制图师(Drafters),或称制图员、绘图员,作为一个职业,是对包括机械制图师(Mechanical Drafters)、土木及建筑制图师(Architectural and Civil Drafters)、电气及电子制图师(Electrical and Electronics Drafters)在内的三种主要制图师以及其它领域制图师的总称。
工作内容
制图师利用软件绘制机械结构图、工序图、工程图、施工图、设计图、电路图等——视专注领域而异。*(8)
工作职责:
- 设计和规划CADD(computer-aided design and drafting)的使用;
- 在理解工程及制造技术的基础上,有效绘制相关图纸;
- 将施工及技术细节写入图纸;
- 准备多方位的工程图纸,供工程师使用与查看;
- 在工程师的督导下,标注工程图尺寸、材料、工序及工艺等。
制图师主要使用CADD软件设计和绘制相关工程图,需要十分熟练相关软件,并具备一定得相关专业背景。如机械制图师,应当了解一定的机械专业知识等。
制图师根据工作种类的不同,需要熟练使用的软件也不同,一般一个制图师必须能非常熟练地使用一种或几种制图软件。
更细分的制图师可分为:
- 航空工程制图师(Aeronautical drafters)
- 建筑制图师(Architectural drafters)
- 土木制图师(Civil drafters)
- 电气制图师(Electrical drafters)
- 电子制图师(Electronics drafters)
- 机械制图师(Mechanical drafters)
- 工艺管道制图师(Process piping or pipeline drafters)
制图师主要使用电脑在办公室办公,一般全职工作,甚少兼职,加班并不罕见。*(9
入行门槛
制图师一般只需要副学士学历即可。一般四年制大学并不开设专门的制图专业,或进行制图培训。但四年制大学却开设诸如土木工程、机械工程、电气工程、电子工程之类的专业,可以让学生更深入的了解到相关的专业背景知识,而且这类专业通常设有相关的制图课程。因此毕业于四年制大学,并获得相关工学学士的学生,相比毕业于社区学院或技术学院单制图专业的学生,竞争力更强——至少不亚于。
制图师一般无需取得相应执照。美国设计制图协会(ADDA)设有一种制图师证书项目,但该项目的考试不包含计算机软件知识。获得该证书可以增强制图师的职业竞争力。
制图师相关的重要技能或品质:
- 批判性思维(Critical-thinking skills)
- 注重细节(Detail oriented)
- 人际交往能力(Interpersonal skills)
- 软件技能(Technical skills)
- 时间管理技巧(Time-management skills)*(7)
就业展望与薪资
制图师主要就职于建筑及工程相关行业,该行业的制图师从业人数占总数的50%以上。其它相对集中的行业还有半导体及电子产业、电力系统、导航及导航控制仪器行业等。
制图师的薪水在美国属于中等,按2010年美国劳工统计局公布的数据,美国全行业平均年薪仅$33,840,工程师行业平均年薪为$83,340,工程技术员的平均薪水为$49,600而制图师当年的平均年薪为$47,880,略高于工程技术员。*(1) *(10)
就美国来说,制图师未来职业岗位增长的期望一般。按美国劳工统计局的预测,未来十年(2014-2024)全体制图师的岗位数预计会减少6,200人,减幅为-3%,2024年为198,300人。*(6)
2015年
- 机械制图师
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Texas | 5,140 | 0.44 | 0.94 | $29.98 | $62,370 |
Michigan | 3,970 | 0.96 | 2.02 | $26.33 | $54,770 |
California | 3,890 | 0.25 | 0.53 | $28.56 | $59,410.00 |
New York | 3,780 | 0.42 | 0.89 | $26.78 | $55,700 |
Pennsylvania | 3,490 | 0.61 | 1.29 | $25.69 | $53,430.00 |
*(1)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Maine | 660 | 1.12 | 2.36 | $26.01 | $54,100 |
Wisconsin | 3,040 | 1.1 | 2.32 | $24.41 | $50,760 |
Connecticut | 1,790 | 1.08 | 2.28 | $29.05 | $60,430.00 |
Michigan | 3,970 | 0.96 | 2.02 | $26.33 | $54,770 |
Oklahoma | 1,520 | 0.95 | 2.01 | $25.50 | $53,050.00 |
*(1)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 2,210 | 0.75 | 1.59 | $32.97 | $68,570 |
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division | 2,200 | 0.62 | 1.3 | $28.74 | $59,770.00 |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 1,890 | 0.29 | 0.62 | $27.29 | $56,770 |
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division | 1,840 | 1.2 | 2.53 | $38.34 | $79,760 |
Warren-Troy-Farmington Hills, MI Metropolitan Division | 1,720 | 1.47 | 3.1 | $27.49 | $57,170 |
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI | 1,580 | 0.84 | 1.78 | $29.14 | $60,610 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 960 | 0.23 | 0.5 | $26.93 | $56,010 |
Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI | 920 | 1.11 | 2.34 | $25.62 | $53,290 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 900 | 0.39 | 0.82 | $31.58 | $65,680 |
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | 880 | 0.35 | 0.75 | $26.11 | $54,320 |
*(1)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Columbus, IN | 210 | 4.17 | 8.82 | $26.02 | $54,110 |
Niles-Benton Harbor, MI | 160 | 2.59 | 5.48 | $31.28 | $65,070.00 |
Midland, MI | 80 | 2.38 | 5.03 | - | - |
Appleton, WI | 270 | 2.21 | 4.66 | $26.91 | $55,970 |
Sheboygan, WI | 130 | 2.17 | 4.58 | $26.03 | $54,150 |
Fond du Lac, WI | 100 | 2.14 | 4.53 | $22.39 | $46,570 |
Elmira, NY | 70 | 1.96 | 4.14 | $25.70 | $53,450 |
Wausau, WI | 120 | 1.69 | 3.57 | $23.14 | $48,120 |
Tulsa, OK | 730 | 1.69 | 3.58 | $28.25 | $58,760 |
Savannah, GA | 270 | 1.65 | 3.48 | $40.14 | $83,500 |
*(1)
- 土木及建筑制图师
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 13,650 | 0.88 | 1.27 | $27.91 | $58,050 |
Texas | 11,980 | 1.04 | 1.5 | $28.39 | $59,040 |
New York | 6,420 | 0.71 | 1.03 | $26.46 | $55,040.00 |
Florida | 6,250 | 0.79 | 1.14 | $23.51 | $48,900 |
Pennsylvania | 4,940 | 0.87 | 1.25 | $25.05 | $52,100.00 |
*(2)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Utah | 1,670 | 1.26 | 1.82 | $23.57 | $49,020 |
Wyoming | 330 | 1.17 | 1.69 | $20.86 | $43,390 |
Montana | 490 | 1.09 | 1.58 | $22.69 | $47,200.00 |
Texas | 11,980 | 1.04 | 1.5 | $28.39 | $59,040 |
Maine | 520 | 0.88 | 1.27 | $21.45 | $44,610.00 |
*(2)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 5,010 | 0.77 | 1.12 | $27.05 | $56,260 |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 4,800 | 1.64 | 2.37 | $33.14 | $68,930.00 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 3,500 | 0.85 | 1.24 | $28.34 | $58,940 |
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division | 2,340 | 0.65 | 0.95 | $25.02 | $52,050 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 2,020 | 0.87 | 1.25 | $26.30 | $54,710 |
Anaheim-Santa Ana-Irvine, CA Metropolitan Division | 1,990 | 1.3 | 1.89 | $27.25 | $56,680 |
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | 1,840 | 0.74 | 1.08 | $25.42 | $52,870 |
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI | 1,830 | 0.97 | 1.41 | $26.35 | $54,810 |
Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA NECTA Division | 1,750 | 0.99 | 1.44 | $27.60 | $57,400 |
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Division | 1,430 | 0.59 | 0.85 | $25.68 | $53,410 |
*(2)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Sebastian-Vero Beach, FL | 100 | 2.07 | 3 | $22.98 | $47,800 |
Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX | 320 | 1.94 | 2.81 | $39.08 | $81,290.00 |
Billings, MT | 160 | 1.87 | 2.71 | $24.53 | $51,020 |
Ames, IA | 70 | 1.7 | 2.46 | $30.36 | $63,140 |
Corvallis, OR | 60 | 1.68 | 2.43 | $24.68 | $51,340 |
St. George, UT | 90 | 1.64 | 2.37 | $21.76 | $45,270 |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 4,800 | 1.64 | 2.37 | $33.14 | $68,930 |
Ocala, FL | 150 | 1.52 | 2.2 | $16.75 | $34,840 |
Salt Lake City, UT | 950 | 1.45 | 2.1 | $24.64 | $51,250 |
Tyler, TX | 140 | 1.43 | 2.07 | $30.56 | $63,560 |
*(2)
- 电气及电子制图师
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 5,790 | 0.37 | 1.76 | $29.50 | $61,360 |
Texas | 3,310 | 0.29 | 1.35 | $36.17 | $75,240 |
New York | 1,710 | 0.19 | 0.9 | $33.96 | $70,630.00 |
Pennsylvania | 1,130 | 0.2 | 0.94 | $29.16 | $60,660 |
Florida | 1,000 | 0.13 | 0.6 | $22.78 | $47,380.00 |
*(3)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
New Hampshire | 260 | 0.4 | 1.9 | $30.66 | $63,770 |
California | 5,790 | 0.37 | 1.76 | $29.50 | $61,360 |
Hawaii | 210 | 0.34 | 1.59 | $30.59 | $63,620.00 |
Arizona | 850 | 0.33 | 1.56 | $28.33 | $58,930 |
Maine | 190 | 0.32 | 1.5 | $31.60 | $65,730.00 |
*(3)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 1,520 | 0.52 | 2.45 | $40.24 | $83,690 |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 1,130 | 0.18 | 0.83 | $36.11 | $75,120.00 |
San Diego-Carlsbad, CA | 970 | 0.71 | 3.37 | $27.50 | $57,200 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 830 | 0.2 | 0.95 | $28.96 | $60,240 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 810 | 0.35 | 1.65 | $32.99 | $68,620 |
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ | 730 | 0.39 | 1.84 | $28.65 | $59,600 |
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division | 720 | 0.47 | 2.2 | $40.90 | $85,070 |
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 590 | 0.58 | 2.74 | $32.01 | $66,570 |
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division | 530 | 0.15 | 0.71 | $34.52 | $71,810 |
Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO | 470 | 0.35 | 1.63 | $35.34 | $73,500 |
*(3)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Nashua, NH-MA NECTA Division | 140 | 1.07 | 5.08 | $33.43 | $69,530 |
Billings, MT | 90 | 1.02 | 4.8 | $24.68 | $51,340.00 |
Huntsville, AL | 190 | 0.9 | 4.25 | $35.90 | $74,680 |
San Diego-Carlsbad, CA | 970 | 0.71 | 3.37 | $27.50 | $57,200 |
Framingham, MA NECTA Division | 120 | 0.68 | 3.21 | $31.99 | $66,540 |
Mankato-North Mankato, MN | 30 | 0.62 | 2.95 | $27.23 | $56,630 |
San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA | 590 | 0.58 | 2.74 | $32.01 | $66,570 |
Santa Maria-Santa Barbara, CA | 90 | 0.52 | 2.43 | $25.31 | $52,650 |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 1,520 | 0.52 | 2.45 | $40.24 | $83,690 |
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division | 720 | 0.47 | 2.2 | $40.90 | $85,070 |
*(3)
- 其它制图师
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Texas | 1,740 | 0.15 | 1.34 | $30.87 | $64,210 |
California | 1,310 | 0.08 | 0.76 | $27.79 | $57,800 |
Ohio | 1,140 | 0.22 | 1.93 | $24.35 | $50,650.00 |
Louisiana | 940 | 0.48 | 4.31 | $26.35 | $54,800 |
New York | 850 | 0.09 | 0.84 | $28.35 | $58,960.00 |
*(4)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Louisiana | 940 | 0.48 | 4.31 | $26.35 | $54,800 |
Oregon | 670 | 0.39 | 3.45 | $25.05 | $52,110 |
Montana | 160 | 0.35 | 3.1 | $26.15 | $54,390.00 |
New Hampshire | 150 | 0.23 | 2.08 | $26.31 | $54,730 |
Washington | 650 | 0.22 | 1.93 | $27.99 | $58,210.00 |
*(4)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 690 | 0.24 | 2.1 | $39.00 | $81,130 |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 590 | 0.09 | 0.82 | $30.28 | $62,990.00 |
Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA | 530 | 0.49 | 4.34 | $25.74 | $53,540 |
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA Metropolitan Division | 390 | 0.25 | 2.24 | $28.02 | $58,280 |
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ | 380 | 0.2 | 1.79 | $25.06 | $52,130 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 330 | 0.08 | 0.71 | $29.03 | $60,380 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 320 | 0.14 | 1.23 | $25.43 | $52,890 |
Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN | 300 | 0.29 | 2.58 | $26.36 | $54,830 |
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division | 280 | 0.08 | 0.71 | $32.30 | $67,190 |
New Orleans-Metairie, LA | 280 | 0.49 | 4.41 | $32.70 | $68,010 |
*(4)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Monroe, LA | 70 | 0.92 | 8.2 | $21.08 | $43,840 |
Lafayette, LA | 170 | 0.78 | 6.99 | $28.88 | $60,080.00 |
Houma-Thibodaux, LA | 60 | 0.64 | 5.67 | $27.33 | $56,840 |
Dubuque, IA | 40 | 0.61 | 5.45 | $22.50 | $46,810 |
Eugene, OR | 90 | 0.59 | 5.3 | $23.99 | $49,890 |
Baton Rouge, LA | 200 | 0.51 | 4.55 | $21.31 | $44,330 |
Portsmouth, NH-ME | 40 | 0.49 | 4.35 | $29.70 | $61,770 |
Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA | 530 | 0.49 | 4.34 | $25.74 | $53,540 |
New Orleans-Metairie, LA | 280 | 0.49 | 4.41 | $32.70 | $68,010 |
Bremerton-Silverdale, WA | 40 | 0.48 | 4.31 | $31.53 | $65,580 |
*(4)
注:
(1) Location quotient :产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
(2) 以上十六个表均是2015年5月美国劳工统计局公布的数据。
2012年
美国从业人数最多州(前五)
机械制图师:
State |
Employment |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage |
Texas |
4,610 |
0 |
0.9 |
$27.85 |
$57,940.00 |
California |
4,500 |
0 |
0.65 |
$27.72 |
$57,660.00 |
Pennsylvania |
4,350 |
1 |
1.6 |
$23.41 |
$48,700.00 |
Michigan |
4,350 |
1 |
2.29 |
$23.77 |
$49,450.00 |
Ohio |
2,990 |
1 |
1.22 |
$22.57 |
$46,950.00 |
*(1)
土木及建筑制图师:
State |
Employment |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage |
California |
11,800 |
1 |
1.29 |
$27.49 |
$57,180.00 |
Texas |
8,990 |
1 |
1.33 |
$23.00 |
$47,830.00 |
Florida |
5,620 |
1 |
1.21 |
$22.38 |
$46,550.00 |
New York |
5,470 |
1 |
1 |
$25.79 |
$53,640 |
Pennsylvania |
4,250 |
1 |
1.19 |
$22.67 |
$47,150 |
*(2)
电气及电子制图师:
State |
Employment |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage |
California |
11,800 |
1 |
1.29 |
$27.49 |
$57,180.00 |
Texas |
8,990 |
1 |
1.33 |
$23.00 |
$47,830.00 |
Florida |
5,620 |
1 |
1.21 |
$22.38 |
$46,550.00 |
New York |
5,470 |
1 |
1 |
$25.79 |
$53,640 |
Pennsylvania |
4,250 |
1 |
1.19 |
$22.67 |
$47,150 |
*(3)
其它制图师:
State |
Employment |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage |
Texas |
1,890 |
0 |
1.57 |
$26.20 |
$54,500.00 |
California |
1,660 |
0 |
1.02 |
$25.51 |
$53,050.00 |
Ohio |
760 |
0 |
1.32 |
$22.10 |
$45,960.00 |
Illinois |
660 |
0 |
1.03 |
$23.88 |
$49,660.00 |
Louisiana |
620 |
0 |
2.94 |
$21.47 |
$44,660 |
*(4)
美国产业最集中州(前五)
机械制图师:
State |
Employment |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage |
Connecticut |
1,950 |
1 |
2.48 |
$27.02 |
$56,190.00 |
Michigan |
4,350 |
1 |
2.29 |
$23.77 |
$49,450.00 |
Maine |
620 |
1 |
2.18 |
$25.16 |
$52,340 |
Minnesota |
2,770 |
1 |
2.16 |
$26.78 |
$55,700 |
Wisconsin |
2,790 |
1.04 |
2.15 |
$24.27 |
$50,480 |
*(1)
土木及建筑制图师:
State |
Employment |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage |
Montana |
570 |
1 |
2.05 |
$21.27 |
$44,250 |
Utah |
1,420 |
1 |
1.84 |
$22.89 |
$47,610 |
Wyoming |
250 |
0.9 |
1.4 |
$22.03 |
$45,830 |
Hawaii |
520 |
0.88 |
1.37 |
$22.82 |
$47,470 |
Alaska |
280 |
0.87 |
1.36 |
$31.54 |
$65,590 |
*(2)
电气及电子制图师:
State |
Employment |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage |
Delaware |
190 |
0.46 |
2.14 |
$27.17 |
$56,510 |
Washington |
1,090 |
0.4 |
1.83 |
$34.88 |
$72,560 |
Texas |
3,790 |
0.36 |
1.66 |
$31.43 |
$65,370 |
Kansas |
440 |
0.34 |
1.55 |
$24.74 |
$51,460 |
Maryland |
800 |
0.32 |
1.47 |
$29.87 |
$62,130 |
*(3)
其它制图师:
State |
Employment |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient |
Hourly mean wage |
Annual mean wage |
Louisiana |
620 |
0.33 |
2.94 |
$21.47 |
$44,660 |
New Hampshire |
200 |
0.32 |
2.85 |
$26.29 |
$54,680 |
Montana |
140 |
0.31 |
2.77 |
$24.32 |
$50,590 |
Kentucky |
540 |
0.31 |
2.7 |
$19.46 |
$40,480 |
Oregon |
440 |
0.27 |
2.4 |
$24.00 |
$49,910 |
*(4)
注:
(1)Location quotient :产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
(2)以上八张表均是2012年5月美国劳工统计局公布的数据。
参考资料:
(1)Mechanical DraftersUS Bureau of LaborStatistics
(2)Architectural and Civil DraftersUS Bureau of Labor Statistics
(3)Electrical and Electronics DraftersUS Bureau of Labor Statistics
(4)Drafters, All OtherUS Bureau of Labor Statistics
(5)Drafters-SummaryUS Bureau of Labor Statistics
(6)Drafters-Job OutlookUS Bureau of Labor Statistics
(7)Drafters- How to Become an Civil EngineerUS Bureau of Labor Statistics
(8)Drafters- What Drafters DoUS Bureau of Labor Statistics
(9)Drafters- Work EnvironmentUS Bureau of Labor Statistics
(10)Drafters-PayUS Bureau of Labor Statistics