工作内容
幼师及小学教师(Kindergarten and elementary school teachers)主要是教授小孩儿基本的课程知识(数学、阅读)为将来学习打基础。
职责要求——
设计教学计划;评估学生;班级授课;评分机制;与家长沟通;个人辅导;学生考核;制定课程规范;监督学生课外活动
幼师及小学教师通常教授4或5年级的学生(部分学校小学教学从6年级开始),主要负责向学生讲解知识,解答学生疑惑。通过简单明了的表达解释复杂的概念等;课程安排包括:阅读、自然科学、社会学等或特殊课程,艺术、音乐、体育教学。部分学校里开设有语言课程(ESL/ESOL),这里的学生大多是主修语言的(ELLs),语言 教师主要是负责辅导和提升学生的语言能力。
美国很多学校还根据学生的具体情况(残疾学生)开设特殊的课程,这时,教师就应与特殊教育教师搭档共同促进和辅导这部分学生的学习和生活。
而教师通常通过互联网直接与学术家长取得联系,及时的与家长反馈学生在校学习情况及表现等。高中教师还负责学生的体育及课外活动项目。*(6)
工作环境
以美国为例,从业教师大多还是会选择中小学教育及相关行业就业,寻求更多的专业领域以内的满足感。
幼师及小学教师大都从事公立或私立学校;大部分私立早期幼儿教育课程之前还开设学前教育课程辅导。美国各州政府颁布相关教师法律维护教师的职业权利,规定:教师教学具备一定年限工作经验后,会受到职业保护特权。
教学工作压力较高:部分学校采取大班授课方式,缺乏一定的现代教学工具,如:计算机;教师要对学生的考核负责还会在教学工作中遇到非常奇葩的学生。
以美国为例,大部分从教人员皆隶属美国教师联盟(the American Federation of Teachers)和国家教育协会(the National Education Association)的管辖范围。
教师和国内的教师工作时间差不多,遵循正常的上班时间(早8点-下午3点);通常教师在晚上和周末还要坚持辅导学生的课业、课程准备及组织学生活动;课后还要根据情况会见家长、学生或其他老师。
通常大部分教师一年工作内工作时间只有10个月,中间有为期2个月的暑假。部分教师会根据情况开设暑期培训课程。而地区全年授课的教师的作息时间通常是工作8周,休息一周并5周的寒假。*(5)
幼师行业一览*(1) |
||||
Industry |
Employment |
Percent of industry employment |
Annual mean wage |
|
Elementary and Secondary Schools |
中小学教育 |
148,690 |
2 |
$54,200 |
Child Day Care Services |
托儿服务 |
7,590 |
0.94 |
$31,530 |
Individual and Family Services |
个人与家庭服务 |
470 |
0.04 |
$43,360 |
Civic and Social Organizations |
公民与社会组织 |
190 |
0.05 |
$52,400 |
Religious Organizations |
宗教组织 |
120 |
0.07 |
$40,920 |
Employment Services |
就业服务 |
80 |
$46,170 |
|
Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools |
高等教育 |
50 |
$43,950 |
|
小学教师行业一览*(2) |
||||
Industry |
Employment |
Percent of industry employment |
Annual mean wage |
|
Elementary and Secondary Schools |
中小学教育 |
1,349,240 |
16.28 |
$56,160 |
Employment Services |
就业服务 |
6,120 |
0.2 |
|
Religious Organizations |
宗教组织 |
1,960 |
1.06 |
$44,250 |
Local Government (OES Designation) |
地方政府机构 |
510 |
0.01 |
$54,290 |
Educational Support Services |
教育支持服务业 |
500 |
0.34 |
$45,660 |
Other Schools and Instruction |
其他学校与教学 |
440 |
0.13 |
$48,440 |
General Medical and Surgical Hospitals |
医院 |
50 |
$53,070 |
|
Colleges, Universities, and Professional Schools |
高等教育 |
300 |
0.01 |
$51,230 |
入行门槛
幼师及小学教师需具备本科及以上文凭;公立学校的从业教师需具备州内认可教师资格证(不同的州要求亦不同),私立学校教师未作要求。但,大部分美国的州要求教师从业前需具备专业知识和技能(职业教师前置课程,主要是针对非专业人员)、本科及以上学历及工作经验。
教师上岗后每年仍需参加职业发展课程不断提升自我技能和专业知识,部分州要求需具备硕士学历。具备一定工作经验的教师可辅导无经验或经验较少的教师提高职业技能。具备高等教育背景的教师可从事咨询、图书管理员等职业。
技术要求——
- 沟通能力(Communication skills)
- 创新意识(Creativity)
- 口才表达能力(Instructional skills)
- 耐心(Patience)*(7)
就业展望与薪资
以美国为例,幼师职业预计未来十年将会呈6%的速度增长;与小学教师职业增长幅度为6%;相比整个行业而言(7%),增幅基本保持一致。未来十年预见,学校内师生比的数量会再度下降,这就表明一名教师负责的学生数量会减少,而同等数量的学生在现在就会需要更多的教师数量,因此,高中教师在未来十年的要求比还是会不断增加。
尽管学生的数量会继续增长,但不同的地区要求也不一:美国南部和西部的地区每年招生量会快速增长;中西部地区招生量会趋于稳定;东北部地区会有所下降;。因此,美国南部与西部地区的高中教师行业就业人数会高于中西部和东北部地区。
公立学校的就业人数需依据各州及政府的预算评估。当预算不足,上岗应聘人数也会随之下降。*(8)
幼师行业一览*(1) |
|
中小学教育 |
$54,200 |
托儿服务 |
$31,530 |
个人与家庭服务 |
$43,360 |
公民与社会组织 |
$52,400 |
宗教组织 |
$40,920 |
就业服务 |
$46,170 |
高等教育 |
$43,950 |
小学教师行业一览*(2) |
|
中小学教育 |
$56,160 |
宗教组织 |
$44,250 |
地方政府机构 |
$54,290 |
教育支持服务业 |
$45,660 |
其他学校与教学 |
$48,440 |
医院 |
$53,070 |
高等教育 |
$51,230 |
2015年
- 幼师
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
California | 18,460 | 1.19 | 1.04 | - | $64,040 |
Texas | 15,950 | 1.38 | 1.2 | - | $51,160 |
Florida | 11,220 | 1.42 | 1.23 | - | $46,850.00 |
New York | 9,640 | 1.07 | 0.94 | - | $68,200 |
Ohio | 6,790 | 1.28 | 1.12 | - | $54,230 |
*(1)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Alaska | 1,020 | 3.12 | 2.72 | - | $71,510 |
West Virginia | 1,230 | 1.74 | 1.52 | - | $47,530 |
Arkansas | 1,960 | 1.66 | 1.45 | - | $45,570.00 |
Wyoming | 460 | 1.61 | 1.4 | - | $56,890 |
Delaware | 680 | 1.57 | 1.37 | - | $59,280 |
*(1)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 7,420 | 1.15 | 1 | - | $63,380 |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 4,180 | 1.43 | 1.24 | - | $53,120 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 3,670 | 0.89 | 0.78 | - | $62,260 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 3,290 | 1.41 | 1.23 | - | $53,170 |
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | 3,010 | 1.21 | 1.06 | - | $53,780 |
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA | 2,330 | 1.78 | 1.55 | - | $66,890 |
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ | 2,240 | 1.2 | 1.04 | - | $41,910 |
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Division | 2,160 | 0.89 | 0.78 | - | $68,750 |
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI | 2,010 | 1.07 | 0.93 | - | $58,990 |
Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO | 1,910 | 1.39 | 1.21 | - | $51,670 |
*(1)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Fairbanks, AK | 330 | 8.63 | 7.53 | - | $80,420 |
Farmington, NM | 320 | 6.22 | 5.43 | - | $48,290 |
Merced, CA | 230 | 3.59 | 3.13 | - | $62,900 |
Visalia-Porterville, CA | 490 | 3.46 | 3.02 | - | $66,300 |
Yuba City, CA | 110 | 2.86 | 2.49 | - | $66,770 |
Hinesville, GA | 50 | 2.83 | 2.46 | - | $50,660 |
Yuma, AZ | 170 | 2.81 | 2.45 | - | $39,920 |
Elmira, NY | 100 | 2.8 | 2.44 | - | $63,630 |
El Centro, CA | 150 | 2.72 | 2.37 | - | $66,470 |
Yakima, WA | 230 | 2.71 | 2.37 | - | $53,440 |
*(1)
- 小学教师
美国从业人数最多州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Texas | 141,600 | 12.24 | 1.22 | - | $52,810 |
California | 138,890 | 8.96 | 0.89 | - | $72,360 |
New York | 82,270 | 9.16 | 0.91 | - | $72,930.00 |
Florida | 71,620 | 9.04 | 0.9 | - | $47,630 |
Illinois | 60,570 | 10.35 | 1.03 | - | $59,680 |
*(2)
美国产业最集中州(前五):
State | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Mississippi | 15,140 | 13.68 | 1.37 | - | $41,760 |
Louisiana | 24,690 | 12.73 | 1.27 | - | $48,430 |
Alabama | 23,800 | 12.64 | 1.26 | - | $49,700.00 |
Georgia | 50,670 | 12.33 | 1.23 | - | $53,610 |
Texas | 141,600 | 12.24 | 1.22 | - | $52,810 |
*(2)
美国从业人数最多都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
New York-Jersey City-White Plains, NY-NJ Metropolitan Division | 61,200 | 9.45 | 0.94 | - | $71,190 |
Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX | 34,280 | 11.7 | 1.17 | - | $57,530 |
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA Metropolitan Division | 31,020 | 7.56 | 0.75 | - | $73,430 |
Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA | 28,950 | 11.67 | 1.17 | - | $54,190 |
Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL Metropolitan Division | 27,730 | 7.76 | 0.77 | - | $64,000 |
Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX Metropolitan Division | 24,490 | 10.51 | 1.05 | - | $54,270 |
Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Division | 23,620 | 9.77 | 0.98 | - | $70,210 |
Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI | 17,550 | 9.33 | 0.93 | - | $63,600 |
Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA | 16,690 | 12.73 | 1.27 | - | $75,950 |
Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ | 15,900 | 8.48 | 0.85 | - | $42,600 |
*(2)
美国产业业最集中都会区:
Metropolitan area | Employment | Employment per thousand jobs | Location quotient | Hourly mean wage | Annual mean wage |
Yuba City, CA | 990 | 25.77 | 2.57 | - | $70,430 |
McAllen-Edinburg-Mission, TX | 5,880 | 24.16 | 2.41 | - | $54,210 |
Merced, CA | 1,430 | 22.41 | 2.24 | - | $73,510 |
El Centro, CA | 1,200 | 21.77 | 2.17 | - | $70,630 |
Hinesville, GA | 360 | 21.65 | 2.16 | - | $65,070 |
East Stroudsburg, PA | 1,170 | 21.29 | 2.13 | - | $68,960 |
Chambersburg-Waynesboro, PA | 1,180 | 20.75 | 2.07 | - | $60,940 |
Hammond, LA | 840 | 20.45 | 2.04 | - | $49,210 |
Logan, UT-ID | 1,040 | 19.81 | 1.98 | - | $54,910 |
Hanford-Corcoran, CA | 780 | 19.8 | 1.98 | - | $72,420 |
*(2)
注:
(1) Location quotient :产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
(2) 以上表均是2015年5月美国劳工统计局公布的数据。
2012年
从业人数最多州:
State |
Employment |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient |
Annual mean wage |
California |
18,600 |
1.3 |
1.08 |
$63,980 |
Texas |
12,590 |
1.19 |
0.98 |
$49,520 |
Florida |
10,050 |
1.38 |
1.14 |
$47,680 |
New York |
9,830 |
1.15 |
0.95 |
$71,850 |
Pennsylvania |
6,210 |
1.11 |
0.92 |
$54,220 |
Texas |
150,440 |
14.22 |
1.36 |
$50,110 |
California |
132,560 |
9.27 |
0.89 |
$69,690 |
New York |
82,580 |
9.67 |
0.93 |
$71,270 |
Illinois |
80,580 |
14.29 |
1.37 |
$59,270 |
Florida |
69,310 |
9.53 |
0.91 |
$48,900 |
*(1)(2)
产业最集中州:
State |
Employment |
Employment per thousand jobs |
Location quotient |
Annual mean wage |
New Mexico |
1,520 |
1.97 |
1.63 |
$46,070 |
Arkansas |
2,250 |
1.94 |
1.61 |
$44,520 |
Tennessee |
4,970 |
1.87 |
1.55 |
$45,500 |
Colorado |
3,710 |
1.66 |
1.38 |
$44,820 |
Louisiana |
2,990 |
1.6 |
1.32 |
$48,060 |
Rhode Island |
3,730 |
8.22 |
0.79 |
$74,310 |
New York |
82,580 |
9.67 |
0.93 |
$71,270 |
California |
132,560 |
9.27 |
0.89 |
$69,690 |
Alaska |
3,620 |
11.36 |
1.09 |
$67,110 |
Connecticut |
16,150 |
9.96 |
0.95 |
$67,070 |
*(1)(2)
注:Location quotient:产业集中指数,其数值是该州该产业的从业人数的比重与全美平均水准的比值,大于1代表该州该职业每千人从业人数比例高于全美平均水平,反之,小于1则代表其低于全美平均水平。公式:(Employment per thousand jobs)/[Σ(Employment per thousand jobs)/50]
参考资料
(1) 幼师及小学教师-2014USNEWS职业排名USNEWS
(2) Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2012 25 -2012 Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education U.S. Bureau of LaborStatistics
(3) Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2012 25 -2021 Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(4) Kindergarten and elementary school teachers, Summary U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(5) Kindergarten and elementary school teachers, Work Environment U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(6) Kindergarten and elementary school teachers, What They Do U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(7) Kindergarten and elementary school teachers, How to Become One U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
(8) Kindergarten and elementary school teachers, Job Outlook U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics