn Mawr,Wellesley, and Radcliffe, because of their parallel to the Ivy League men's colleges."^[88]

In 1982 the Ivy League considered adding two members, with Army, Navy, andNorthwesternas the most likely candidates; if it had done so, the league could probably have avoided being moved into the recently created Division I-AA (now Division I FCS) for football.^[89]In 1983, following the admission of women to Columbia College, Columbia University and Barnard College entered into an athletic consortium agreement by which students from both schools compete together on Columbia University women's athletic teams, which replaced the women's teams previously sponsored by Barnard.

When Army and Navy departed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League in 1992, nearly all intercollegiate competition involving the eight schools became united under the Ivy League banner. The major exception is hockey, with the Ivies that sponsor hockey—all except Penn and Columbia—members of ECAC Hockey. Wrestling was a second exception through the 2023-24 academic calendar; up until that point the Ivies that sponsor wrestling—all except Dartmouth and Yale— were members of theEastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association.^[90]

The Ivy League was the first athletic conference to respond to theCOVID-19 pandemicby shutting down all athletic competition in March 2020, leaving many Spring schedules unfinished.^[91]The Fall 2020 schedule was canceled in July, and winter sports were canceled before Thanksgiving.^[91]Of the 357 men's basketball teams inDivision I, only ten did not play; the Ivy League made up eight of those ten.^[91]By giving up its automatic qualifying bid toMarch Madness, the Ivy League forfeited at least $280,000 in NCAA basketball funds.^[91]As a consequence of the pandemic, an unprecedented number of student athletes in the Ivy League either transferred to other schools, or temporarily unenrolled in hopes of maintaining their eligibility to play post-pandemic.^[91]Some Ivy alumni expressed displeasure with the League's position.^[91]In February 2021 it was reported that Yale declined a multi-million dollar offer from alumJoseph Tsaito create a sequestered "bubble" for the lacrosse team.^[91]The league announced in a May 2021 joint statement that "regular athletic competition" would resume "across all sports" in fall 2021.^[92]

Following theBlack Lives Matterprotests in 2020, the Ivy League Conference committed itself to uphold "diversity, equity, and inclusion," to combat racism and homophobia. At Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, and Princeton there are Black Student Athlete groups and otheraffinity groupsthat are dedicated to ensuring their organizations are committed to anti-racism and anti-homophobia.^[93]In 2023, two former Brown University basketball players sued the Ivy League alleging that by denying athletic scholarships, the 1954 "Ivy League Agreement" is anticompetititive and violates antitrust laws.^[94][95]The lawsuit claims that the agreement constitutes price-fixing in violation of theSherman Antitrust Actof 1890, and in effect raises the cost of Ivy League education for student athletes.^[94][95]

Admission statistics (Class of 2025)

	Applicants	Admission rates
Brown	46,568	5.4%[96]
Columbia	60,551	3.7%[96]
Cornell	67,380	8.7%[97]
Dartmouth	28,357	6.2%[96]
Harvard	57,435	3.4%[96]
Penn	56,333	5.7%[96]
Princeton	37,601	4.0%[96]
Yale	46,905	4.6%[96]

The Ivy League schools are highly selective, with all schools reporting acceptance rates at or below approximately 10% at all of the universities. For the class of 2025, six of the eight schools reported acceptance rates below 6%.^{[98][99][100][101][102][103]}Admitted students come from around the world, although those from theNortheastern United Statesmake up a significant proportion of students.^{[104][105][106]}

In 2021, all eight Ivy League schools recorded record high numbers of applications and record low acceptance rates.^{[98][107][99][100][101][108]}Year over year increases in the number of applicants ranged from a 14.5% increase at Princeton to a 51% increase at Columbia.^[102][103]

There have been arguments that Ivy League schools discriminate against Asian-American candidates. For example, in August 2020, the USJustice Departmentargued that Yale University discriminated against Asian-American candidates on the basis of their race, a charge the university denied.^[109]Harvard was subject to a similar challenge in 2019 from an Asian American student group, with regard to which a federal judge found Harvard to be in compliance with constitutional requirements. The student group has since appealed that decision, and the appeal is still pending as of August 2020.^[109]

Members of the League have been highly ranked by variousuniversity rankings. All of the Ivy League schools are consistently ranked within the top 20 national universities by theU.S. News & World ReportBest Colleges Ranking.^[9]

Collaboration between the member schools is illustrated by the student-ledIvy Councilthat meets in the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every Ivy League school. The governing body of the Ivy League is the Council of Ivy Group presidents, composed of each university president. During meetings, the presidents discuss common procedures and initiatives for their universities.

The universities collaborate academically through the IvyPlus Exchange Scholar Program, which allows students to cross-register at one of the Ivies or another eligible school such asBerkeley,Chicago,MIT, andStanford.^[112][113]

Ivy League institutions have a complex history of racial segregation, and, eventually, integration. All of the universities in the Ivy League besides Cornell University were chartered during theAmerican era of slavery.^[114]In 2003, Brown University was the first of the Ivies to take accountability for their historic ties to slavery and thetransatlantic slave trade.^[115][116]Following Brown, other Ivy League universities formed committees to examine their ties to slavery, and found various institutional relationships to slavery. Yale University, for example, used profits from slave traders and owners to fund its first scholarships, libraries, and faculty positions.^[117][118]To date, some of Yale's residential colleges are named after slave traders and supporters.^[119]The investigations at Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, and the University of Pennsylvania all found that, in the century following their charters, enslaved Black people lived on campus to care for students, professors, or the universities' presidents.^{[120][121][122][123]}Notably, Princeton's first nine presidents were slave owners, and in 1766, a slave auction reportedly took place on Princeton's campus.^[121]

A small number of Black people did attend Ivy League institutions as students during their early years. These early students, however, were not always granted degrees. For example, some Black students were recorded studying privately with the Princeton University president as early as 1774, but no Black students received Princeton degrees until the middle of the twentieth century.^[124]Jonathan and Philip Gayienquitioga, two brothers of theMohawk People,^[125]were the first people of color to enroll at Penn in 1755 after being recruited by Benjamin Franklin to attend the Academy of Philadelphia (then part ofPenn),^[126]but there is no evidence that either earned a degree^[126]as the first native American to graduate Penn did not occur until 1847, when Robert Daniel Ross (a member of theCherokee Nation) graduated with a degree fromPenn's medical school.^[126]

In 1900,W. E. B. Du Boisoversaw and editedThe College-bred Negro.^[127]a study on Black integration in colleges and universities that found a combined total of 52 Black students had graduated from Ivy League schools in their collective histories. Since no official policies prohibited schools in the Ivy League from admitting students of color^[114]each university in the League had different policies regarding the admission of Black students. Dartmouth's first Black student graduated in 1828, while Princeton would only admit their first Black student under theV-12 Navy College Training Programin the 1940s.^[114][128]

Early Black student admits to Ivy League universities were controversial and often faced backlash. Dartmouth initially denied its first Black graduate, Edward Mitchell, supposedly to avoid "offend[ing] students". Dartmouth students protested this decision, leading to Mitchell's admission in 1824.^[128]Richard Henry Greenwas awarded anMDdegree by Dartmouth College in 1864.^[129]

Harvard admitted its first Black student, Beverly Garnett Williams, in 1847. News of his admission incited protests by Harvard students and faculty.^[130]Williams died before the academic year began, however, and never matriculated.^[131]Richard Theodore Greenerwas the first African American to receive a Harvard degree in 1870.^[132]Between 1890 and 1940, an average of three Black men enrolled at Harvard per year.^[124]In 1923, Harvard's Board of Overseers overruled University President Abbot Lawrence's ban on Black students living in dorms, announcing that all freshmen would be permitted to live in dorms regardless of race, but upheld that “men of the white and colored races shall not be compelled to live and eat together."^[133]Brown seems to have refused admission to Black students outright prior to the Civil War. Abolitionist Elizabeth Buffum Chase wrote in her bookAnti Slavery Reminiscencesabout "a lad of rare excellence and attainments [who] was refused an examination for admission by the authorities of Brown University on account of the color of his skin." Inman Page was the first Black student to graduate from Brown in 1877, and was class speaker.^[134]

William Adger, James Brister, andNathan Francis Mossellwere the first Black students enrolled atPennin 1879.^[135]Brister graduated from theSchool of Dental Medicine (Penn Dental)in 1881 as the first African American to earn a degree from Penn, while Adger was the first African American to graduate from the college in 1883.^[136]

Columbia University has claimed that four Black students earned University degrees between 1875 and 1900,^[131]though their names are apparently unknown.

Yale'sEdward Bouchet, was the first Black person (a) elected toPhi Beta Kappain the US in 1874 and (b) to earn aPh.D.from any American university, completing hisdissertationinphysicsin 1876.^[137][138]Bouchet was thought to have been the first African-American graduate of Yale, but research publicized in 2014 reported that Yale awarded a Black man,Richard Henry Green, a bachelor of arts degree in 1857.^[129][139]

Cornell seemed the most inclusive of the Ivy Leagues at its inception, with admission open to any race and gender.^[140]University co-founder Andrew Dickson White wrote in 1874 that the school had"no colored students...at present but shall be very glad to receive any who are prepared to enter...if even one offered himself and passed the examinations, we should receive him even if all our five hundred white students were to ask for dismissal on that account."^[141]In 1890, Charles Chauveau Cook and Jane Eleanor Datcher were the first Black students awarded four-year undergraduate Cornell degrees.^[142]Despite this, Black students faced legal and social segregation in the town of Ithaca, New York. In 1905, Black students reported being denied housing while attending Cornell.^[114]

Princeton University, sometimes referred to as the "Southern-most Ivy", was the last to integrate. In Du Bois'The College-bred Negro(1900),a Princeton representative is quoted: "We have never had any colored students here, though there is nothing in the University statutes to prevent their admission. It is possible, however, in view of our proximity to the South and the large number of southern students here, that Negro students would find Princeton less comfortable than some other institutions."^[143]Notably, in 1939, Princeton revoked admittance to Black student Bruce Wright upon his arrival on campus, when Director of Admission Radcliffe Heermance noticed Wright's race.^[144]When a disappointed Wright wrote Heermance requesting an explanation, Heermance responded:

"I cannot conscientiously advise a colored student to apply for admission to Princeton simply because I do not think that he would be happy in this environment. There are no colored students in the University and a member of your race might feel very much alone...My personal experience would enforce my advice to any colored student that he would be happier in an environment of others of his race, and that he would adjust himself far more easily to the life of a New England college or university, or one of the large state universities than he would to a residential college of this particular type."^[145]

The few early Black students admitted to Ivy League universities were often from wealthy Caribbean families.^[114]Barriers preventing African American students from attending Ivy League universities included the universities' policies, poor recruitment, tuition costs, and the lack of secondary education opportunities in aracially segregatedcountry.^[114][146]More Black students attended Ivy League graduate and professional schools than their undergraduate programs.^[114]By the middle of the 20th century, only 54 Black men and women had graduated with a Bachelor degree from Ivy League universities.^[114]

By the middle of the 20th century, some Ivy League students and alumni were advocating for increased racial integration efforts.^{[147][148][149][150]}These efforts were met with mixed reactions from the schools themselves.^[151]Without a goal for integration shared by the institutions as a collective, each school increased racial diversity at different rates, with Dartmouth having 120 Black undergraduates in the class of 1945 and Princeton having a cumulative total of fewer than 100 Black undergraduates by 1967.^[114]

TheV-12 Navy College Training Programin 1942 effectively forced all eight Ivy institutions to increase Black student enrollment.^[114]At Princeton University, the Black students in this program were the first ever granted bachelor's degrees by the University.^[152]

The 1954 Supreme Court decision inBrown v. Board of Educationdid not require private universities like those in the Ivy League to abide by the ruling.^[153]It wasn't until the Court's 1976 decision inRunyon v. McCrarythat private institutions became legally prohibited from discriminating on the basis of race.^[154]By the early 1960s, however, some admissions offices in the Ivy League began to make concerted efforts to increase their number of Black applicants, rolling out initiatives that actively sought Black talent from high schools.^[155]Efforts for racial integration at Ivy League institutions relied on the support of student organizations, faculty-led initiatives, and third-party organizations like the National Scholarship Service and Fund for Negro Students^[148]to seek prospective Black applicants.^[155]These efforts also prompted internal University action, such as the creation ofCornell's Committee on Special Educational Projects (COSEP), an organization aimed to recruit and support Black students.^[156]By 1965, however, Black students still were only 2% of admitted students across all the Ivies.^[114]

Prior to the 1960s, the majority of Ivy League universities explicitly prohibited the admission of women, instead forming partnerships with nearby women's colleges.^[157]As such, Black women were not able to attend Ivy League universities until they changed their policies.Lillian Lincoln Lambertwas the first Black woman to receive a degree from Harvard University after graduating with a master's degree fromHarvard Business Schoolin 1969.^[157]Lincoln Lambert was also a founding member of Harvard's African American Student Union, which according to her, actively recruited Black students and created "a space where Black students could find not only support but resources for everything from barber shops that cut Black hair to churches."^[158]

As Black student populations grew at Ivy League schools, on-campus activism saw an increase during the civil rights movement. In 1969, students in Cornell's Afro-American Society led an armed occupation ofWillard Straight Hallto protest the university's racist policies and “its slow progress in establishing a Black studies program.”^[159][114]In the same year, students associated with Yale's New Left organization,Students for a Democratic Society, worked closely with the New HavenBlack Panthersto lead sit-ins and protests that advocated for the admission of more students of color and the establishment of an African American studies department.^[160][114]At Brown University, identity-based student organizations such as the United African People and the African American Society called for an increase to the number of Black faculty and increased attention to the needs of Black students.^[115]Demonstrations at Harvard and Columbia took the form of occupations and non-violent sit-ins that were often subject to forceful removal by local police called by University administrators.^[161][114]Activism at Dartmouth took a different shape during this time period, as students would use demonstrations that were happening at other Ivies and colleges around the country, to effectively position their demands for progress within the prospect of taking actions similar to those happening elsewhere.

Continuing the trajectory of the late 20th century, the number of Black students on Ivy League campuses has continued to increase in the 21st century. From 2006 to 2018, there was an approximated 50% increase in the admission of Black students into entering classes, growing from 1,110 to 1,663.^[162]As of 2018, the Ivy League universities unanimously supported Harvard University's “race-conscious admissions” model.^[163]Harvard University representatives credited this form ofaffirmative actionas one of the factors increasing campus diversity.^[163]

In 2014 caseSchuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action,572U.S.291(2014) — the Supreme Court upheldMichigan's banon affirmative action for public institutions and in 2016 inFisher v. University of Texas II, No.14-981,579U.S.___ (2016) the court upheld the university's limited use of race in admissions decisions because the university showed it had a clear goal of limited scope without other workable race-neutral means to achieve it. However, in 2023 —Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College, No.20-1199,600U.S.___ (2023) theUnited States Supreme Courtoverruled the decades old decisionsRegents of University of California v. BakkeandGrutter v. Bollingerand other cases mentioned above in this paragraph but disallowing non-individualized racial preferences in admissions for civilian universities. In essence, the court interpreted theFourteenth Amendmentas not permitting Harvard's “race-conscious admissions” as the court decision now forbids the consideration of race in higher education admissions.

Institutions in favor of Harvard's model argue that in addition to academic excellence they also aim to form a diverse student body, while individuals that argue against the model state that it is discriminatory against certain applicants.^[164]

The growing Black student population in Ivy League universities in the early 2000s was accompanied by an increase in the number of Black faculty at these institutions, though rates of change among faculty have been slower and inconsistent. In 2005, 588– or about 3.9%– of the Ivies' 14,831 full-time faculty members were Black.^[165]This proportion decreased to 3.4% in 2015.^[166]Notably, in 2001,Ruth J. Simmonsbecame the president of Brown University, making her the first and only Black president of an Ivy League institution.^[167]

The 21st century saw the continuation of demonstrations by Ivy League students revolving around race. Many of these demonstrations have sought to continue the work of their 20th century predecessors by advocating for increased admission and support of Black students. In light of theStudents for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard CollegeSupreme Court case, students from Yale and Harvard joined other universities in protesting in defense of race-conscious admissions policies.^[168][169]

Likewise, Black students from Ivy League institutions continue to protest for the betterment of Black students' lives on campus and beyond. FollowingMichael Brown's deathin 2014, students across the Ivies formed the Black Ivy Coalition, which included members from all eight institutions and aimed to combat anti-Black racism.^[170]Individual Ivy League universities also formed their own advocacy organizations and movements as a direct response to instances of anti-Black violence. After the murder of Michael Brown, Princeton University students formed the Black Justice League, which in 2015, occupiedNassau Halland presented a list of demands to university administrators.^[171]Similarly, in 2017, Cornell students made demands to their administration protesting the assault of a Black student. Led by Black Students United, the demands included banning thePsi Upsilonfraternity for hate crimes, implementingimplicit bias training, and introducing policies to increase the number of Black students at the university.^[172]

Student demonstrations have also focused on sparking change beyond Ivy League campuses. Following theBlack Lives Matterprotests in 2020, Harvard's Black Law Students Association, beyond calling for more Black faculty,critical race theorycurriculum, and protection for student protestors, also called on the university to divest from prisons and denounce state-sanctioned violence.^[173]

In response to racially charged incidents across the country and prompting from student activists, Ivy League universities have removed and renamed campus landmarks. In response to the2016 Black Lives Matter protests, Cornell renamedtheir botanical gardens, previously called the "Cornell Plantations," to the "Cornell Botanical Gardens."^[174]In 2018, Brown renamed one of its largest academic and administrative buildings after its first black graduates,Inman E. Pageand Ethel Tremaine Robinson.^[175]In response to themurder of George Floydin 2020, Princeton University removedWoodrow Wilson'sname from a residential college and theSchool of Public and International Affairsbecause of his “racist thinking and policies.”^[176]

Different fashion trends and styles have emerged from Ivy League campuses over time, and fashion trends such asIvy Leagueandpreppyare styles often associated with the Ivy League and its culture.

Ivy League styleis a style of men's dress, popular during the late 1950s, believed to have originated on Ivy League campuses. The clothing storesJ. PressandBrooks Brothersrepresent perhaps the quintessential Ivy League dress manner. The Ivy League style is said to be the predecessor to thepreppystyle of dress.

Preppy fashion started around 1912 to the late 1940s and 1950s as the Ivy League style of dress.^[177]J. Pressrepresents the quintessential preppy clothing brand, stemming from the collegiate traditions that shaped the preppy subculture. In the mid-twentieth century J. Press andBrooks Brothers, both being pioneers in preppy fashion, had stores on Ivy League school campuses, including Harvard, Yale, and Princeton.

Some typical preppy styles also reflect traditional upper classNew Englandleisure activities, such asequestrian,sailingoryachting,hunting,fencing,rowing,lacrosse,tennis,golf, andrugby. Longtime New England outdoor outfitters, such asL.L. Bean, became part of conventional preppy style.^[178]This can be seen in sport stripes and colors, equestrian clothing, plaid shirts, field jackets and nautical-themed accessories. Vacationing inPalm Beach, Florida, long popular with the East Coast upper class, led to the emergence of bright colors combinations in leisure wear seen in some brands such asLilly Pulitzer.^[178]By the 1980s, other brands such asLacoste,IzodandDooney & Bourkebecame associated with preppy style.^[179]

Though the Ivy League style is most commonly associated with the white, male elites that historically made up Ivy League campuses, the style was quickly popularized among Black communities during thecivil rights era. Reinterpretations of this style by African-American men in the 1950s and 1960s combined the preppy Ivy League style with other popular Black styles of dress. This led to the emergence of a new style of dress, the Black Ivy style.^[180]

Today, Ivy League styles continue to be popular on Ivy League campuses, throughout the U.S., and abroad, and are oftentimes labeled as "Classic American style" or "Traditional American style".^[181][182]

The Ivy League is often associated with theupper classWhite Anglo-Saxon Protestantcommunity of theNortheast,Old money, or more generally, theAmerican upper middleand upper classes.^{[183][184][185][186]}Although most Ivy League students come from upper-middle and upper-class families, the student body has become increasingly more economically and ethnically diverse. The universities provide significant financial aid to help increase the enrollment of lower income and middle class students.^[187]Several reports suggest, however, that the proportion of students from less-affluent families remains low.^[188][189]

Phrases such as "Ivy League snobbery"^[190]are ubiquitous in nonfiction and fiction writing of the early and mid-twentieth century. ALouis Auchinclosscharacter dreads "the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges".^[61]A business writer, warning in 2001 against discriminatory hiring, presented a cautionary example of an attitude to avoid (the bracketed phrase is his):

We Ivy Leaguers [read: mostly white and Anglo] know that an Ivy League degree is a mark of the kind of person who is likely to succeed in this organization.^[191]

The phraseIvy Leaguehistorically has been perceived as connected not only with academic excellence but also with social elitism. In 1936, sportswriterJohn Kierannoted that student editors atHarvard,Yale,Columbia,Princeton,Cornell,Dartmouth, andPennwere advocating the formation of an athletic association. In urging them to consider "ArmyandNavyandGeorgetownandFordhamandSyracuseandBrownandPitt" as candidates for membership, he exhorted:

It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear (to themselves especially) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not "exclusive" as this term is used with a slight up-tilting of the tip of the nose.^[192]

Aspects of Ivy stereotyping were illustrated during the1988 presidential election, whenGeorge H. W. Bush(Yale '48) deridedMichael Dukakis(graduate of Harvard Law School) for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique."^[193]New York TimescolumnistMaureen Dowdasked "Wasn't this a case of the pot calling the kettle elite?" Bush explained, however, that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it. ... Harvard boutique to me has the connotation of liberalism and elitism" and saidHarvardin his remark was intended to represent "a philosophical enclave" and not a statement about class.^[194]ColumnistRussell Bakeropined that "Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in theirundershirtno matter how hot the weather gets."^[195]Still, the next five consecutive presidents all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education—George H. W. Bush (Yale undergrad),Bill Clinton(Yale Law School),George W. Bush(Yale undergrad, Harvard Business School),Barack Obama(Columbia undergrad, Harvard Law School), andDonald Trump(Penn undergrad).

Of the 45^[e]persons who have served asPresident of the United States, 16 have graduated from an Ivy League university. Of them, eight have degrees from Harvard, five from Yale, three from Columbia, two from Princeton and one from Penn. Twelve presidents have earned Ivy undergraduate degrees. Four of these were transfer students: Woodrow Wilson transferred fromDavidson College, Barack Obama transferred fromOccidental College, Donald Trump transferred fromFordham University, and John F. Kennedy transferred from Princeton to Harvard.John Adamswas the first president to graduate from college, graduating from Harvard in 1755.

President	School(s)	Graduation year
John Adams	Harvard University	1755
James Madison	Princeton University	1771
John Quincy Adams	Harvard University	1787
William Henry Harrison	University of Pennsylvania	(withdrew, class of 1793)
Rutherford B. Hayes	Harvard Law School	1845
Theodore Roosevelt	Harvard University Columbia Law School	1880 (withdrew, class of 1882)[196]
William Howard Taft	Yale University	1878
Woodrow Wilson	Princeton University	1879
Franklin D. Roosevelt	Harvard University Columbia Law School	1903 (withdrew, class of 1907)[197]
John F. Kennedy	Princeton University Harvard University	(withdrew) 1940
Gerald Ford	Yale Law School	1941
George H. W. Bush	Yale University	1948
Bill Clinton	Yale Law School	1973
George W. Bush	Yale University Harvard Business School	1968 1975
Barack Obama	Columbia University Harvard Law School	1983 1991
Donald Trump	University of Pennsylvania	1968

Racial and ethnic background (2020) ^[198]

College	Asian	Black	Hispanic(of any race)	Non-Hispanic White	Other/ International	Two or more races	Unknown
Brown	16%	7%	10%	39%	18%	5%	4%
Columbia	13%	5%	8%	31%	35%	3%	4%
Cornell	17%	6%	11%	34%	22%	4%	6%
Dartmouth	14%	5%	9%	48%	17%	5%	3%
Harvard	14%	7%	9%	40%	23%	4%	3%
Penn	18%	7%	8%	40%	20%	4%	3%
Princeton	19%	6%	9%	35%	23%	5%	3%
Yale	16%	7%	11%	39%	21%	5%	1%
United States[199]	6%	14%	19%	59%	2%	3%	—

Students of the Ivy League largely hail fromthe Northeast, largely from the New York City,Boston, andPhiladelphiaareas. As all eight Ivy League universities are within the Northeast, most graduates end up working and residing in the Northeast after graduation. An unscientific survey of Harvard seniors from the Class of 2013 found that 42% hailed from the Northeast and 55% overall were planning on working and residing in the Northeast.^[200]Boston and New York City are traditionally where many Ivy League graduates end up living.^[201][202]

Family income of students (2013) ^[203]

College	Median	Top 1%	Top 10%	Top 20%	Bottom 20%
Brown	$204,200	19%	60%	70%	4.1%
Columbia	$150,900	13%	48%	62%	5.1%
Cornell	$151,600	10%	48%	64%	3.8%
Dartmouth	$200,400	21%	58%	69%	2.6%
Harvard	$168,800	15%	53%	67%	4.5%
Penn	$195,500	19%	45%	58%	3.3%
Princeton	$186,100	17%	58%	72%	2.2%
Yale	$192,600	19%	57%	69%	2.1%

Students of the Ivy League, both graduate and undergraduate, come primarily fromupper middleandupper classfamilies. In recent years, however, the universities have looked towards increasing socioeconomic and class diversity, by providing greater financial aid packages to applicants fromlower,working, andlower middle classAmerican families.^[187][204]

In 2013, aHarvard Crimsonwriter estimated that 46% of Harvard undergraduate students came from families in the top 3.8% of all American households (i.e., over $200,000 annual income).^[204]In 2012, the bottom 25% of the American income distribution accounted for only 3–4% of students at Brown, a figure that had remained unchanged since 1992.^[205]In 2014, 69% of incoming freshmen students at Yale College came from families with annual incomes of over $120,000, putting most Yale College students in the upper-middle and upper classes. (The median household income in the U.S. in 2013 was $52,700.)^[206]

In the 2011–2012 academic year, students qualifying forPell Grants(federally funded scholarships on the basis of need) constituted 20% at Harvard, 18% at Cornell, 17% at Penn, 16% at Columbia, 15% at Dartmouth and Brown, 14% at Yale, and 12% at Princeton. Nationally, 35% of American university students qualify for a Pell Grant.^[207]

Graduation rate by race/ethnicity (2022) ^[208]

College	American Indian or Alaska Native	Asian	Black	Hispanic (of any race )	Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	Non-Hispanic White	Two or more races	Unknown
Brown	57%	96%	95%	95%	-	97%	98%	96%
Columbia	83%	98%	95%	98%	50%	98%	95%	100%
Cornell	73%	96%	90%	90%	75%	95%	95%	94%
Dartmouth	96%	96%	82%	93%	100%	95%	93%	83%
Harvard	75%	98%	96%	97%	-	97%	98%	100%
Penn	100%	97%	96%	95%	-	96%	99%	98%
Princeton	100%	99%	95%	99%	100%	99%	96%	94%
Yale	100%	99%	95%	95%	-	97%	97%	100%

Racial and ethnic background (2021/2022)

College	Asian	Black	Hispanic (of any race)	Non-Hispanic White	Native American, Native Alaskan or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander	Two or more races	Unknown	"Under Represented Minorities" & "Historically Underrepresented Groups"
Brown[209]	-	-	-	86%	-		-	13%
Columbia[210]	19%	-	-	63%	-	-	3%	12%
Cornell[211]	12%	8%	(Combined with Black)	72%	-	-	7%	-
Dartmouth[212]	9%	4%	6%	80%	1%	2%	-	-
Harvard[213]	12%	4%	3%	79%	.1%	1%	-	-
Penn[214]	17%	4%	5%	71%	(Combined with Asian)	1%	.7%	-
Princeton[215]	11%	4%	3%	78%	0%	0%	4%	-
Yale[216]	21%	5%	5%	62%	-	1%	6%	-

Ivy champions are recognized in sixteen men's and sixteen women's sports. In some sports, Ivy teams actually compete as members of another league, the Ivy championship being decided by isolating the members' records in play against each other; for example, the six league members who participate inice hockeydo so as members ofECAC Hockey, but an Ivy champion is extrapolated each year. In one sport,rowing, the Ivies recognize team champions for each sex in both heavyweight and lightweight divisions. While theIntercollegiate Rowing Associationgoverns all four sex- and bodyweight-based divisions of rowing, the only one that is sanctioned by the NCAA is women's heavyweight. The Ivy League was the last Division Ibasketballconference to institute a conference postseason tournament; the first tournaments for men and women were held at the end of the 2016–17 season. The tournaments only award the Ivy League automatic bids for the NCAA Division IMen'sandWomen'sBasketball Tournaments; the official conference championships continue to be awarded based solely on regular-season results.^[217]Before the 2016–17 season, the automatic bids were based solely on regular-season record, with aone-game playoff(or series of one-game playoffs if more than two teams were tied) held to determine the automatic bid.^[218]The Ivy League is one of only two Division I conferences which award their official basketball championships solely on regular-season results; the other is theSoutheastern Conference.^[219][220]Since its inception, an Ivy League school has yet to win either the men's or women's Division I NCAA basketball tournament.

On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools. Unlike most Division I athletic conferences, the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships; all scholarships awarded are need-based (financial aid).^[221]In addition, the Ivies have a rigid policy againstredshirting, even for medical reasons; an athlete loses a year of eligibility for every year enrolled at an Ivy institution.^[222]Additionally, the Ivies prohibit graduate students from participating in intercollegiate athletics, even if they have remaining athletic eligibility.^[223]The only exception to the ban on graduate students was that seniors graduating in 2021 were allowed to play at their current institutions as graduate students in 2021–22. This was a one-time-only response to the Ivies shutting down most intercollegiate athletics in 2020–21 due to COVID-19.^[224]Ivy League teams' non-league games are often against the members of thePatriot League, which have similar academic standards and athletic scholarship policies (although unlike the Ivies, the Patriot League allows both redshirting and play by eligible graduate students). To promote diversity and inclusion, student-athletes are required to have theirgender pronounslisted on their roster pages on the athletic websites for most Ivy League schools.

In the time beforerecruitingfor college sports became dominated by those offering athletic scholarships and lowered academic standards for athletes, the Ivy League was successful in many sports relative to other universities in the country. In particular, Princeton won 26 recognized national championships incollege football(last in 1935), and Yale won 18 (last in 1927).^[225]Both of these totals are considerably higher than those of other historically strong programs such asAlabama, which has won 15,Notre Dame, which claims 11 but is credited by many sources with 13, andUSC, which has won 11. Yale, whose coachWalter Campwas the "Father of American Football," held on to its place as the all-time wins leader in college football throughout the entire 20th century, but was finally passed byMichiganon November 10, 2001. Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Penn each have over a dozen former scholar-athletes enshrined in theCollege Football Hall of Fame. Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football titles, with 18, followed closely by Harvard and Penn, each with 17 titles. In addition, the Ivy League has producedSuper BowlwinnersKevin Boothe(Cornell), two-timePro BowlerZak DeOssie(Brown),Sean Morey(Brown),All-ProselectionMatt Birk(Harvard),Calvin Hill(Yale),Derrick Harmon(Cornell) andJustin Watson (wide receiver), (three-timeSuper Bowlchampion, winningSuper Bowl LVwith theTampa Bay BuccaneersandSuper Bowl LVIIandLVIIIwith theKansas City Chiefs), (Penn).

Beginning with the1982 football season, the Ivy League has competed inDivision I-AA(renamedFCSin 2006).^[226][227]The Ivy League teams are eligible for the FCS tournament held to determine the national champion, and the league champion is eligible for an automatic bid (and any other team may qualify for an at-large selection) from the NCAA. However, since its inception in 1956, the Ivy League has not played any postseason games due to concerns about the extended December schedule's effects on academics. (The last postseason game for a member was 90 years ago, the1934 Rose Bowl, won byColumbia.)^[228][229]For this reason, any Ivy League team invited to the FCS playoffs turns down the bid. The Ivy League plays a strict 10-game schedule, compared to other FCS members' schedules of 11 (or, in some seasons, 12) regular season games, plus post-season, which expanded in2013to five rounds with 24 teams, with a bye week for the top eight teams. Football is the only sport in which the Ivy League declines to compete for a national title.

In addition to varsity football, Penn and Cornell also field teams in the 9-teamCollegiate Sprint Football League, in which all players must weigh 178 pounds or less. With Princeton canceling its program in 2016,^[230]Penn is the last remaining founding members of the league from its 1934 debut, and Cornell is the next-oldest, joining in 1937. Yale and Columbia previously fielded teams in the league but no longer do so.

Teams in Ivy League competition ^[231]

Sport	Men's	Women's
Baseball	8	-
Basketball	8	8
Cross-country	8	8
Fencing	6	7
Field hockey	-	8
Football	8	-
Golf	8	7
Ice hockey	6	6
Lacrosse	7	8
Rowing	7	7
Soccer	8	8
Softball	-	8
Squash	8	8
Swimming anddiving	8	8
Tennis	8	8
Track and field (indoor)	8	8
Track and field (outdoor)	8	8
Volleyball	-	8
Wrestling	6	-

School	Baseball	Basketball	Cross Country	Fencing	Football	Golf	Lacrosse	Rowing	Soccer	Squash	Swimming & Diving	Tennis	Track & Field (Indoor)	Track & Field (Outdoor)	Wrestling	Total Ivy League Sports
Brown	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	11
Columbia	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	14
Cornell	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	14
Dartmouth	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	13
Harvard	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	15
Penn	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	15
Princeton	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	15
Yale	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	13
Totals	8	8	8	5	8	7	7	6	8	7	8	8	8	8	6	110

School	Crew	Ice Hockey1	Polo	Sailing	Skiing	Volleyball	Water Polo
Brown	Independent	ECAC Hockey	No	Independent	No	No	CWPA
Columbia	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Cornell	No	ECAC Hockey	Independent	No	No	No	No
Dartmouth	No	ECAC Hockey	No	Independent	Independent	No	No
Harvard	No	ECAC Hockey	No	Independent	Independent	EIVA	CWPA
Penn	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Princeton	No	ECAC Hockey	No	No	No	EIVA	CWPA
Yale	Independent	ECAC Hockey	No	Independent	No	No	No

Notes:

1: Though the Ivy League lists ice hockey as a sponsored sport, all six ice hockey playing Ivy League schools participate as members ofECAC Hockey.

School	Basketball	Cross Country	Fencing	Field Hockey	Golf	Lacrosse	Rowing	Soccer	Softball	Squash	Swimming & Diving	Tennis	Track & Field (Indoor)	Track & Field (Outdoor)	Volleyball	Total Ivy League Sports
Brown	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	12
Columbia	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	15
Cornell	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	14
Dartmouth	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	14
Harvard	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	15
Penn	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	15
Princeton	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	15
Yale	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	15
Totals	8	8	7	8	6	8	7	8	8	7	8	8	8	8	8	115

School	Archery	Crew	Equestrian	Gymnastics	Ice Hockey1	Polo	Rugby2	Sailing	Skiing	Water Polo
Brown	No	Independent	Independent	Independent	ECAC Hockey	No	Independent	Independent	No	CWPA
Columbia	Independent	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Cornell	No	No	Independent	Independent	ECAC Hockey	Independent	No	Independent	No	No
Dartmouth	No	No	Independent	No	ECAC Hockey	No	Independent	Independent	Independent	No
Harvard	No	No	No	No	ECAC Hockey	No	Independent	Independent	Independent	CWPA
Penn	No	No	No	Independent	No	No	No	No	No	No
Princeton	No	No	No	No	ECAC Hockey	No	Independent[232]	No	No	CWPA
Yale	No	No	No	Independent	ECAC Hockey	No	No	Independent	No	No

Notes:

1: Though the Ivy League lists ice hockey as a sponsored sport, all six ice hockey playing Ivy League schools participate as members ofECAC Hockey.

2. The Ivy League is home to some of the oldestcollege rugbyteams in the United States. Although none of the men's teams and half of the women's teams are not "varsity" sports, they all compete against each other as part of theIvy Rugby Conference^[233]in addition to their own local conferences. Four of the women's teams (Brown, Dartmouth, Harvard, and Princeton) play as part of the NCAA emerging sport category.^[234]

Total championships won (1956–2017)

Institution	Ivy League championships	NCAA team championships
Princeton Tigers	476	12
Harvard Crimson	415	4
Cornell Big Red	231	5
Pennsylvania Quakers	210	3
Yale Bulldogs	202	3
Dartmouth Big Green	140	3
Brown Bears	123	7
Columbia Lions	105	11

The table above includes the number of team championships won from the beginning of official Ivy League competition (1956–57 academic year) through 2016–17. Princeton and Harvard have on occasion won ten or more Ivy League titles in a year, an achievement accomplished 10 times by Harvard and 24 times by Princeton, including a conference-record 15 championships in 2010–11. Only once has one of the other six schools earned more than eight titles in a single academic year (Cornell with nine in 2005–06). In the 38 academic years beginning 1979–80, Princeton has averaged 10 championships per year, one-third of the conference total of 33 sponsored sports.^[235]

In the 12 academic years beginning 2005–06 Princeton has won championships in 31 different sports, all except wrestling and men's tennis.^[236]

Rivalries run deep in the Ivy League. For instance, Princeton andPennare longstandingmen's basketball rivals;^[237]"Puck Frinceton" T-shirts are worn by Quaker fans at games.^[238]In only 11 instances in the history of Ivy League basketball, and in only seven seasons since Yale's 1962 title, has neither Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in basketball,^[239]with Princeton champion or co-champion 26 times and Penn 25 times. Penn has won 21 outright, Princeton 19 outright. Princeton has been a co-champion 7 times, sharing 4 of those titles with Penn (these 4 seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion).

Harvard won its first title of either variety in 2011, losing a dramatic play-off game to Princeton for the NCAA tournament bid, then rebounded to win outright championships in2012,2013, and2014. Harvard also won the 2013 Great Alaska Shootout, defeating TCU to become the only Ivy League school to win the now-defunct tournament.

Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, includingCornell and Harvard in hockey, Harvard and Princeton in swimming, and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have won 28 Ivy League Football Championships since 1982, Penn-16; Harvard-12). During that time Penn has had 8 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships and Harvard has had 6 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships.^[240]Inmen's lacrosse,CornellandPrincetonareperennial rivals, and they are two of three Ivy League teams to have won the NCAA tournament.^[241]In 2009, the Big Red and Tigers met for their 70th game in theNCAA tournament.^[242]No team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the men's swimming conference title outright since 1972, although Yale, Columbia, and Cornell have shared the title with Harvard and Princeton during this time. Similarly, no program other than Princeton and Harvard has won the women's swimming championship since Brown's 1999 title. Princeton or Cornell has won every indoor and outdoor track and field championship, both men's and women's, every year since 2002–03, with one exception (Columbia women won the indoor championship in 2012). Harvard and Yale arefootballandcrewrivals although the competition has become unbalanced; Harvard has won all but one of the last 15 football games and all but one of the last 13 crew races.

Teams	Name	Trophy	First met	Games played	Series record
Columbia–Cornell	Empire State Bowl	Empire Cup	1889	103 games	36–64–3
Cornell–Dartmouth	None	None	1900	103 games	41–61–1
Cornell–Penn	None	Trustee's Cup	1893	122 games	46–71–5
Dartmouth–Harvard	None	None	1882	123 games	47–71–5
Dartmouth–Princeton	None	Sawhorse Dollar	1897	100 games	50–46–4
Harvard–Penn	None	None	1881	90 games	49–39–2
Harvard–Princeton	None	None	1877	112 games	57–48–7
Harvard–Yale	The Game	None	1875	132 games	59–65–8
Penn–Princeton	None	None	1876	111 games	67–43–1
Princeton–Yale	None	None	1873	138 games	52–76–10

The Yale–Princeton series is the nation's second-longest by games played, exceeded only by"The Rivalry"betweenLehighandLafayette, which began later in 1884 but included two or three games in each of 17 early seasons.^[243]For the first three decades of the Yale-Princeton rivalry, the two played their season-ending game at a neutral site, usually New York City, and with one exception (1890: Harvard), the winner of the game also won at least a share of thenational championshipthat year, covering the period 1869 through 1903.^[244][245]This phenomenon of a finale contest at a neutral site for the national title created a social occasion for the society elite of the metropolitan area akin to aSuper Bowlin the era prior to the establishment of theNFLin 1920.^[246][247]These football games were also financially profitable for the two universities, so much that they began to play baseball games in New York City as well, drawing record crowds for that sport also, largely from the same social demographic.^[248]In a period when the only professional team sports were fledgling baseball leagues, these high-profile early contests between Princeton and Yale played a role in popularizing spectator sports, demonstrating their financial potential and raising public awareness of Ivy universities at a time when few people attended college.

Teams	Name	Trophy	First met	Games played	Series record
Brown–Rhode Island	None	Governor's Cup	1909	107 games	73–32–2
Columbia–Fordham	None	Liberty Cup	1890	24 games	12–12–0
Cornell–Colgate	None	None	1896	95 games	48–44–3
Dartmouth–New Hampshire	Granite Bowl	Granite Bowl Trophy	1901	42 games	21–19–2
Harvard–Holy Cross	None	None	1904	67 games	41–24–2
Penn–Lafayette	None	None	1882	90 games	63–23–4
Penn–Lehigh	None	None	1885	56 games	43–13
Princeton–Rutgers	None	None	1869	71 games	53–17–1
Yale–Army	None	None	1893	45 games	22–16–8
Yale–Connecticut	None	None	1948	49 games	32–17

This list, which is current through January 8, 2018,^[249]includes NCAA championships and women'sAIAW championships(one each for Yale and Dartmouth and five for Cornell). Excluded from this list are all other national championships earnedoutside the scope of NCAA competition, including football titles and retroactiveHelms Foundation titles.

School	Total	Men	Women	Co-ed	Nickname
Yale University	29[f]	26	3	0	Bulldogs
Princeton University	24[f]	19	4	1	Tigers
Columbia University	14	11	0	3	Lions
Harvard University	10[f]	7	2	1	Crimson
Brown University	7	0	7	0	Bears
Cornell University	10	5	5	0	Big Red
Dartmouth College	5[f]	1	1	3	Big Green
University of Pennsylvania	4	3	1	0	Quakers

	Football stadium			Basketball arena			Baseball field			Hockey rink			Soccer stadium
School[250]	Name	Capacity	Year	Name	Capacity	Year	Name	Capacity	Year	Name	Capacity	Year	Name	Capacity	Year
Brown	Richard Gouse Field at Brown Stadium	20,000	1925	Pizzitola Sports Center	2,800	1989	Murray Stadium	1,000	1959	Meehan Auditorium	3,100	1961	Stevenson Field	3,500	1979
Columbia	Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium	17,000	1984	Levien Gymnasium	3,408	1974	Robertson Field at Satow Stadium	1,500	1923	Non-hockey school			Commisso Soccer Stadium	3,500	1985
Cornell	Schoellkopf Field	25,597	1915	Newman Arena	4,472	1990	Booth Field	500	2023	Lynah Rink	4,267	1957	Charles F. Berman Field	1,000	2000
Dartmouth	Memorial Field	15,600	1923	Leede Arena	2,100	1986	Red Rolfe Field at Biondi Park	2,000	2008	Thompson Arena	4,500	1975	Burnham Field	1,600	2007
Harvard	Harvard Stadium	30,898	1903	Lavietes Pavilion	2,195	1926	Joseph J. O'Donnell Field	1,600	1898	Bright Hockey Center	2,850	1956	Jordan Field	2,500	2010
Penn	Franklin Field	52,593	1895	ThePalestra	8,722	1927	Meiklejohn Stadium	850	2000	Class of 1923 Arena	2,500	1972	Rhodes Field	1,700	2002[251]
Princeton	Princeton Stadium	27,800	1998	Jadwin Gymnasium	6,854	1969	Bill Clarke Field	850	1961	Hobey Baker Memorial Rink	2,094	1923	Roberts Stadium	3,000	2008
Yale	Yale Bowl	61,446	1914	John J. Lee Amphitheater	3,100	1932	Yale Field	6,200	1927	Ingalls Rink	3,486	1958	Reese Stadium	3,000	1981

The termIvyis sometimes used to connote a positive comparison to or an association with the Ivy League, often along academic lines. The term has been used to describe theLittle Ivies, a grouping of small liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States.^[252]Other common uses include thePublic Ivies, theHidden Ivies, theSouthern Ivies, and theBlack Ivies.^[253]

The termIvy Plus^[254]refers to the original eight institutions mentioned above (referred to as the "Ancient Eight")^[255][256]along with four other institutions consisting ofStanford University,Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Duke University, and theUniversity of Chicago.^[257][258]Beyond rankings and prestige,^[259]the four schools are included in the grouping given their formal participation in university consortia,^[260]shared academic resources,^[261]collaborative alumni associations,^[262][263]or endowment comparisons.^{[264][265][266][267]}

• Big Three—an athletic rivalry between Harvard, Yale, and Princeton.
• List of Ivy League medical schools—schools of the Ivy League universities that offer medical education.
• List of Ivy League law schools—schools of the Ivy League universities that offer various law degrees.
• List of Ivy League business schools—schools of the Ivy League universities that offer various business degrees, especially the MBA.
• List of Ivy League public policy schools—schools of the Ivy League universities that offerpublic policyorpublic administrationdegrees.
• Seven Sisters—seven liberal arts colleges previously open to only women with historical affiliations to the Ivy League.
• Public Ivy—public colleges & universities that are perceived to provide an education equal to the Ivy League.
• Black Ivy League—informal list of private historically black colleges & universities that have historically been seen as the African American equivalent to the Ivy League
• Little Ivies—private liberal arts colleges that historically have had the same social prestige and similar large financial endowments as the Ivy league .

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